Hector Berlioz |
Hector Berlioz
Ka eriri ọlaọcha nke ifufe fantasy gburugburu agbụ nke iwu. R. Schumann
G. Berlioz bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwú na ndị na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke narị afọ 1830. Ọ gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka onye okike nke symphonism programmatic, nke nwere mmetụta miri emi na nke na-amịpụta na mmepe nke nka ihunanya niile na-esote. Maka France, ọmụmụ nke omenala symphonic mba na-ejikọta aha Berlioz. Berlioz bụ onye na-egwu egwu nke profaịlụ sara mbara: onye na-ede egwú, onye nduzi, onye nkatọ egwu, bụ onye gbachitere echiche dị elu, nke onye kwuo uche ya na nkà, nke sitere na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke July Revolution nke XNUMX. Oge nwata nke onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu gara n'ihu na ọnọdụ dị mma. Nna ya, bụ́ dọkịta n'ọrụ, kụnyere n'ime nwa ya nwoke mmasị maka akwụkwọ, nkà, na nkà ihe ọmụma. N'okpuru mmetụta nke nkwenye ekweghị na Chineke nke nna ya, echiche ya na-aga n'ihu, echiche onye kwuo uche ya, echiche ụwa Berlioz weere ọnọdụ. Ma maka mmepe egwu nke nwa nwoke ahụ, ọnọdụ nke obodo ógbè ahụ dị nnọọ mma. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ọjà na ụbọ akwara, naanị ihe egwu na-enwe bụ ịbụ abụ ụka - Sọnde solemn masses, nke ọ hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu. Mmasị Berlioz nwere maka egwu gosipụtara onwe ya na mbọ ọ na-eme ide. Ndị a bụ obere egwuregwu na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya. E mechara tinye egwu nke otu n'ime ihe nkiri ịhụnanya dị ka ihe leitme na Fantastic Symphony.
N'afọ 1821, Berlioz gara Paris na nkwenye nke nna ya ịbanye na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ. Ma ọgwụ anaghị adọta nwa okorobịa. N'ịbụ onye egwu nwere mmasị na ya, ọ na-arọ nrọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ọkachamara ọkachamara. N'ikpeazụ, Berlioz mere mkpebi onwe ya ịhapụ sayensị n'ihi nkà, nke a na-ebute iwe nke nne na nna ya, bụ ndị na-ewereghị egwu dị ka ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ha na-anapụ nwa ha nwoke nkwado ihe onwunwe, na site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịdabere naanị na onwe ya. Agbanyeghị, n'ikwenye na ọdịnihu ya, ọ na-atụgharị ike ya niile, ike ya na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya iji nweta ọrụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ọ na-ebi ndụ dị ka ndị dike Balzac site n'aka ruo n'ọnụ, n'ụlọ elu, ma ọ dịghị atụ uche otu arụmọrụ na opera ma na-etinye oge n'efu ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ, na-amụ akara.
Site na 1823, Berlioz malitere ịmụ ihe na nzuzo site n'aka J. Lesueur, onye na-ede egwú kachasị ama nke oge Great French Revolution. Ọ bụ ya kụnyere nwa akwụkwọ ya ụtọ maka ụdị nka dị egwu emere maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị. N'afọ 1825, Berlioz, n'ịbụ onye gosipụtara nkà nhazi dị ịrịba ama, na-ahazi ọrụ ọha na eze nke ọrụ mbụ ya bụ Great Mass. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ na-edepụta ihe nkiri dike "Greek Revolution", ọrụ a meghere ntụziaka zuru ezu na ọrụ ya. , jikọtara ya na isiokwu mgbanwe. N'ịche na ọ dị mkpa inweta ihe ọmụma ọkachamara miri emi karị, na 1826 Berlioz banyere Paris Conservatory na klas nke mejupụtara Lesueur na klas A. Reicha counterpoint. Nke dị oké mkpa maka e guzobere aesthetics nke onye na-eto eto na-ese ihe bụ nkwurịta okwu na ndị nnọchiteanya pụtara ìhè nke akwụkwọ na nkà, gụnyere O. Balzac, V. Hugo, G. Heine, T. Gauthier, A. Dumas, George Sand, F. Chopin , F. Liszt, N. Paganini. Na Liszt, ọ na-ejikọta ya site na ọbụbụenyi onwe onye, ihe na-emekarị nke ọchụchọ na mmasị. N'ikpeazụ, Liszt ga-abụ onye na-akwalite egwu Berlioz nke ọma.
N'afọ 1830, Berlioz mepụtara "Symphony Fantastic" na ndepụta okwu: "Ihe nkiri sitere na ndụ nke onye na-ese ihe." Ọ na-emepe oge ọhụrụ nke mmemme ịhụnanya symphonism, na-aghọ ọmarịcha omenala egwu ụwa. Ọ bụ Berlioz dere mmemme a ma dabere n'eziokwu nke akụkọ ndụ onye dere ya - akụkọ ịhụnanya nke ịhụnanya o nwere maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Bekee Henrietta Smithson. Agbanyeghị, ebumnobi gbasara onwe onye n'ịchịkọta egwu egwu na-enweta uru nke isiokwu ịhụnanya izugbe nke owu ọmụma onye nka n'ụwa nke oge a yana, n'ụzọ sara mbara karị, isiokwu nke “atụ efu efu”.
1830 bụ afọ ọgba aghara maka Berlioz. N'ịbụ onye na-ekere òkè nke anọ na asọmpi maka ihe nrite Rome, o mesịrị merie, na-enyefe cantata "N'abalị ikpeazụ nke Sardanapalus" na ndị juri. Onye na-ede egwú gụchara ọrụ ya na ụda nke ọgba aghara malitere na Paris na, ozugbo site na asọmpi ahụ, na-aga n'ogige ndị ahụ iji sonyere ndị nnupụisi ahụ. N'ụbọchị ndị na-eso ya, ebe ọ haziela ma degharịa Marseillaise maka otu ukwe abụọ, ọ na-emegharị ya na ndị mmadụ n'ámá na n'okporo ámá nke Paris.
Berlioz na-etinye afọ 2 dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ Roman na Villa Medici. N'ịlaghachi na Ịtali, ọ na-amalite ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye nduzi, onye na-ede egwú, onye na-agụ egwú, ma ọ na-ezute ịjụ ọrụ ọhụrụ ya site n'aka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị France. Nke a burukwa ụzọ kpebie ndụ ya nile n'ọdịnihu, jupụtara n'ihe isi ike na ihe isi ike ihe onwunwe. Isi mmalite nke Berlioz bụ ọrụ egwu egwu. E mechara bipụta akụkọ, nyocha, akụkọ mkpirisi egwu, feuilletons n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta: "Egwu na ndị na-egwu egwu", "Musical Grotesques", "Ede mgbede na Orchestra". Ebe etiti na ihe nketa nke Berlioz bụ Memoirs - akụkọ ndụ onye na-ede egwú, nke e dere n'ụdị edemede mara mma ma na-enye panorama sara mbara nke ndụ nka na egwu nke Paris n'afọ ndị ahụ. Otu nnukwu onyinye na nkà mmụta egwu bụ ọrụ usoro iwu nke Berlioz "Treatise on Instrumentation" (ya na ihe mgbakwunye - "Orchestra Conductor").
Na 1834, ihe omume nke abụọ bụ "Harold in Italy" pụtara (dabere na uri J. Byron). Akụkụ emepụtara nke solo viola na-enye egwu egwu a njirimara nke egwu egwu. 1837 bụ akara ọmụmụ nke otu n'ime ihe okike Berlioz kachasị ukwuu, Requiem, nke e kere na ebe nchekwa nke ndị mgbanwe mgbanwe Julaị metụtara. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụdị a, Berlioz's Requiem bụ ọrụ pụrụ iche nke jikọtara fresco dị egwu na ụdị mmụọ a nụchara anụcha; ngagharị, egwu dị na mmụọ egwu nke mgbanwe mgbanwe French n'akụkụ ugbu a nwere egwu ihunanya sitere n'obi, ugbu a nwere ụdị siri ike, ụdị ascetic nke abụ Gregorian mgbe ochie. Edere Requiem ahụ maka nnukwu ihe nkedo nke 200 choristers na otu ndị egwu gbatịrị agbatị nwere otu ọla ọla anọ ọzọ. N'afọ 1839, Berlioz rụchara ọrụ na mmemme mmemme nke atọ Romeo na Juliet (dabere na ọdachi W. Shakespeare). Nke a masterpiece nke symphonic music, kasị mbụ e kere eke nke Berlioz, bụ a njikọ nke symphony, opera, oratorio na-enye ohere ọ bụghị naanị egwu, kamakwa ogbo arụmọrụ.
N'afọ 1840, e mere ihe ngosi "Funeral and Triumphal Symphony", nke ezubere maka ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí. A raara ya nye n'ememe dị nsọ nke ịnyefe ntụ nke ndị dike nke ọgba aghara nke 1830 ma na-ewelite n'ụzọ doro anya ọdịnala nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke Great French Revolution.
Romeo na Juliet sonye na akụkọ akụkọ dị egwu The Damnation of Faust (1846), gbadoro ụkwụ na njikọ nke ụkpụrụ nke mmemme mmemme na egwu ogbo ihe nkiri. "Faust" nke Berlioz dere bụ ịgụ egwu mbụ nke ihe nkiri nkà ihe ọmụma nke JW Goethe, bụ nke tọrọ ntọala maka ọtụtụ nkọwa na-esote ya: na opera (Ch. Gounod), na egwu egwu (Liszt, G. Mahler), na uri symphonic (R. Wagner), na ụda olu na egwu egwu (R. Schumann). Peru Berlioz nwekwara oratorio trilogy "The Childhood of Christ" (1854), ọtụtụ mmemme overtures ("King Lear" - 1831, "Roman Carnival" - 1844, wdg), 3 operas ("Benvenuto Cellini" - 1838, na dilogy "Trojans" - 1856-63, "Beatrice na Benedict" - 1862) na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụda olu na ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche.
Berlioz biri ndụ jọgburu onwe ya, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù n'ala nna ya. Afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya bụ ọchịchịrị na owu ọmụma. Naanị ihe ncheta na-egbuke egbuke nke onye na-ede egwú jikọtara ya na njem na Russia, nke ọ gara ugboro abụọ (1847, 1867-68). Naanị n'ebe ahụ ka ọ nwetara ọmarịcha ihe ịga nke ọma na ọha na eze, ezigbo nnabata n'etiti ndị na-ede egwú na ndị nkatọ. E degaara enyi ya akwụkwọ ozi ikpeazụ nke Berlioz na-anwụ anwụ na enyi ya, onye nkatọ Russia a ma ama V. Stasov.
L. Kokoreva
