Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (Dmitry Bortnyansky) |

Dmitry Bortnyansky

… I dere ukwe di egwu Na, na-atụgharị uche n'ụwa nke obi ụtọ, O deere anyị ya na ụda olu… Agafangel. Na ebe nchekwa nke Bortnyansky

D. Bortnyansky bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị nkà nnọchiteanya nke Russian music omenala omenala nke tupu oge Glinka, onye meriri ezi ịhụnanya nke compatriots ya ma dị ka onye na-ede egwú, onye ọrụ, karịsịa choral ndị, ụtọ ahụkebe ewu ewu, na dị ka ihe pụtara ìhè. , onye nwere ọtụtụ nka nwere ọmarịcha mmadụ. Otu onye na-ede uri nke oge a na-akpọghị aha na-akpọ onye na-ede egwú "Orpheus nke Osimiri Neva". Ihe nketa okike ya dị ukwuu ma dị iche iche. Ọ nwere ihe dị ka aha 200 - operas 6, ihe karịrị 100 ọrụ egwu, ọtụtụ ụlọ na ihe egwu egwu, romances. Egwu Bortnyansky bụ ihe dị iche iche site na uto nka na-enweghị atụ, njide, ịdị mma, idoanya oge gboo, na ọkachamara dị elu mepụtara site n'ịmụ egwu Europe ọgbara ọhụrụ. Onye nkatọ na onye na-ede egwú Rọshịa bụ A. Serov dere na Bortnyansky “mụtara n'ụdị ụdị Mozart, ma ṅomiri nnọọ Mozart n'onwe ya.” Otú ọ dị, n'otu oge ahụ, musical asụsụ nke Bortnyansky bụ mba, o doro anya na ọ nwere a song-romance ndabere, intonations nke Ukraine obodo ukwu melos. Nke a abụghịkwa ihe ijuanya. E kwuwerị, Bortnyansky bụ Ukraine site na mmalite.

Ndị ntorobịa nke Bortnyansky dabara n'oge ọgba aghara ọha na eze dị ike na ntụgharị nke 60-70s. Narị afọ nke XNUMX kpọtere ndị agha okike mba. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkachamara na-ede egwú malitere ịmalite na Russia.

N'ihi ikike egwu ya pụrụ iche, e zigara Bortnyansky mgbe ọ dị afọ isii na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Singing, na mgbe afọ 2 gasịrị, e zigara ya na St. Petersburg na Ụlọ Nzukọ Singing Chapel. Uche site na nwata kwadoro nwa nwoke mara mma mara mma. Ọ ghọrọ ọkacha mmasị nke Empress, ọnụ na ndị ọzọ na-agụ egwú abuana ke ntụrụndụ concerts, ụlọikpe ngosi, chọọchị ọrụ, mụọ asụsụ mba ọzọ, eme ihe. Onye nduzi nke egwu egwu M. Poltoratsky mụtara ịgụ abụ na ya, na onye na-ede egwú Ịtali B. Galuppi - ihe mejupụtara. Na nkwanye ya, na 1768 Bortnyansky e zigara Italy, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ 10. N'ebe a, ọ gụrụ egwu nke A. Scarlatti, GF Handel, N. Iommelli, ọrụ nke polyphonists nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Venetian, ma mee ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ede egwú na-aga nke ọma. N'Ịtali, e kere " Mass German ", bụ nke na-adọrọ mmasị na Bortnyansky webatara abụ ochie nke Ọtọdọks n'ime ụfọdụ abụ, na-etolite ha n'ụzọ Europe; yana seria opera atọ: Creon (3), Alcides, Quintus Fabius (ha abụọ – 1776).

Na 1779 Bortnyansky laghachiri St. Petersburg. Ihe ndị o mere, nke e nyere Catherine nke Abụọ, bụ ihe ịga nke ọma na-akpali akpali, n'agbanyeghị na n'ezi omume, ekwesịrị ịmara na e nwere ihe dị iche iche nke eze nwanyị ahụ site na mgbochi egwu egwu na-adịghị ahụkebe ma na-eto ya nanị na mkpali. Otú o sina dị, Bortnyansky nwere ihu ọma, natara ụgwọ ọrụ na ọnọdụ nke bandmaster nke Court Singing Chapel na 1783, mgbe J. Paisiello si Russia pụọ, ọ ghọkwara bandmaster nke "obere ụlọ ikpe" na Pavlovsk n'okpuru onye nketa Pavel na ya. nwunye.

Ọrụ dị iche iche dị otú ahụ kpaliri nhazi nke egwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị. Bortnyansky na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke egwu egwu egwu, na-ede egwú ngwá ọrụ - clavier sonatas, ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ, na-edepụta romances na ederede French, na kemgbe etiti afọ 80, mgbe ụlọ ikpe Pavlovsk nwere mmasị na ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ na-emepụta operas atọ na-atọ ọchị: "The Ememme Seigneur" (1786), "Falcon" (1786), "Nnukwu Nwa" (1787). "Ịma mma nke operas ndị a Bortnyansky, nke e dere n'asụsụ French, dị na ngwakọta mara mma na-adịghị ahụkebe nke egwu Ịtali mara mma na ụda nke ịhụnanya nke French na ịdị nkọ nke couplet" (B. Asafiev).

Onye gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, Bortnyansky ji obi ya niile soro na mgbede akwụkwọ akụkọ e mere na Pavlovsk; Mgbe e mesịrị, na 1811-16. - gara nzukọ nke "Mkparịta ụka nke ndị hụrụ okwu Russia n'anya", nke G. Derzhavin na A. Shishkov na-eduzi, na-arụkọ ọrụ na P. Vyazemsky na V. Zhukovsky. N'amaokwu nke ikpeazụ, o dere abụ egwu a ma ama bụ "Onye na-agụ egwú na Camp of Russian Warriors" (1812). N'ozuzu, Bortnyansky nwere obi ụtọ na-edepụta ihe na-egbuke egbuke, ụda olu, egwu nwere ike ịnweta, na-enweghị ịdaba na banality.

Na 1796 Bortnyansky a họpụtara manager na mgbe ahụ director nke Court Singing Chapel na-anọgide na a post ruo ọgwụgwụ nke ụbọchị ya. N'ọkwa ọhụrụ ya, o ji ike were were mejuputa ebumnuche nka nka na nkuzi. O mere ka ọnọdụ ndị na-abụ abụ ka mma nke ukwuu, webata ihe nkiri Saturday ọha n'ụlọ ụka, ma kwadoo ndị ukwe uka isonye na egwu egwu. Philharmonic Society, na-amalite ọrụ a site n'ịrụ ọrụ nke J. Haydn's oratorio "The Creation of the World" wee mechie ya na 1824 site na mmalite nke L. Beethoven's "Solemn Mass". Maka ọrụ ya na 1815, a họpụtara Bortnyansky ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Philharmonic Society. A na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu ya site n'iwu e nwetara na 1816, bụ nke a kwadoro ma ọ bụ ọrụ Bortnyansky n'onwe ya, ma ọ bụ egwu nke natara nkwado ya, na chọọchị.

N'ime ọrụ ya, malite na 90s, Bortnyansky na-elekwasị anya na egwu dị nsọ, n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche nke egwu egwu egwu dị ịrịba ama. Ha bụ cyclic, ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara akụkụ anọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-eme ememe, na-eme ememe na ọdịdị, ma ihe e ji mara Bortnyansky bụ concertos, dị iche iche site na ịbanye lyricism, ịdị ọcha ime mmụọ pụrụ iche, na ịdị elu. Dị ka Academician Asafiev si kwuo, na Bortnyansky's choral scripts "enwere mmeghachi omume nke otu usoro dị ka ọ dị na ihe owuwu ndị Russia n'oge ahụ: site na ụdị ihe ịchọ mma nke baroque ruo n'ike na njide ka ukwuu - ruo oge ochie."

Na egwu egwu egwu, Bortnyansky na-agafekarị oke iwu ụka nyere. N'ime ha, ị nwere ike ịnụ ije, ịgba egwu egwu, mmetụta nke egwu opera, na akụkụ dị nwayọọ, mgbe ụfọdụ, e nwere ihe yiri ya na ụdị nke "abụ Russia" lyrical. Egwu dị nsọ nke Bortnyansky nwere nnukwu ewu ewu ma n'oge ndụ onye na-ede egwú na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. E degharịrị ya maka piano, ụbọ akwara, sụgharịa ya n'ime usoro akara egwu dijitalụ maka ndị ìsì, ma na-ebipụta ya mgbe niile. Otú ọ dị, n'etiti ọkachamara egwú nke XIX narị afọ. enweghị otu n'otu na ntule ya. E nwere echiche banyere ya sugarness, na Bortnyansky ngwá ọrụ na operatic mejupụtara e chefuru kpamkpam. Naanị n'oge anyị, karịsịa n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, egwu nke onye na-ede egwú a laghachiri ọzọ na-ege ntị, na-ada ụda na ụlọ opera, ụlọ egwu egwu, na-ekpughere anyị ezi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke talent nke onye na-ede egwú Russia dị ịrịba ama, bụ ezigbo kpochapụwo. Narị afọ nke XNUMX.

O. Averyanova