Ụlọ akwụkwọ Dutch |

Ụlọ akwụkwọ Dutch - duru ndu ndu ka wok. ukwe. polyphony narị afọ nke 15-16 Ọ tolitere na Netherlands (akụkọ ihe mere eme; jikọtara Netherlands ọgbara ọhụrụ, Belgium, North-East France na Luxembourg); II. sh. a na-akpọkwa Burgundian na Flemish, Franco-Flemish. N. sh. gụnyere ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke netherl. ndị na-ede egwú na-arụ ọrụ na Europe dị iche iche. mba ebe a na-ahụ ọdịnala ya, nke kpatara ịrị elu nke polyphonics mpaghara. ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ nsonaazụ dị elu nke mmepe egwu Dutch. Iji ndị egwu egwu. okike, N. sh. chịkọtara ihe ndị Europe rụzuru. wok-choir polyphony 9 - mmalite. Narị afọ nke 15 (Bekee na French, òtù nzuzo na nke ụwa) na akara ụbọchị nke oge gboo. ukwe. polyphony. N. sh. kere usoro iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke polyphony - ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị siri ike, mepụtara kpochapụ. sample wok.-ụkwe. ụdị polyphonic, ụka na nke ụwa - masses, motet, chanson, madrigal ma kwadoro ọchịchị nke ụda 4 zuru oke, nke olu ya ghọrọ nha nhata, ma mepụta omenala nke egwu egwu 3. ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. Ndị na-ede egwú N. sh. iche site na nka counterpoint usoro, na-eru mwepu. omume ọma na okike nke ukwe. polygonal prod. (ha wetara ọnụọgụ nke votu nọọrọ onwe ha na 30), na-atụ anya instr. egwu nke oge ndị a. Egwu nke ndị isi N. sh. bu n'obi bu n'uche. maka ukwe. Pen. na cappella. Agbakwunyere ngwa ọrụ na mmemme ahụ. (solemnis) masses na motets, na-eme ka wok okpukpu abụọ. nnọkọ (ch. arr. bass), a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na polyphonic nkịtị. egwu.

Ebe etiti. ụdị egwu N. sh. – ukwe. a cappella uka, ụdị. A na-ekpebi ihe ngosi nke iyi ahụ site n'ichepụta echiche nke nkà ihe ọmụma na nke na-atụgharị uche nke oge ya (banyere onye nọ na nnukwu eluigwe na ala, banyere mma nkwekọ nke ụwa, wdg). Mgbagwoju anya ụda dị mgbagwoju anya nke ìgwè mmadụ, nke nwere ike na-ada ụda na mmetụta dị egwu, kwekọrọ na ịdị ukwuu nke Gothic. Katidral, bụ́ ebe a na-eme ha n’ụbọchị okpukpe dị nsọ. ememe. Ngosipụta nke egwu egwu ahụ, àgwà ya gbadoro anya na mkpali mmụọ ka e gosipụtara site na oke ndekọ aha dị elu na agba dị ọcha nke ndị ukwe ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke. ụgha; nkà nchikota na ire ụtọ nkenye ọnọdụ nke melodic. ahịrị, mma nke ha transperent counterpointing, na filigree nkenke nkọwa. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na abụ ụwa adịghị iche na nke ime mmụọ; nwa ya. E gosipụtara ihe ndabere na mmetụta mmetụta dị egwu n'ọrụ nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ N. sh., karịsịa na narị afọ nke 16. Ọbụlagodi ọtụtụ ndị na-ebukarị aha egwu ụwa eji na ha (“Onye Okike”, “Ihu ihu na-acha uhie uhie”, wdg).

Aha "N. sh." ewepụtara site na R. G. Kizevetter (n'ọrụ ya "Ntụnye aka nke Netherlands na Art of Music", 1828), onye tụpụtara nkewa ọnọdụ n'ime 3 (ma ọ bụ 4) N. sh. dabere na mpaghara mmetụta nke ndị nnọchi anya ya. 1st N. sh., Burgundian, bilitere n'etiti. 15 c. n'ụlọ ikpe Burgundia dị na Dijon, nke ụlọ ikpe mara mma mara mma. omenala na ịzụlite French. ọdịnala. Ụlọ akwụkwọ a nwekwara ahụmahụ mmetụta nke mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke Bekee. polyphonists, ch. arr. English pụtara ìhè. Komi. J. Dunstable, onye na-arụ ọrụ na France (kụziri ndị egwú Burgundian). 1st N.sh. nke J. Binchois, onye jere ozi n'obí Duke nke Burgundy, Philip the Good (onye mepụtara chanson ịhụnanya nṅomi nwere nkà) na G. Dufay (na-arụkwa ọrụ na Italy na France; onye nchoputa nke polyphonic ụlọ akwụkwọ na Cambrai), bụ onye ama maka ballads, rondels, masses, motets , budata mma polyphony. usoro na egwu egwu. 2nd na 3 N. sh. (ọgbọ ndị ọzọ nke ndị na-ede egwú) naz. Flemish. Ndị isi ha: J. Okegem (na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọikpe French) - ndị dịkọrọ ndụ nke aha ahụ. ya "chief master of counterpoint" maka nkà ya zuru oke nke usoro nke site na nṅomi, nke e jikwa ya mee ihe na ihe omimi dị ebube. igwe mmadụ, na n'ọbịbịa. miniatures lyric; J. Obrecht (nke biri na Netherlands, France, Italy) – ya Op. pụrụ iche site a nụchara anụcha na virtuoso style, mmetụta mmetụta uche na yi expressiveness nke music na doo anya nke thematic, jiri Nar. abụ ọma (flam., German, Italian) na ịgba egwu. rhythms, ìgwè ya bụ ndị ama ama, raara onwe ha nye. Virgin Mary, nke a na-akpọ. parodic ìgwè mmadụ, ọkụ. chanson na instr ha. trans. agba egwu; Josquin Despres (na-arụ ọrụ n'obodo dị iche iche nke Italy na Northern France) - onye edemede nke ọrụ nzuzo dị ịrịba ama, bụ onye a ma ama maka nkà ya nke na-egosipụta ahụmahụ ime mmụọ dị iche iche na polyphonics mara mma nke àgwà dị iche iche. egwu na motets jupụtara na àgwà mmadụ, bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ dere polyphonic. ntinye. ejije ga-egosi. agwa. 4 nke N. sh., nke gbasara n'ala nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 16 na mba Europe, nke Orlando di Lasso (nke bi na Italy, France, England, Bavaria), onye a ma ama maka "Abụ Ọma Penitential", Sat. motets "Great egwu okike", ụka. prod., yana kere na Nar. dabere na egwu ụdị na-egbuke egbuke, ihe nkiri, ọmarịcha villanelles ga-egosipụta. agwa, madrigals na poems nke ndị na-ede uri nke Renaissance na oge ochie. Ezigbo ndị nkuzi N. sh. nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mgbochi pụtara ìhè, ndị a kpọrọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ na decomp. Obodo Europe; Polyphonic Venetian. tọrọ ntọala ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ A. Willart, onye Rom nke J. Arkadelt, F. le Bel (ọ bụụrụ onye nkuzi nke Palestrina); G. Isak rụrụ ọrụ na Florence, Innsbruck, Augsburg, A. Brumel - na Ferrara. Na Italy, ndị na-ede egwú N. sh. tọrọ ntọala maka lyric Italian madrigal. N'etiti ndị nna ukwu ama ama nke N. sh. – A. Bunois, P. de la Rue, L. Comper, J. Mouton, A. de Feven, N. Gombert, J. Clemens - "ọ bụghị nna", F. Verdelot, F.

Wepu. ihe ịga nke ọma N. sh. bụ n'ihi nka dị elu. nkà nke ndị na-emepụta ya, bụ ndị sitere na mba nke omenala dị elu, nke na-eto eto maka ndị Europe nkịtị. mmekorita ahia na omenala; ebe a, na nke mbụ na Europe, ndị na-ede egwú natara prof. agụmakwụkwọ na mita. Mmepe na nkesa nke N. sh. nyekwara aka n'ịkwalite ọkwa egwu na mpụta ọkwa egwu. Oge ezumike nke N. sh. Polyphony laghachiri n'ụbọchị ezumike nke Netherlands. eserese (otu nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ nka ọhụrụ), nka etinyere n'ọrụ, ụkpụrụ ụlọ, nkà ihe ọmụma na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Na ịmepụta polygons dị egwu. ihe mejupụtara nke Netherlands. ndị nna ukwu na-adabere na nkuzi nkà ihe ọmụma nke ndị Neoplatonist, yana ngụkọ siri ike, DOS. na mgbakọ na mwepụ miri emi. ihe ọmụma (ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu Renaissance, gụnyere Dunstable na, ikekwe, Okegem na Obrecht, bụ ndị ọkà mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ, ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma, ndị na-agụ kpakpando na ndị na-agụ kpakpando n'otu oge). Usoro iwu nke polyphony mepụtara na wok. Ụdị nke ederede siri ike, dabere na otu cantus firmus (liturgical ma ọ bụ karịa ndị mmadụ) na mgbanwe ya, mere ụkpụrụ nke "ịdị n'otu dị iche iche" (dị ka echiche ụwa nke oge). N'ime ihe owuwu nke motets na masses, na nhọrọ nke cantus firmus na ememe ya, e gosipụtara ụfọdụ ihe nnọchianya. Amụma echiche nke oge, mgbakọ na mwepụ ya. ọgụgụ isi pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ịgbasa akwụkwọ ọgụgụ enigmatic (nkà maara nke ọma nke usoro ihe mgbochi ọkaibe n'etiti epigones nke N. sh. mgbe ụfọdụ na-abụ egwuregwu ezi uche na-ejikọta ya na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma).

Nkà. Mmezu nke nnukwu ndị na-ede egwú nke N. sh., ụkpụrụ nke egwu polyphonic kwadoro ha. ihe mejupụtara aghọwo ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mmepe nke decomp na-esote. ụdị nke ide ihe n'efu, dabere na ihe ịchọ mma ndị ọzọ. ụkpụrụ, bụrụkwa ntọala maka itolite n'ihu na Europe dum. egwu, wok na instr., Ọ bụghị naanị polyphonic, kamakwa homophonic (lee Homophony), na usoro ha nke ntụgharị, ntụgharị, nṅomi, wdg, banyere usoro nke dodecaphony. Dị ka ihe stylistic, N. sh. ihu ọma dechara oge nke ọchịchị na Europe. music omenala ụka. (Katọlik) wok.-ụkwe. ụdị na-egosipụta na ha na nkà ihe ọmụma na okpukpe. worldview (mgbe e mesịrị, o gosipụtara onwe ya na Protestant wok-instr. music, nke kasị elu nke bụ ọrụ JS Bach).

References: Bulychev V., Egwu nke ụdị siri ike na oge gboo…, M., 1909; Kiesewetter B., Die Verdienste der Niederländer um die Tonkunst, W., 1828; Wolff H., Die Musik der alten Niederländer, Lpz., 1956; Backers, S., Nederlandsche componisten van 1400 tot op onzen tijd, s'-Gravenhage, 1942, 1950; Borren Ch. van den, Dufay na ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, na akụkọ egwu Oxford ọhụrụ, v. 3, L. – NY – Toronto, 1960; Bridgman N., Afọ Ockegem na Josquin, ibid.; hụkwa akwụkwọ nsọ. na Art. Egwu Dutch, Mass, Counterpoint, Polyphony, ụdị siri ike.

LG Berger