Leonard Bernstein |

Leonard Bernstein

Ọfọn, ọ́ bụghị ihe nzuzo dị na ya? A na-enwu ya ọkụ na ogbo, nke a na-enye egwu! Orchestras hụrụ ya n'anya. R. Celette

Ihe omume nke L. Bernstein dị ịrịba ama, nke mbụ, na ụdị ha dị iche iche: onye na-ede egwú nwere nkà, nke a maara n'ụwa nile dị ka onye na-ede egwú "West Side Story", onye nduzi kasịnụ nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. (a na-akpọ ya n'etiti ndị na-anọchi anya G. Karayan), onye na-ede egwú na-egbuke egbuke na onye nkụzi, nwere ike ịchọta asụsụ nkịtị na ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị, pianist na onye nkụzi.

Ịghọ onye na-egwu egwu Bernstein bụ akara aka, ma jiri isi ike soro ụzọ a họọrọ, n'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi, mgbe ụfọdụ dị oke mkpa. Mgbe nwata nwoke ahụ dị afọ 11, ọ malitere ịmụ ihe ọmụmụ egwu, mgbe otu ọnwa gachara, o kpebiri na ya ga-abụ onye na-egwu egwu. Ma nna ahụ, bụ́ onye weere egwú dị ka ihe egwuregwu efu, akwụghị ụgwọ maka ihe ọmụmụ ahụ, nwa okoro ahụ wee malite ịkpata ego maka ọmụmụ ihe ya n'onwe ya.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, Bernstein banyere Harvard University, bụ ebe ọ mụtara nkà nke ide egwu, ịkpọ piano, na-ege ntị na nkuzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke music, philology na nkà ihe ọmụma. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na 1939, ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya - ugbu a na Curtis Institute of Music na Philadelphia (1939-41). Otu ihe omume na ndụ Bernstein bụ nzukọ ya na onye nduzi kasị ukwuu, onye Russia, S. Koussevitzky. Nkwekọrịta n'okpuru nduzi ya na Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) bụ akara mmalite nke mmekọrịta enyi na enyi n'etiti ha. Bernstein ghọrọ onye inyeaka Koussevitzky, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ ghọrọ osote onye nduzi nke New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1943-44). Tupu nke a, na-enweghị ego na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-ebi na ego sitere na nkuzi random, ihe ngosi egwu, ọrụ taper.

Ihe mberede obi ụtọ mere ngwa ngwa mmalite nke ọrụ onye nduzi mara mma bụ Bernstein. B. Walter a ma ama n'ụwa, bụ́ onye kwesịrị ka ya na ndị egwú New York na-egwu egwú, dara ọrịa na mberede. Onye na-eduzi ndị egwu egwu na-adịgide adịgide, A. Rodzinsky, na-ezu ike n'èzí obodo ahụ (ọ bụ Sunday), ọ dịghịkwa ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ ma ọ bụghị inyefe onye na-enye aka novice ihe nkiri ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọrọ abalị dum na-amụ akara kacha sie ike, Bernstein n'echi ya, na-enweghị otu mmegharị ahụ, pụtara n'ihu ọha. Ọ bụ mmeri maka onye nduzi na-eto eto na mmetụta nke ụwa egwu.

Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, nnukwu ụlọ egwu egwu na America na Europe meghere n'ihu Bernstein. Na 1945, ọ nọchiri L. Stokowski dị ka onye isi nduzi nke New York City Symphony Orchestra, duziri òtù egwú na London, Vienna, na Milan. Bernstein ji àgwà nke mbụ ya, mkpali ihunanya, na omimi ịbanye n'ime egwu ahụ masịrị ndị na-ege ntị. Ihe nka nke onye na-egwu egwu amachaghị oke: ọ duziri otu n'ime ọrụ ọchị ya… “na-enweghị aka”, na-ejikwa naanị ihu ihu na anya. Ruo ihe karịrị afọ 10 (1958-69) Bernstein jere ozi dị ka onye isi nduzi nke New York Philharmonic ruo mgbe o kpebiri itinyekwu oge na ume n'ịhazi egwu.

A malitere ịrụ ọrụ Bernstein ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu oge na mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nduzi (usoro ụda olu "Akpọrọ m egwu asị", egwu egwu "Jeremaịa" na ederede sitere na Bible maka ụda olu na ndị egwú, ballet "Ahụghị n'anya"). N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Bernstein na-ahọrọ egwu egwu. Ọ bụ onye edemede nke opera Unrest na Tahiti (1952), ballet abụọ; mana nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ya bịara na egwu anọ edere maka ihe nkiri na Broadway. Ihe ngosi nke mbụ n'ime ha ("Na City") mere na 1944, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ya ozugbo nwetara ewu ewu dị ka "ndị agha". Ụdị egwu Bernstein na-alaghachi na mgbọrọgwụ nke omenala egwu America: cowboy na egwu ojii, egwu Mexico, egwu jazz dị nkọ. Na "Obodo magburu onwe ya" (1952), na-eguzogide ihe karịrị ọkara puku ihe ngosi n'otu oge, onye nwere ike inwe mmetụta nke ịdabere na swing - ụdị jazz nke 30s. Mana egwu abụghị naanị ihe ngosi ntụrụndụ. Na Candide (1956), onye na-ede egwú tụgharịrị gaa na nkata nke Voltaire, na West Side Story (1957) abụghị ihe ọzọ karịa akụkọ ọjọọ nke Romeo na Juliet, zigara America na esemokwu agbụrụ ya. Site na ihe nkiri ya, egwu a na-abịaru nso na opera.

Bernstein na-ede egwu dị nsọ maka ndị ukwe na ndị egwu (oratorio Kaddish, Chichester Psalms), symphonies (Nke abụọ, Age nke Nchegbu - 1949; Nke atọ, nke raara onwe ya nye na 75th ncheta nke Boston Orchestra - 1957), Serenade maka string orchestra na percussion na Plato's dialogue "Symposium" (1954, usoro ihe nrite tebụl na-eto ịhụnanya), akara ihe nkiri.

Kemgbe 1951, mgbe Koussevitzky nwụrụ, Bernstein weere klas ya na Tanglewood wee malite nkuzi na Mahadum Weltham (Massachusetts), na-akụzi na Harvard. Site n'enyemaka nke telivishọn, ndị na-ege ntị Bernstein - onye nkụzi na onye nkụzi - gafere ókè nke mahadum ọ bụla. Ma na nkuzi na n'akwụkwọ ya The Joy of Music (1959) na The Infinite Variety of Music (1966), Bernstein na-agbalịsi ike ibunye ndị mmadụ na ịhụnanya ya maka egwu, mmasị ya na-achọsi ike na ya.

Na 1971, maka nnukwu mmeghe nke Center for Arts. J. Kennedy na Washington Bernstein na-emepụta Mass, nke mere ka nyocha dị iche iche sitere na ndị nkatọ. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere mgbagwoju anya site na nchikota nke egwu okpukpe ọdịnala na ihe ngosi Broadway dị egwu (ndị na-agba egwu na-ekere òkè na arụmọrụ nke Mass), abụ ndị dị n'ụdị jazz na egwu rock. Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, obosara nke mmasị egwú Bernstein, ya omnivorousness na zuru ezu enweghị dogmatism e gosiri ebe a. Bernstein gara USSR ihe karịrị otu ugboro. N'oge njem 1988 (n'abalị nke ụbọchị ọmụmụ 70th) ọ duziri International Orchestra nke Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival (FRG), nke gụnyere ndị na-eto eto na-egwu egwu. "N'ozuzu, ọ dị mkpa ka m lebara isiokwu nke ntorobịa anya ma soro ya kparịta ụka," ka onye na-ede egwú kwuru. “Nke a bụ otu n’ime ihe kacha mkpa ná ndụ anyị, n’ihi na ntorobịa bụ ọdịnihu anyị. Ọ na-amasị m ịnyefe ha ihe ọmụma na mmetụta m, ịkụziri ha ihe. "

K. Zenkin

Na-enweghị n'ụzọ ọ bụla na-arụrịta ụka banyere nkà Bernstein dị ka onye na-ede egwú, pianist, onye nkuzi, mmadụ ka nwere ike ikwu na obi ike na o ji ama ya bụ nkà nke iduzi. Ma ndị America na ndị hụrụ egwu na Europe kpọrọ Bernstein, onye nduzi, nke mbụ. Ọ mere n'etiti afọ iri anọ, mgbe Bernstein erubeghị afọ iri atọ, na ahụmịhe nka ya enweghị atụ. Leonard Bernstein nwetara ọzụzụ ọkachamara zuru oke na nke ọma. Na Harvard University, ọ gụrụ ihe mejupụtara na piano.

N'ụlọ akwụkwọ Curtis a ma ama, ndị nkụzi ya bụ R. Thompson maka nhazi egwu na F. Reiner maka iduzi. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ọ kwalitere n'okpuru nduzi nke S. Koussevitzky - na Berkshire Summer School na Tanglewood. N'otu oge ahụ, iji kpata ego, Lenny, dị ka ndị enyi ya na ndị na-amasị ya ka na-akpọ ya, e goro ya dị ka onye na-egwu pianist na ìgwè ndị na-egwu egwu. Ma n'oge na-adịghị, a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ, n'ihi na kama na omenala ballet so, ọ manyere ndị na-agba egwú na-eme na music nke Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Copland na onwe ya improvisations.

Na 1943, Bernstein ghọrọ onye inyeaka na B. Walter na New York Philharmonic Orchestra. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nọchiri onye ndú ya na-arịa ọrịa, ma kemgbe ahụ ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na-abawanye ụba. Na njedebe nke 1E45, Bernstein eduzilarị ndị Orchestra Symphony New York City.

Mpụta mbụ nke Bernstein na Europe mere mgbe njedebe nke agha gasịrị - na Prague Spring na 1946, ebe egwu ya dọtara mmasị n'ozuzu ya. N'otu afọ ndị ahụ, ndị na-ege ntị matara na mbụ dere nke Bernstein. Ndị nkatọ ghọtara egwu egwu ya "Jeremaịa" dị ka ọrụ kacha mma nke 1945 na United States. Afọ ndị na-esonụ e akara Bernstein site na narị concerts, njegharị na dị iche iche kọntinent, premieres nke ọhụrụ ya dere na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto na ewu ewu. Ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ime ndị nduzi America guzoro na La Scala na 1953, wee soro ndị egwu egwu kachasị mma na Europe na-eme ihe, na 1958 ọ na-edu ndị egwú New York Philharmonic Orchestra na n'oge na-adịghị anya soro ya gaa njem mmeri nke Europe, n'oge nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ na USSR; N'ikpeazụ, obere oge ka e mesịrị, ọ na-aghọ onye nduzi nke Metropolitan Opera. Njegharị na Vienna State Opera, ebe Bernstein mere ezigbo mmetụta na 1966 site na nkọwa ya nke Verdi's Falstaff, mechara nweta nkwado nke onye na-ese ihe n'ụwa niile.

Gịnị bụ ihe mere o ji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma? Onye ọ bụla nụrụ Bernstein opekata mpe otu ugboro ga-aza ajụjụ a ngwa ngwa. Bernstein bụ onye na-ese ihe n'atụghị egwu, mmụọ mgbawa ugwu nke na-adọta ndị na-ege ntị, na-eme ka ha na-ege egwu na ume ọkụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe nkọwa ya nwere ike iyi ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ na-ese okwu gị. Ndị na-egwu egwu n'okpuru nduzi ya na-egwu egwu n'efu, n'ụzọ nkịtị na n'otu oge ahụ na-adịghị ahụkebe - ihe ọ bụla na-eme yiri ka ọ na-emeziwanye. Ntugharị nke onye na-eduzi na-egosipụta nke ukwuu, na-ewe iwe, ma n'otu oge ahụ zuru oke - o yiri ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya, aka ya na ọdịdị ihu ya, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, na-egbukepụ egwu nke a mụrụ n'ihu gị. Otu n'ime ndị na-egwu egwu na-eleta arụmọrụ nke Falstaff nke Bernstein na-eduzi kwetara na ugbua nkeji iri mgbe mmalite, ọ kwụsịrị ile anya na ogbo ahụ ma ghara iwepụ anya ya na onye nduzi - ọdịnaya niile nke opera gosipụtara na ya kpamkpam na. nke ọma. N'ezie, okwu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, iwe ọkụ ọkụ a abụghị nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa - ọ na-enweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya nanị n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye omimi nke ọgụgụ isi nke na-enye onye nduzi ohere ịbanye n'ebumnobi nke onye na-ede egwú, na-ebuga ya n'ikwesị ntụkwasị obi na eziokwu, na ike dị elu. nke ahụmahụ.

Bernstein na-ejigide àgwà ndị a ọbụna mgbe ọ na-eme ihe n'otu oge dị ka onye nduzi na pianist, na-eme ihe nkiri nke Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Bernstein buru ibu. Naanị dịka onye isi nke New York Philharmonic, ọ rụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ egwu oge gboo na egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, site na Bach ruo Mahler na R. Strauss, Stravinsky na Schoenberg.

N'ime ihe ndekọ ya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ egwu egwu Beethoven, Schumann, Mahler, Brahms na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ bụ isi. Ọ na-esiri ike ịkpọ aha ụdị egwu America nke Bernstein agaghị arụ ọrụ ya na ndị egwú ya: ruo ọtụtụ afọ ọ, dịka iwu, gụnyere otu ọrụ America na nke ọ bụla n'ime mmemme ya. Bernstein bụ onye ntụgharị okwu magburu onwe ya nke egwu Soviet, karịsịa egwu egwu Shostakovich, onye onye nduzi weere dị ka "onye na-agụ egwú ikpeazụ."

Peru Bernstein-onye na-ede egwú nwere ọrụ dị iche iche. N'ime ha bụ egwu egwu atọ, operas, egwu egwu egwu, egwu egwu "West Side Story", nke na-aga gburugburu ụwa dum. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Bernstein na-agbalịsi ike itinyekwu oge na nhazi. Iji mezuo nke a, na 1969 ọ hapụrụ ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi nke New York Philharmonic. Mana ọ na-atụ anya ka ya na ndị otu ahụ na-eme ihe kwa oge, bụ nke, na-eme mmemme ndị dị ịrịba ama ya, nyere Bernstein aha nke "Lifetime Conductor Laureate of the New York Philharmonic."

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969