Krzysztof Pendeecki |

Krzysztof Penderecki

A sị ka e kwuwe, ọ bụrụ na ịgha ụgha n'èzí, n'èzí nke ụwa anyị, Ọ dịghị ohere ohere, mgbe ahụ, uche na-agbalị ịchọpụta. Kedu ihe bụ ebe echiche anyị na-agba ọsọ, Na ebe mmụọ anyị na-efe efe, na-ebili na nwoke efu. Lucretius. Na ọdịdị nke ihe (K. Pendeecki. Cosmogony)

Egwu nke ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. o siri ike iche n'echiche na-enweghị ọrụ nke onye na-ede egwú Polish K. Pendeecki. Ọ gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ndagide na nchọgharị njirimara nke egwu agha mgbe agha gasịrị, na-atụba ya n'etiti oke na-ekewapụ onwe ya. Ọchịchọ maka ihe ọhụrụ dị egwu n'ọhịa nke okwu na mmetụta nke njikọ organic na ọdịnala ọdịnala malitere na narị afọ gara aga, njide onwe onye dị ukwuu n'ime ihe mejupụtara ụlọ ụfọdụ na penchant maka nnukwu ihe, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụda “cosmic” nke ụda olu na symphonic. na-arụ ọrụ. Mgbanwe nke ụdị okike na-amanye onye na-ese ihe ka ọ nwalee ụkpụrụ na ụdị dị iche iche "maka ike", iji mara ihe niile rụzuru na teknụzụ nke ihe mejupụtara narị afọ nke XNUMX.

A mụrụ Penderecki n'ime ezinụlọ nke onye ọka iwu, ebe enweghị ndị ọkachamara ọkachamara, ma ha na-egwukarị egwu. Ndị nne na nna, na-akụziri Krzysztof ịkpọ violin na piano, echeghị na ọ ga-abụ onye na-egwu egwu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Penderecki nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịkpọ violin. Na obere Denbitz, naanị otu egwu egwu bụ otu egwu ọla obodo. Onye ndu ya S. Darlyak rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu. Na mgbatị ahụ, Krzysztof haziri òtù egwú nke ya, nke ọ bụ ma onye violin na onye nduzi. N'afọ 15, o mechara kpebie ịghọ onye na-egwu egwu ma hapụ akwụkwọ na Krakow. N'otu oge na klaasị na music ụlọ akwụkwọ, Penderetsky aga mahadum, na-ege ntị nkuzi na oge gboo philology na nkà ihe ọmụma nke R. Ingarden. Ọ na-amụ nke ọma Latin na Greek, nwere mmasị na omenala oge ochie. Klas na usoro ihe ọmụmụ na F. Skolyshevsky - onye nwere onyinye na-egbuke egbuke, onye na-agụ pianist na onye na-ede egwú, ọkà mmụta sayensị na mgbakọ na mwepụ - kụnyere na Penderetsky ikike iche echiche onwe ya. Mgbe ya na ya na-amụ ihe, Penderetsky na-abanye na Higher Musical School nke Krakow na klas nke onye na-agụ egwú A. Malyavsky. Onye na-eto eto na-ede egwú na-enwe mmetụta siri ike karịsịa site na egwu nke B. Bartok, I. Stravinsky, ọ na-amụ ụdị edemede P. Boulez, na 1951 ọ zutere L. Nono, bụ onye na-eleta Krakow.

N'afọ 1959, Penderecki meriri asọmpi nke Union of Polish Composers haziri, na-egosi ihe egwu maka ndị egwu egwu - "Strophes", "Emanations" na "Abụ Ọma David". Ihe ama ama nke onye na-ede egwú na-amalite na ọrụ ndị a: a na-eme ha na France, Italy, Austria. Na nkuzi sitere na Union of Composers, Pendeecki na-aga njem ọnwa abụọ na Italy.

Kemgbe 1960, ọrụ okike kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke onye na-ede egwú na-amalite. N'afọ a, ọ na-emepụta otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a ma ama nke egwu agha mgbe agha gasịrị, Hiroshima Victims Memorial Tran, nke ọ na-enye onyinye na Hiroshima City Museum. Penderecki na-aghọ onye so na ya na mmemme egwu oge ụwa na Warsaw, Donaueschingen, Zagreb ma na-ezute ọtụtụ ndị egwu na ndị mbipụta. Ọrụ nke onye na-ede egwú na-eju anya na usoro ọhụrụ ọ bụghị nanị maka ndị na-ege ntị, kamakwa maka ndị na-egwu egwú, bụ ndị na-adịghị ekweta ozugbo ịmụta ha. Na mgbakwunye na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, Penderecki na 60s. na-ede egwu maka ụlọ ihe nkiri na sinima, maka ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Experimental Studio nke Polish Radio, ebe ọ na-emepụta ya eletrọnịkị mejupụtara, gụnyere egwuregwu "Ekecheiria" maka mmeghe nke Munich Olympic Games na 1972.

Kemgbe 1962, a na-anụ ọrụ onye na-ede egwú n'obodo ndị dị na USA na Japan. Penderecki na-enye nkuzi gbasara egwu nke oge a na Darmstadt, Stockholm, Berlin. Mgbe eccentric ahụ gasịrị, ihe mejupụtara avant-garde nke ukwuu "Fluorescence" maka ndị na-egwu egwu, typewriter, iko na ihe ígwè, mgbịrịgba eletrik, ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwú tụgharịrị gaa n'ọsọ maka ngwa egwu na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụdị: opera, ballet, oratorio, cantata (oratorio “Dies irae”, nke a raara nye ndị Auschwitz tara, - 1967; opera ụmụaka “Onye Kasiri ike”; oratorio “Passion according Luke” - 1965, ọrụ dị egwu nke tinye Penderecki n'etiti ndị na-ede egwú na narị afọ nke XNUMX) .

Na 1966, onye na-ede egwú gara ememme egwú nke mba Latin America, na Venezuela na nke mbụ gara na USSR, ebe o mesịrị bịa ugboro ugboro dị ka onye nduzi, onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ya. N'afọ 1966-68. onye na-ede egwú na-akụzi klas mejupụtara na Essen (FRG), na 1969 - na West Berlin. Na 1969, Penderecki ọhụrụ opera The Devils of Lüden (1968) mere na Hamburg na Stuttgart, nke pụtara n'otu afọ ahụ na ọkwa nke obodo 15 gburugburu ụwa. N'afọ 1970, Penderecki dechara otu n'ime ihe egwu kachasị amasị ya na nke mmetụta uche, Matins. N'izo aka na ederede na abụ nke ọrụ Ọtọdọks, onye edemede na-eji usoro mmepụta ihe kachasị ọhụrụ. Ọrụ mbụ nke Matins na Vienna (1971) kpalitere mmasị dị ukwuu n'etiti ndị na-ege ntị, ndị nkatọ na obodo egwu Europe dum. Site n'usoro nke UN, onye na-ede egwú, bụ onye na-enwe ùgwù dị ukwuu n'ụwa nile, na-emepụta maka ihe nkiri kwa afọ nke UN oratorio "Cosmogony", nke e wuru na nkwupụta nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma nke oge ochie na oge a banyere mmalite nke eluigwe na ala na ụwa. Ọdịdị nke eluigwe na ala - site na Lucretius ruo Yuri Gagarin. Penderetsky na-etinye aka na nkuzi: ebe ọ bụ na 1972 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Krakow Higher School of Music, ma n'otu oge ahụ na-akụzi otu ihe mejupụtara na Mahadum Yale (USA). Maka ncheta afọ 200 nke United States, onye dere ya dere opera Paradaịs Lost dabere na uri J. Milton (nke e hiwere na Chicago, 1978). Site na nnukwu ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke 70s. otu onye nwere ike ịpụta Symphony Mbụ, oratorio na-arụ ọrụ "Magnificat" na "Abụ nke Abụ", yana Violin Concerto (1977), nke a raara nye onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri I. Stern ma dee ya n'ụdị neo-romantic. Na 1980 onye dere ya dere Symphony nke Abụọ na Te Deum.

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Penderetsky na-enye ọtụtụ egwu egwu, na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ si mba dị iche iche. A na-eme mmemme nke egwu ya na Stuttgart (1979) na Krakow (1980), Penderecki n'onwe ya na-ahazi ememme egwu ụlọ mba ụwa maka ndị na-eto eto na-ede egwú na Lusławice. Ọdịiche pụtara ìhè na ọhụhụ nke egwu Penderecki na-akọwa mmasị ọ na-enwe mgbe niile na ihe nkiri egwu. opera nke atọ nke onye dere ihe The Black Mask (1986) dabere na egwuregwu G. Hauptmann na-ejikọta nkwuputa ụjọ na akụkụ nke oratori, izi ezi nke mmụọ na omimi nke nsogbu na-adịghị agafe agafe. "Edere m Black Mask dị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ọrụ ikpeazụ m," Penderecki kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ. - "Maka onwe m, ekpebiri m ịkwụsị oge ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka oge ịhụnanya."

Onye na-ede egwú ugbu a nọ n'ọkwa nke ama ama n'ụwa nile, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwu egwu a na-akwanyere ùgwù. A na-anụ egwu ya na kọntinent dị iche iche, nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị na-egwu egwu, ihe nkiri na-eme, na-adọta ndị na-ege ntị ọtụtụ puku.

V. Ilyev