Wilhelm Friedemann Bach |
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
… ọ gwara m banyere egwu na banyere otu nnukwu onye nhazi aha ya bụ WF Bach… Onye egwu a nwere onyinye pụtara ìhè maka ihe niile m nụrụ (ma ọ bụ nwee ike iche n'echiche), n'ihe gbasara omimi nke ihe ọmụma kwekọrọ na ike nke arụmọrụ… G. van Swiegen – Onyeisi. Kaunitz Berlin, 1774
Ụmụ JS Bach hapụrụ akara na-egbuke egbuke na egwu nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. Ụyọkọ dị ebube nke ụmụnna anọ ndị na-ede egwú bụ onye ọkpara n'ime ha bụ Wilhelm Friedemann, bụ́ onye "Gallic" Bach kpọrọ aha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Nwa mbụ na ọkacha mmasị, yana otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke nna ukwu ya, Wilhelm Friedemann ketara omenala ndị e nyere ya ruo n'ókè kasị ukwuu. "Lee nwa m nwoke m hụrụ n'anya," Johann Sebastian na-ekwubu, dị ka akụkọ ifo si kwuo, "ihe ọma m na-achọ dị n'ime ya." Ọ bụghị ihe ndabara na onye edemede mbụ nke JS Bach, I. Forkel, kwenyere na "Wilhelm Friedemann, n'ihe gbasara mmalite nke abụ abụ, kacha nso nna ya," na, n'aka nke ya, ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ nwa ya nwoke na-edepụta ya n'etiti " ndị ohu ikpeazụ nke ọdịnala akụkụ ahụ baroque.” Otú ọ dị, e ji mara ọzọ e ji mara: " ihunanya n'etiti ndị German nna ukwu nke musical rococo." N'ezie onweghị ihe mgbagha ebe a.
Wilhelm Friedemann nọkwa n'okpuru nhịahụ ezi uche dị na ya na echiche efu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ụzọ egwu dị egwu na egwu egwu na-abanye n'ime ya, ịzụ atụrụ doro anya na nhịahụ nke egwu egwu. Site na nwata, a na-etinye akwụkwọ mmụta egwu nke onye na-ede egwú na ntọala ọkachamara. Maka ya, JS Bach mbụ malitere ide "ihe ọmụmụ" maka clavier, nke, yana ọrụ ndị ọzọ ahọpụtara, gụnyere na "Clavier Book of WF Bach" a ma ama. Ọkwa nke nkuzi ndị a - ebe a preludes, ihe mepụtara, iberibe egwu, nhazi nke chorale, nke ghọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ọgbọ niile sochirinụ - na-egosipụta ọganihu ngwa ngwa nke Wilhelm Friedemann dị ka onye na-akụ ụbọ akwara. O zuru ezu ikwu na okwu mmalite nke Mpịakọta I nke Well-Tempered Clavier, bụ́ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ nta ahụ, e bu n'obi kee onye na-agụ egwú dị afọ iri na abụọ (!). N'afọ 1726, agbakwunyere nkuzi violin na IG Braun na ọmụmụ clavier, na 1723 Friedemann gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Leipzig Thomasschule, ebe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke maka onye na-egwu egwu na Mahadum Leipzig. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-enyere aka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Johann Sebastian (n'oge ahụ onye cantor nke Chọọchị St. Thomas), bụ onye na-eduzi mmegharị ahụ na nhazi oge nke nnọkọ, na-anọchi anya nna ya na akụkụ ahụ. O yikarịrị ka akụkụ isii Sonatas pụtara n'oge ahụ, nke Bach dere, dị ka Forkel si kwuo, "maka ọkpara ya bụ Wilhelm Friedemann, iji mee ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkachamara nke ịkụ akụkụ ahụ, bụ nke o mesịrị ghọọ." Ọ bụghị ihe mgbagwoju anya na site na nkwadebe dị otú ahụ, Wilhelm Friedemann ji amamihe gafere ule maka post nke organist na Chọọchị St. Johann Sebastian. Nna na nwa nwoke mere egwu egwu ugboro abụọ, o doro anya na ọ bụ Bach Sr. dere ya karịsịa maka emume a. Afọ 1733 Dresden bụ oge uto okike siri ike nke onye na-egwu egwu, bụ nke mere ka ikuku nke otu n'ime ụlọ egwu kachasị ama ama na Europe kwalitere nke ukwuu. N'ime okirikiri ndị enyi ọhụrụ nke Leipzigian na-eto eto, onye isi nke Dresden Opera bụ onye a ma ama I. Hasse na nwunye ya a ma ama, onye na-agụ egwú F. Bordoni, yana ndị na-egwu egwu egwu n'ụlọikpe. N'aka nke ya, nkà nke Wilhelm Friedemann, onye na-akụ ụbọ akwara na organist masịrị ndị Dresdeners. Ọ na-aghọ onye nkụzi ejiji.
N'otu oge ahụ, onye nhazi nke ụka Protestant, onye Wilhelm Friedemann nọgidere na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi dị ka nna ya si dị, enweghị ike inye aka ma nwee ikewapụ onwe ya na Dresden Katọlik, bụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe mkpali maka ịkwaga n'ubi a ma ama karị. ụwa Protestant. Na 1746, Wilhelm Friedemann (na-enweghị ikpe!) weghaara post nke organist nke na-asọpụrụ na Liebfrauenkirche na Halle, ghọrọ onye kwesịrị ekwesị nọchiri anya F. Tsakhov (onye nkuzi GF Handel) na S. Scheidt, bụ ndị mere otu parish ha otuto.
Iji kwekọọ na ndị bu ya ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, Wilhelm Friedemann ji nkwalite mmụọ nsọ ya dọtara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. “Gallic” Bach ghọkwara onye nduzi egwu nke obodo ahụ, onye ọrụ ya gụnyere ime emume obodo na nke ụka, bụ nke ndị otu egwu na egwu egwu nke nnukwu ụlọ ụka atọ nke obodo ahụ sonyere. Echefula Wilhelm Friedemann na obodo ya Leipzig.
Oge Gallic, nke dịruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20, abụghị igwe ojii. "Mazi Wilhelm Friedemann nke kacha asọpụrụ na onye mmụta," dịka a kpọrọ ya n'oge ya na òkù Gallic, nwetara aha ọma, nke na-emegide ndị nna nke obodo ahụ, nke nwoke nwere onwe ya nke na-achọghị imezu ihe na-enweghị mgbagha. "Ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka ndụ dị mma na nke kwesịrị nṅomi" nke akọwapụtara na nkwekọrịta ahụ. N̄ko-n̄ko, kpa ye oro mme andikara ufọkabasi ẹnen̄erede ẹkop inemesịt, enye ama esiwak ndika n̄koyom ebiet emi ọfọnde akan. N'ikpeazụ, na 1762, ọ gbahapụrụ kpamkpam ọnọdụ nke onye na-egwu egwú "na ọrụ", na-aghọ, ma eleghị anya, onye mbụ na-ese ihe n'efu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu.
Otú ọ dị, Wilhelm Friedemann akwụsịghị ilekọta ihu ọha ya. Ya mere, mgbe ogologo okwu na-ekwu, na 1767 ọ natara aha nke Darmstadt n'ụlọikpe Kapellmeister, na-ebelata Otú ọ dị, na-enye na-ebe a abụghị nominally, ma n'eziokwu. N'ịnọ na Halle, ọ na-esiri ya ike ibi ndụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye na-ahụ maka nhazi, bụ onye ka na-eju ndị na-ahụ anya n'anya na oke ọkụ nke echiche efu ya. N'afọ 1770, ịda ogbenye chụpụrụ (a na-ere ụlọ nwunye ya n'okpuru hama), Wilhelm Friedemann na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Braunschweig. Ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ na-ekwu na oge Brunswick dị oke egwu maka onye na-ede egwú, bụ onye na-etinye onwe ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi na-efunahụ ọmụmụ ihe mgbe niile. Enweghị mkpachapụ anya nke Wilhelm Friedemann nwere mmetụta dị mwute na nchekwa nke ihe odide nna ya. Onye ga-eketa akwụkwọ akụkọ Bach dị oke ọnụ ahịa, ọ dị njikere ikere ha ngwa ngwa. Naanị mgbe afọ 4 gachara, o chetara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebumnuche ya: “... ọpụpụ m si Braunschweig dị ngwa ngwa nke na enweghị m ike ịchịkọta ndepụta nke ndetu na akwụkwọ ndị fọdụrụ ebe ahụ; gbasara nna m The Art of Fugue… M ka na-echeta, ma ndị ọzọ n'Ecclesiastical mejupụtara na kwa afọ tent…. Onye isi ala… ha kwere m nkwa na ha ga-eme ka m bụrụ ego n'ahịa ọrịre na nsonye nke ụfọdụ ndị egwu na-aghọta akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ.
Eziterelarị akwụkwọ ozi a site na Berlin, ebe Wilhelm Friedemann nwetara obi ọma n'ụlọ ikpe nke Princess Anna Amalia, nwanne Frederick the Great, onye hụrụ egwu egwu na onye na-ahụ maka nka, bụ onye nwere obi ụtọ na mmezi akụkụ nke nna ukwu. Anna Amalia ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ ya, yana Sarah Levy (nne nne F. Mendelssohn) na I. Kirnberger (onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ụlọikpe, bụbu nwa akwụkwọ Johann Sebastian, bụ onye na-elekọta Wilhelm Friedemann na Berlin). Kama inwe ekele, onye nkuzi ọhụrụ ahụ nwere echiche banyere ebe Kirnberger, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aghụghọ ahụ tụgharịrị megide ya: Anna-Amalia napụrụ Wilhelm Friedemann amara ya.
Afọ iri gara aga na ndụ onye na-ede egwú bụ ihe owu ọmụma na ndakpọ olileanya mara. Ịme egwu n'okirikiri ndị maara ihe (“Mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu, egwu dị nsọ jidere m,” ka Forkel na-echeta, “ihe niile dị ebube na nke dị nsọ…”) bụ naanị ihe mere ka ụbọchị ọjọọ pụta ìhè. N’afọ 1784, Wilhelm Friedemann nwụrụ, hapụ nwunye ya na nwa ya nwanyị n’enweghị ihe ha ga-eri. A maara na e nyere nchịkọta sitere na arụmọrụ nke Handel's Messiah na Berlin na 1785 maka abamuru ha. Nke a bụ njedebe dị mwute nke onye mbụ organist Germany, dị ka obituary si kwuo.
Ọmụmụ ihe nketa Friedemann siri ike karịa. Nke mbụ, dị ka Forkel si kwuo, “o mere ihe karịrị nke o dere.” Na mgbakwunye, a pụghị ịmata ọtụtụ ihe odide na dee ụbọchị. Akọwapụtabeghị apọkrịfa nke Friedemann nke ọma, enwere ike ịdị adị nke egosipụtara site na ngbanwe nke enweghị ezi uche nke achọpụtara n'oge ndụ onye dere ya: n'otu oge, o jiri mbinye aka ya mechie ọrụ nna ya, na nke ọzọ, n'ụzọ megidere ya, ịhụ. Kedu mmasị na ihe nketa ihe odide nke Johann Sebastian kpalitere, ọ gbakwunyere ya abụọ n'ime opuses nke ya. Ruo ogologo oge Wilhelm Friedemann kwukwara na akụkụ Concerto na D obere, nke gbadara anyị na otu Bach. Dị ka ọ tụgharịrị, onye na-ede akwụkwọ bụ nke A. Vivaldi, na JS Bach mere akwụkwọ ahụ na afọ Weimar, mgbe Friedemann bụ nwata. N'ihi na ihe niile na-arụ ọrụ nke Wilhelm Friedemann bụ nnọọ ọtụtụ, ọ nwere ike kewaa ke conditionally 4 oge. Na Leipzig (tupu 1733) edere ọtụtụ n'ime ibe clavier. Na Dresden (1733-46), emepụtara ọkachasị akụrụngwa akụrụngwa (concert, sonatas, symphonies). Na Halle (1746-70), yana egwu akụrụngwa, cantatas iri na abụọ pụtara - akụkụ kacha atọ ụtọ nke ihe nketa Friedemann.
N'ịgbaso n'ikiri ụkwụ nke Johann Sebastian, ọ na-edekarị ihe odide ya site na parodies nke ma nna ya na ọrụ mbụ nke ya. A na-agbakwunye ndepụta nke ọrụ olu site n'ọtụtụ cantatas nke ụwa, Mass German, onye arias, yana opera Lausus na Lydia (1778-79, furu efu), tụụrụ ime ugbua na Berlin. Na Braunschweig na Berlin (1771-84) Friedemann kpachiri onwe ya na ụbọ akwara na ihe egwu ụlọ dị iche iche. Ọ dị ịrịba ama na ihe nketa na onye na-ahụ maka ndụ ya hapụrụ ihe nketa akụkụ ahụ. The nkà improviser, Ewoo, enweghị ike (na ikekwe ọ bụghị na-agbalịsi ike), na-ekpe ikpe site Forkel kwuru ugbua kwuru okwu, idozi ya egwu echiche na akwụkwọ.
Ndepụta nke ụdị, Otú ọ dị, enyeghị ihe ndabere maka ịhụ mmalite nke ụdị nna ukwu. Fugue "ochie" na "ọhụrụ" sonata, symphony na miniature adịghị edochi ibe ha n'usoro oge. Ya mere, e dere "pre-romantic" 12 polonaises na Halle, ebe 8 fugues, nke na-edochi aka odide nke ezi nwa nna ha, e kere na Berlin na nraranye nye Princess Amalia.
“Ochie” na “ọhụrụ” etoliteghị ụdị “agwakọta” organic ahụ, nke a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Philipp Emanuel Bach. A na-eji Wilhelm Friedemann mara ya site na mgbanwe mgbe niile n'etiti "ochie" na "ọhụrụ" mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime usoro nke otu ihe mejupụtara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Concerto a ma ama maka cembalos abụọ, a na-aza sonata oge gboo na mmegharị 1 site na ụdị egwu egwuregwu baroque nke ikpeazụ.
Ihe mgbagwoju anya na okike bụ echiche efu nke e ji mara Wilhelm Friedemann. N'otu aka ahụ, nke a bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na mmepe nke omenala baroque mbụ. Site na iyi nke akụkụ ndị a na-amachibidoghị, nkwụsịtụ n'efu, nkwuwa okwu agụgharị, Wilhelm Friedemann yiri ka ọ na-agbawa elu "dị nro" nke ederede. N'aka nke ọzọ, dị ka ihe atụ, na Sonata maka viola na clavier, na 12 polonaises, na ọtụtụ clavier sonatas, aru thematism, ịtụnanya obi ike na saturation nke nkwekọ, sophistication nke isi-obere chiaroscuro, nkọ rhythmic ọdịda, structural originality. yiri ụfọdụ Mozart, Beethoven, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna Schubert na Schumann ibe. Akụkụ a nke ọdịdị nke Friedemann bụ ụzọ kachasị mma isi gosipụta akụkụ a nke ọdịdị nke Friedemann, n'ụzọ, na mmụọ nke ịhụnanya, ihe onye Germany na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme F. Rochlitz kwuru: "Fr. Bach, kewapụrụ ihe niile, ọ bụghị kwadebere ma gọzie ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe ọ bụla dị elu, echiche eluigwe, kpagharị, na-achọta ihe niile ọ dọtara na omimi nke nkà ya.
T. Frumkis
