Paul Dessau |

Paul Dessau

Na ìgwè kpakpando nke aha ọnụ ọgụgụ na-anọchi anya akwụkwọ na nkà nke GDR, otu n'ime ebe nsọpụrụ bụ P. Dessau. Ọrụ ya, dị ka egwuregwu nke B. Brecht na akwụkwọ akụkọ A. Segers, abụ uri nke I. Becher na abụ G. Eisler, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke F. Kremer na eserese nke V. Klemke, ntụziaka opera nke opera. V. Felsenstein na ihe nkiri cinematographic nke K. Wulff, na-enwe mmasị na-ewu ewu ọ bụghị nanị na ala nna, ọ meriri n'ọtụtụ ebe ma ghọọ ihe atụ doro anya nke nkà nke narị afọ nke ise. Nnukwu ihe nketa egwu Dessau gụnyere ụdị egwu kachasị mara amara nke egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ: 5 operas, ọtụtụ ihe egwu cantata-oratorio, ihe ngosi 2, iberibe orchestral, egwu maka ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri redio na ihe nkiri, ụda olu na obere obere ukwe. Nkà Dessau gosipụtara onwe ya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ okike ya - ịdepụta, iduzi, nkuzi, ịme ihe, egwu na mmekọrịta ọha na eze.

Onye na-ede egwú Kọmunist, Dessau ji nlezianya zaghachi ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kachasị mkpa nke oge ya. A na-egosipụta mmetụta ndị na-emegide ndị eze ukwu na abụ "Onye agha gburu na Spain" (1937), na piano ibe "Guernica" (1938), na okirikiri "International ABC of War" (1945). Epitaph maka Rosa Luxemburg na Karl Liebknecht maka ukwe na ndị egwu egwu (30) bụ nke a raara nye maka emume ncheta afọ 1949 nke ọnwụ ọjọọ nke ndị ama ama nke otu mba mba ụwa. Akwụkwọ egwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ a gbakọtara nye ndị apartheid metụtara bụ Lumumba's Requiem (1963). Ọrụ ncheta ndị ọzọ nke Dessau gụnyere Epitaph nke ụda olu-symphonic na Lenin (1951), ihe egwu egwu egwu In Memory of Bertolt Brecht (1959), na ibe maka olu na piano Epitaph na Gorky (1943). Dessau ji obi ya tụgharịa gaa na ederede nke ndị na-ede uri na-aga n'ihu nke oge a sitere na mba dị iche iche - na ọrụ E. Weinert, F. Wolf, I. Becher, J. Ivashkevich, P. Neruda. Otu n'ime ebe etiti bụ egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọrụ B. Brecht ji. Onye na-ede egwú nwere ọrụ metụtara isiokwu Soviet: opera "Lancelot" (dabere na egwuregwu nke E. Schwartz "Dragon", 1969), egwu maka ihe nkiri "Russian Miracle" (1962). Ụzọ Dessau n'ime nka nke egwu bụ omenala ezinụlọ dị ogologo chụpụrụ.

Nna nna ya, dị ka onye na-ede egwú si kwuo, bụ onye a ma ama n'oge ya, nke e nyere ikike ịmepụta ihe. Nna, onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ụtaba, ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke ụbọchị ya nọgidere na-enwe ịhụnanya maka ịbụ abụ ma gbalịa ime ka nrọ ya na-emezughị emezu nke ịghọ ọkachamara na-egwu egwu n'ime ụmụaka. Site na nwata, nke mere na Hamburg, Paul nụrụ abụ F. Schubert, abụ olu ụtọ nke R. Wagner. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 6, ọ malitere ịmụ violin, na mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, ọ na-eme ná mgbede nanị otu onye nwere nnukwu ihe omume egwú. Site na 1910, Dessau gụrụ akwụkwọ na Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory na Berlin afọ abụọ. Na 1912, ọ nwetara ọrụ na Hamburg City Theatre dị ka onye egwu egwu egwu na osote onye isi nduzi, F. Weingartner. N'ịbụ onye na-arọ nrọ ogologo oge ịbụ onye nduzi, Dessau ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nweta echiche nka sitere na nkwurịta okwu okike ya na Weingartner, jiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ghọta ihe ngosi nke A. Nikisch, bụ onye na-eme njem na Hamburg mgbe niile.

Akwụsịla ọrụ na-eduzi nnwere onwe nke Dessau site na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na ntinye aha na-esote n'ime ndị agha. Dị ka Brecht na Eisler, Dessau ghọtara ngwa ngwa obi ọjọọ na-enweghị isi nke mgbuchapụ ọbara nke gburu ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, nwere mmetụta mmụọ-chauvinistic nke ndị agha German-Austrian.

Ọrụ ọzọ dị ka onye isi nke ndị egwu egwu nke ụlọ opera na-akwado nkwado nke O. Klemperer (na Cologne) na B. Walter (na Berlin). Otú ọ dị, ọchịchọ nke ide egwú ji nke nta nke nta dochie anya ọchịchọ mbụ maka ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi. N'ime afọ 20. Ọtụtụ ọrụ maka ihe egwu dị iche iche na-apụta, n'etiti ha - Concertino maka solo violin, tinyere ọjà, clarinet na mpi. Na 1926 Dessau dechara Symphony mbụ. Emere ya nke ọma na Prague nke G. Steinberg mere (1927). Mgbe afọ 2 gasịrị, Sonatina maka viola na cembalo (ma ọ bụ piano) pụtara, nke mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta nso na omenala nke neoclassicism na nghazi na ụdị P. Hindemith.

Na June 1930, a na-eme mmegharị egwu Dessau nke Egwuregwu Railway na ememme izu egwu Berlin. Ụdị nke "egwu egwuregwu na-ewuli elu", dị ka ụdị opera ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche, nke e mere maka nghọta ụmụaka na ịrụ ọrụ, bụ Brecht kere ma were ya site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwú. N'otu oge ahụ, ihe ngosi mmalite nke egwuregwu opera Hindemith "Anyị na-ewu obodo" mere. Ọrụ abụọ a ka na-ewu ewu taa.

1933 ghọrọ a pụrụ iche mmalite na kere biography nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ha hapụrụ ala nna ha, manyere ha ịkwaga na Nazi Germany, A. Schoenberg, G. Eisler, K. Weil, B. Walter, O. Klemperer, B. Brecht, F. Wolf. Dessau ghọkwara onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Oge Parisian nke ọrụ ya (1933-39) malitere. Isiokwu mgbochi agha na-aghọ isi ihe mkpali. Na mmalite 30s. Dessau, na-eso Eisler, maara ụdị egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Nke a bụ ka "Thälmann kọlụm" pụtara - "... okwu nkewa dị egwu nye ndị na-emegide ndị Fascist German, na-aga na Paris na Spen iji sonye na agha megide ndị Francoist."

Mgbe ọrụ France gasịrị, Dessau nọrọ afọ 9 na USA (1939-48). Na New York, enwere nzukọ dị ịrịba ama na Brecht, nke Dessau chere ogologo oge. N'ihe dị ka 1936 na Paris, onye na-ede egwú dere "The Battle Song of the Black Straw Hats" dabere na ederede Brecht sitere na egwu ya "Saint Joan of the Abattoirs" - ihe nlegharị anya atụgharịghachiri ụdị ndụ nke Maid of Orleans. N'ịbụ onye maara abụ ahụ, Brecht kpebiri ozugbo itinye ya na mgbede onye edemede ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri studio nke New School for Social Research na New York. Na ederede Brecht, Dessau dere ca. Ihe egwu 50 - egwu-egwu, cantata-oratorio, olu na ukwe. Ebe etiti n'etiti ha bụ operas The Interrogation of Lucullus (1949) na Puntila (1959), kere mgbe onye dere ya laghachiri n'ala nna ya. Abịarute nso ha bụ egwu maka egwuregwu Brecht – “Pasent 99” (1938), emechara kpọọ “egwu na ịda ogbenye n'Alaeze nke atọ”; "Nne Obi Ike na ụmụ ya" (1946); "Ezi nwoke ahụ si Sezuan" (1947); "Ewezuga na Ọchịchị" (1948); “Maazị Puntila na ohu ya Matti” (1949); "Caucasian nzu ​​okirikiri" (1954).

N'ime afọ 60-70. operas pụtara - "Lancelot" (1969), "Einstein" (1973), "Leone na Lena" (1978), ụmụaka singspiel "Fair" (1963), nke abụọ Symphony (1964), ihe egwu egwu triptych ("1955" , "Osimiri nke oké ifufe", "Lenin", 1955-69), "Quattrodrama" maka anọ cellos, abụọ pianos na percussion (1965). “Elder Composer of the GDR” nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo ọgwụgwụ nke ụbọchị ya. Obere oge tupu ya anwụọ, F. Hennenberg dere, sị: “Dessau nọgidere na-adị ndụ ọbụna n'ime afọ iri itoolu ya. N'igosi echiche ya, ọ nwere ike iji aka ya tie tebụl mgbe ụfọdụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ ga-ege ntị mgbe niile n'arụmụka nke interlocutor, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-ekpughe onwe ya dị ka onye maara ihe na-apụghị imejọ. Dessau maara ka ọ ga-esi kwenye n'ebulighị olu ya. Ma ọ na-ekwukarị okwu n’olu onye na-akpasu mmadụ iwe. Otú ahụ ka ọ dịkwa maka egwu ya.”

L. Rimsky