Johann Christian Bach |

Johann Christian Bach

Johann Christian Bach, n'etiti uru ndị ọzọ, zụlitere ma zụlite ifuru nke amara na amara na ala oge gboo. F. Rohlic

"Onye kachasị mma nke ụmụ Sebastian niile" (G. Abert), onye na-achị echiche nke egwu egwu Europe, onye nkụzi ejiji, onye na-ede egwú kachasị ewu ewu, onye nwere ike ịsọ mpi na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ. Ọdịmma dị otú ahụ dị egwu dakwasịrị ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụ JS Bach, Johann Christian, onye gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'aha "Milanese" ma ọ bụ "London" Bach. Naanị afọ ndị na-eto eto nke Johann Christian nọ na Germany: ruo afọ 15 n'ụlọ nne na nna, na mgbe ahụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke nwanne nne nke Philip Emanuel - "Berlin" Bach - na Potsdam n'ụlọikpe Frederick Onye Ukwu. Na 1754, nwa okorobịa ahụ, onye mbụ na nanị ezinụlọ dum, hapụrụ ala nna ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Ụzọ ya dị na Italy, na-aga n'ihu na narị afọ XVIII. bụrụ mecca egwu nke Europe. Behind na-eto eto musician ịga nke ọma na Berlin dị ka a harpsichordist, nakwa dị ka a obere composing ahụmahụ, nke ọ ka mma ugbua na Bologna, na ama Padre Martini. Ụtọ sitere na mmalite mụmụọ ọnụ ọchị na Johann Christian, nke na-akwado ya nke ukwuu site na nkuchi Katọlik. Akwụkwọ ozi nkwanye sitere na Naples, mgbe ahụ site na Milan, yana aha nwa akwụkwọ Padre Martini, meghere ọnụ ụzọ Katidral Milan maka Johann Christian, ebe ọ nọchiri anya otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka ahụ. Ma ọrụ nke onye na-egwu egwu ụka, nke bụ nna ya na ụmụnne ya, adọtaghị ọdụdụ nke Bach. N'oge na-adịghị anya, onye na-ede egwú opera ọhụrụ kwupụtara onwe ya, na-emeri ngwa ngwa na-emeri usoro ihe nkiri na-eduga na Ịtali: a na-eme ihe nkiri ya na Turin, Naples, Milan, Parma, Perugia, na njedebe nke 60s. na n'ụlọ, na Braunschweig. Aha aha Johann Christian ruru Vienna na Lọndọn, na May 1762 ọ rịọkwara ndị isi chọọchị ka ha hapụ ha ka ha mezuo iwu opera sitere n’Ụlọ Ihe nkiri London Royal.

Oge ọhụrụ malitere na ndụ nke maestro, bụ onye a kara aka na ọ ga-abụ nke abụọ na triad a ma ama nke ndị na-egwu German bụ ndị mere ebube nke ... egwu Bekee: onye nọchiri GF Handel, Johann Christian, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ n'ihu ọdịdị dị n'ikpere mmiri nke Albion I. Haydn … Ọ gaghị abụ ikwubiga okwu ókè na-atụle 3-1762 na music ndụ nke English isi obodo n'oge Johann Christian, onye n'ụzọ ziri ezi merie aha otutu "London" Bach.

The ike nke ya composing na nka ọrụ, ọbụna ụkpụrụ nke XVIII narị afọ. buru ibu. Ike na nzube - nke a bụ otú o si ele anyị anya site na ọmarịcha ihe osise nke enyi ya T. Gainsborough (1776), nke Padre Martini nyere ọrụ, o jisiri ike kpuchie ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ndụ egwu egwu nke oge.

Nke mbụ, ụlọ ihe nkiri. Ma Royal Courtyard, ebe ndị "Italian" na-emechi maestro, na Royal Covent Garden, bụ ebe n'afọ 1765, e mere ihe ngosi nke egwu egwu egwu egwu Bekee nke Mill Maiden, nke wetara ya ewu ewu pụrụ iche. Ndị na-ege ntị kacha bụrụ abụ sitere na “Ohu ahụ” bụ abụ. Ọ dịghị obere ihe ịga nke ọma bụ Italian aria, bipụtara ma kesaa iche iche, yana songs onwe ha, anakọtara na 3 nchịkọta.

Akụkụ nke abụọ kachasị mkpa nke ọrụ Johann Christian na-egwu egwu ma na-akụzi ihe na gburugburu ndị na-ahụ maka egwu na-ahụ n'anya, karịsịa onye nkwado ya Queen Charlotte (n'agbanyeghị, nwa amaala Germany). M na-ejikwa egwú dị nsọ egwuri egwu, bụ́ ndị a na-eme dị ka omenala Bekee si dị n’ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri n’oge Lent. Nke a bụ oratorios nke N. Iommelli, G. Pergolesi, yana ihe odide nke ya, nke onye na-ede egwú malitere ide na Ịtali (Requiem, Short Mass, wdg). A ghaghị ịnakwere na ụdị ime mmụọ enweghị mmasị na ọ bụghị ihe ịga nke ọma (ọbụlagodi ikpe nke ọdịda mara) na "London" Bach, bụ onye tinyere onwe ya kpamkpam na egwu ụwa. Ruo n'ókè kasị ukwuu, nke a gosipụtara onwe ya na ikekwe mpaghara kachasị mkpa nke maestro - "Bach-Abel concertos", nke o guzobere na azụmahịa ya na enyi ya na-eto eto, onye na-ede egwú na onye na-egwu egwu gambo, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke Johann Sebastian CF. Ebel. Tọrọ ntọala na 1764, Bach-Abel Concertos setịpụrụ ụda maka ụwa egwu London ogologo oge. Premieres, ihe ngosi uru, ihe ngosi nke ngwá ọrụ ọhụrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ekele Johann Christian, piano mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ solo na London maka oge mbụ) - ihe a niile ghọrọ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ Bach-Abel, nke nyere. ruo 15 concerts otu oge. Ihe ndabere nke repertoire bụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ahazi onwe ha: cantatas, symphonies, overtures, concertos, ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe nkiri. N'ebe a, mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ egwu egwu Haydn, mara ndị na-agụ egwú nke Mannheim Chapel a ma ama.

N'aka nke ya, a na-ekesa ọrụ nke "Bekee" na Europe. Ugbua na 60s. e mere ha na Paris. Ndị na-egwu egwu Europe na-achọ inweta Johann Christian ọ bụghị nanị dị ka onye na-ede egwú, kamakwa dịka onye na-egwu egwú. Ọganihu pụrụ iche na-echere ya na Mannheim, bụ nke e dere ọtụtụ ihe egwu (gụnyere 6 quintets op. 11 maka ọjà, oboe, violin, viola na basso continuo, nke a raara nye onye ama ama music connoisseur Elector Karl Theodor). Ọbụna Johann Christian kwagara Mannheim ruo oge ụfọdụ, bụ́ ebe e mere operas ya Themistocles (1772) na Lucius Sulla (1774) nke ọma.

N'ịdabere na aha ya na gburugburu French dị ka onye na-ede egwú, ọ na-ede kpọmkwem maka Paris (nke Royal Academy of Music nyere ya) opera Amadis nke Gaul, nke mbụ rụrụ n'ihu Marie Antoinette na 1779. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ya na French ụzọ - na omenala divertissement. na njedebe nke ọ bụla omume - opera abụghị ihe ịga nke ọma, nke gosipụtara mmalite nke nkwụsị n'ozuzu na ọrụ okike na nka nke maestro. Aha ya na-aga n'ihu na-apụta na ndepụta repertory nke ụlọ ihe nkiri eze, mana Amadis dara ada bụ nke a kara aka ka ọ bụrụ opus operatic ikpeazụ nke Johann Christian. Nke nta nke nta, mmasị na "Bach-Abel Concertos" na-ebelatakwa. Esemokwu ụlọikpe nke jụrụ Johann Christian maka ọrụ nke abụọ, ahụ ike na-akawanye njọ, ụgwọ o ji dugara n'ọnwụ nke onye na-ede egwú, bụ́ onye nanị nwa oge lanarịrị ebube ya dara ada. Ndị obodo Bekee, ndị anyaukwu maka ihe ọhụrụ, chefuru ya ozugbo.

Maka ndụ dị mkpụmkpụ, "London" Bach kere ọtụtụ ihe egwu, na-egosipụta mmụọ nke oge ya n'ụzọ zuru oke. Mmụọ nke oge r banyere ihe gbasara. A maara okwu ya nye nna ukwu "alte Perucke" (lit. - "ochie wig"). N'okwu ndị a, enweghị nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịnala ezinụlọ ochie dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ntụgharị dị nkọ n'ihu ọhụrụ, nke Johann Christian gara n'ihu karịa ụmụnne ya. Okwu dị n'otu n'ime akwụkwọ ozi WA Mozart bụ njirimara: "Ana m achịkọta fugues Bach ugbu a. “Dị ka Sebastian, otú ahụ ka Emanuel na Friedemann mere” (1782), bụ́ ndị si otú a kewapụghị nna ya na ụmụ ya ndị tọrọ ya mgbe ha na-amụ ụdị ochie. Na Mozart nwere mmetụta dị iche iche maka arụsị London ya (ọmụma ya mere na 1764 n'oge njem Mozart na London), nke bụ maka ya bụ ebe etiti ndị kasị elu na nkà nke egwu.

Akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ihe nketa nke "London" Bach bụ nke opera bụ nke kachasị na ụdị seria, nke nwetara n'oge 60-70s. XVIII narị afọ na ọrụ nke J. Sarti, P. Guglielmi, N. Piccinni na ndị ọzọ nnọchiteanya nke a na-akpọ. neo-Neapolitan ụlọ akwụkwọ ntorobịa nke abụọ. Ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro a bụ nke Johann Christian, onye malitere ọrụ opera ya na Naples ma duzie ntụzịaka ahụ e kwuru n'elu.

Na-agba ọkụ na 70s. N'agha a ma ama n'etiti "glukkists na picchinnists", "London" Bach yikarịrị ka ọ dị n'akụkụ nke ikpeazụ. Ọ bụghị n'efu na ọ, n'egbughị oge, nyere nsụgharị nke Gluck's Orpheus nke ya, na-enye, na mmekorita ya na Guglielmi, opera mbụ a na-eme mgbanwe na nọmba ntinye (!), nke mere na ọ nwetara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa maka ntụrụndụ mgbede. "Ọhụụ" mere nke ọma na London ruo ọtụtụ oge (1769-73), Bach bupụ ya na Naples (1774).

Ihe nkiri operas nke Johann Christian n'onwe ya, nke ahaziri dị ka atụmatụ a ma ama nke "ihe nkiri na ejiji", dị adị kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke XNUMX. libertto nke ụdị Metastasian, n'èzí adịghị iche na ọtụtụ opuses ndị ọzọ nke ụdị a. Nke a bụ ihe okike kacha nta nke onye na-ede egwu-onye na-ede egwuregwu. Ike ha dị n'ebe ndị ọzọ: na mmesapụ aka ụtọ, izu okè nke ụdị, "ọgaranya nke nkwekọ, nkà nke akụkụ, ihe ọhụrụ obi ụtọ eji ngwá ọrụ ifufe" (C. Burney).

A na-eji ụdị ihe dị iche iche mara ọrụ ngwá ọrụ Bach. Nnukwu ewu ewu nke ihe odide ya, nke ekesara na listi (dị ka ha na-ekwu mgbe ahụ maka "ndị hụrụ ọchị", site na ụmụ amaala nkịtị ruo na ndị òtù nke ụlọ akwụkwọ eze), àgwà na-emegiderịta onwe ya (Johann Christian nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 3 dị iche iche nke aha nna ya: na mgbakwunye. na German Bach, Ịtali. Bakki, English . Bakk) ekwela ka n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-eburu n'uche ihe niile e kere site na-ede egwú, bụ onye kpuchiri fọrọ nke nta niile dịkọrọ ndụ instrumental ụdị.

N'ime ọrụ ndị egwu ya - overtures na symphonies - Johann Christian guzoro n'ọnọdụ ndị dị tupu oge ochie ma na-ewu ihe dum (dị ka atụmatụ omenala "Neapolitan", ngwa ngwa - nwayọọ nwayọọ - ngwa ngwa), na ngwọta nke orchestral, na-adaberekarị. na ebe na ọdịdị egwu. N'ime nke a, ọ dị iche na ndị Mannheimers na site na Haydn mbụ, na mbọ ha na-agba maka kristal nke ma okirikiri na ihe ndị mejupụtara. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya: dịka iwu, akụkụ ndị dị oke egwu nke "London" Bach dere, n'otu n'otu, n'ụdị sonata allegro na "ụdị ọkacha mmasị nke oge gallant - rondo" (Abert). Onyinye kachasị mkpa nke Johann Christian maka mmepe nke concerto pụtara n'ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ụdị. Ọ bụ egwu egwu egwu maka ọtụtụ ngwa solo na otu egwu egwu, obe n'etiti baroque concerto grosso na ihe egwu solo nke oge ochie. Op kacha ewu ewu. 18 maka ndị soloists anọ, na-adọta akụ na ụba ụtọ, ịdị mma, nnwere onwe nke ihe owuwu. Nkwughachi niile nke Johann Christian, ewezuga opuses nke mbụ maka ifufe nkụ (ọjà, oboe na bassoon, nke e kere n'oge ọ na-amụ ọrụ n'okpuru Philipp Emanuel na Potsdam Chapel), ka edere maka clavier, ngwá ọrụ nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara n'ezie maka ya. . Ọbụna n'oge ntorobịa ya, Johann Christian gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye na-egwu clavier nwere nkà nke ukwuu, bụ nke, o doro anya na, kwesịrị ihe kacha mma, n'echiche nke ụmụnna, na maka anyaụfụ ha dị ntakịrị, akụkụ nke ihe nketa: 3 ụbọ akwara. Onye na-egwu egwu egwu, onye nkuzi ejiji, o jiri oge ndụ ya niile na-egwu ngwá egwu kachasị amasị ya. Edewo ọtụtụ miniatures na sonatas maka clavier (gụnyere "ihe nkuzi" aka anọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-amu amu, na-adọrọ mmasị na ịdị ọhụrụ na izu okè mbụ ha, ọtụtụ nchọpụta mbụ, amara na ịma mma). Ọ dịghị ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ okirikiri isii sonatas maka harpsichord ma ọ bụ "piano-forte" (1765), nke Mozart haziri maka clavier, abụọ violin na bass. Ọrụ nke clavier dịkwa oke egwu na egwu ụlọ nke Johann Christian.

The pearl nke Johann Christian's instrumental creativeness bụ ya ensemble opuses (quartets, quintets, sextets) ya na n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè virtuoso akụkụ nke otu n'ime ndị sonyere. Isi ihe dị n'ụdị ndị isi a bụ Concerto for clavier and orchestra (ọ bụghị na ndabara ka Johann Christian na 1763 ji clavier concerto nweta aha “onye isi egwu” eze nwanyị). Ọ bụ ya ka uru ahụ bụ maka ịmepụta ụdị egwu clavier ọhụrụ nke nwere ngosipụta abụọ na 1 mmegharị.

Ọnwụ Johann Christian, ndị London na-ahụghị, Mozart ghọtara na ọ bụ nnukwu mfu maka ụwa egwu. Na nanị ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị, nghọta Mozart banyere “uru” nke nna ime mmụọ ya ghọrọ eluigwe na ala. "Ifuru nke amara na amara, onye kacha mara mma nke ụmụ Sebastian weere ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị ya na akụkọ egwu."

T. Frumkis