Giacomo Meyerbeer |

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Akara aka J. Meyerbeer, onye na-ede opera kachasi ike na narị afọ nke XNUMX. – tụgharịa si obi ụtọ. Ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ kpata ego ya, dị ka WA Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, n'ihi na a mụrụ ya na ezinụlọ nke nnukwu ụlọ akụ Berlin. Ọ naghị agbachitere ikike ya ịmepụta ihe n'oge ntorobịa ya - ndị mụrụ ya, ndị nwere nghọta nke ukwuu bụ ndị hụrụ nkà n'anya ma ghọta nkà, mere ihe niile ka ụmụ ha wee nweta akwụkwọ mmụta kachasị mma. Ndị nkụzi kacha mma na Berlin kụnyere n'ime ha mmasị maka akwụkwọ oge gboo, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na asụsụ. Meyerbeer maara nke ọma na French na Italian, maara Grik, Latin, Hibru. Ụmụnna Giacomo nwekwara onyinye: Wilhelm mechara bụrụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe ama ama, nwanne nwoke nke obere nwụrụ n'oge, bụ onye na-ede uri nwere nkà, onye edemede nke ọdachi Struensee, nke Meyerbeer mechara dee egwu.

Giacomo, bụ́ okenye nke ụmụnna, malitere ịmụ egwú mgbe ọ dị afọ 5. N'ịbụ onye nwere ọganihu dị ukwuu, mgbe ọ dị afọ 9, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri ọha na eze na ihe ngosi nke Mozart's Concerto na D obere. M. Clementi a ma ama na-aghọ onye nkụzi ya, na onye a ma ama organist na theorist Abbot Vogler si Darmstadt, mgbe ọ na-ege ntị obere Meyerbeer, na-adụ ya ọdụ ka na-amụ counterpoint na fugue na ya na-amụrụ A. Weber. Mgbe e mesịrị, Vogler n'onwe ya na-akpọ Meyerbeer na Darmstadt (1811), bụ ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ si Germany nile bịara na onye nkụzi a ma ama. N'ebe ahụ Meyerbeer ghọrọ enyi na KM Weber, onye edemede nke Magic Shooter na Euryanta n'ọdịnihu.

Otu n'ime nnwale nnwere onwe mbụ nke Meyerbeer bụ cantata "Chineke na ọdịdị" na operas 2: "Iṅụ iyi Jefta" na akụkọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ (1812) na nke na-atọ ọchị, na nkata nke akụkọ ifo sitere na "otu puku abalị na otu abalị" , "Onye ọbịa na onye ọbịa" (1813). Emere opera na Munich na Stuttgart ma emebeghị nke ọma. Ndị nkatọ na-akọcha onye dere ya n'ihi na ọ kpọrọ nkụ na enweghị onyinye dị ụtọ. Weber kasiri enyi ya dara ada, na onye nwere ahụmahụ A. Salieri dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ gaa Ịtali ka ọ ghọta amara na ịma mma nke abụ olu ụtọ sitere n'aka ndị isi ya.

Meyerbeer nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na Italy (1816-24). Egwu nke G. Rossini na-achị na ọkwa nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Ịtali, ihe ngosi nke operas ya Tancred na The Barber nke Seville na-enwe mmeri. Meyerbeer na-agba mbọ ịmụta ụdị ederede ọhụrụ. Na Padua, Turin, Venice, Milan, a na-ahazi operas ọhụrụ ya - Romilda na Constanza (1817), Semiramide Recognized (1819), Emma nke Resburg (1819), Margherita nke Anjou (1820), Exile si Grenada (1822) na, N'ikpeazụ, opera kachasị dị egwu nke afọ ndị ahụ, The Crusader in Egypt (1824). Ọ na-aga nke ọma ọ bụghị naanị na Europe, kamakwa na USA, na Brazil, ụfọdụ ihe si na ya na-ewu ewu.

"Achọghị m iṅomi Rossini," Meyerbeer na-ekwu na ọ dị ka ọ na-akwado onwe ya, "wee dee n'asụsụ Italian, dịka ha na-ekwu, mana aghaghị m ide ihe dị otú ahụ ... n'ihi mmasị dị n'ime m." N'ezie, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị enyi German onye na-ede egwú - yana Weber - anabataghị metamorphosis nke Italy a. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke operas Ịtali Meyerbeer na Germany emeghị ka onye dere ya daa mbà. O nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọhụrụ: Paris - nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'oge ahụ. N'afọ 1824, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ Meyerbeer kpọrọ ya na Paris ma e wezụga maestro Rossini, bụ onye na-echeghị na ọ na-eme ihe na-egbu egbu maka aha ya. Ọ na-enye aka na mmepụta nke Crusader (1825), na-akwado onye na-ede egwú na-eto eto. Na 1827, Meyerbeer kwagara Paris, bụ ebe ọ chọtara ụlọ nke abụọ ya na ebe a ma ama ụwa bịara ya.

na Paris na njedebe nke 1820. ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nka. Mgbanwe nke bourgeois nke 1830 na-eru nso. The liberal bourgeoisie ji nke nta nke nta na-akwadebe liquidation nke Bourbons. Aha Napoleon bụ akụkọ ifo ịhụnanya gbara ya gburugburu. Echiche nke socialism utopian na-agbasa. V. Hugo na-eto eto na okwu mmalite a ma ama nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "Cromwell" na-ekwupụta echiche nke usoro ọhụụ ọhụrụ - romanticism. Na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu, yana operas nke E. Megul na L. Cherubini, ọrụ G. Spontini na-ewu ewu karịsịa. Ihe oyiyi nke ndị Rom oge ochie o kere n'uche ndị French nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ndị dike nke oge Napoleon. Enwere operas ọchị nke G. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. G. Berlioz na-ede ihe ọhụrụ ya Fantastic Symphony. Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu sitere na mba ndị ọzọ na-abịa Paris - L. Berne, G. Heine. Meyerbeer na-elezi anya ndụ Parisi nke ọma, na-eme kọntaktị nka na azụmahịa, na-aga ihe ngosi ihe nkiri, n'ime ha bụ ọrụ akara ngosi abụọ maka opera ịhụnanya - Aubert's The Mute from Portici (Fenella) (1828) na Rossini's William Tell (1829). Ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ nzụkọ onye na-ede egwú na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ọdịnihu E. Scribe, ezigbo onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri na mmasị nke ọha na eze, onye maara ihe nke ọma. Ihe si na njikọ ha pụta bụ opera ịhụnanya Robert the Devil (1831), bụ nke nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. Ọdịiche na-egbuke egbuke, omume ndụ, ọnụọgụ olu dị egwu, ụda egwu egwu - ihe a niile na-aghọ njirimara nke operas Meyerbeer ndị ọzọ.

Ihe ngosi mmeri nke The Huguenots (1836) mechara zọpịa ndị niile na-emegide ya. Oke ama ama Meyerbeer na-abanyekwa n'ala nna ya - Germany. Na 1842, eze Prussian Friedrich Wilhelm IV kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa Berlin dị ka onye isi egwu izugbe. Na Berlin Opera, Meyerbeer na-enweta R. Wagner maka mmepụta nke The Flying Dutchman (onye edemede na-eduzi), na-akpọ Berlioz, Liszt, G. Marschner na Berlin, nwere mmasị na egwu M. Glinka ma na-eme ihe atọ site na Ivan Susanin. . N’aka nke ya, Glinka na-ede, sị: “Ọ bụ Meyerbeer duziri òtù egwú ahụ, ma anyị aghaghị ikweta na ọ bụ ezigbo onye na-akụ egwú n’akụkụ nile.” Maka Berlin, onye na-ede egwú na-ede opera Camp na Silesia (nke bụ isi na-eme site n'aka onye a ma ama J. Lind), na Paris, Onye Amụma (1849), The North Star (1854), Dinora (1859). opera ikpeazụ nke Meyerbeer, Nwanyị Afrịka, hụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ otu afọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, na 1865.

N'ime ọrụ ogbo ya kachasị mma, Meyerbeer na-apụta dị ka onye isi kachasị. Nkà egwu egwu nke mbụ, karịsịa n'ọhịa nke orchestration na abụ abụ, anabataghị ọbụna ndị mmegide ya R. Schumann na R. Wagner. Ịdị mma nke ndị egwu egwu na-enye ya ohere iji nweta mmetụta kachasị mma na nke dị egwu (ihe nkiri na katidral, ihe ngosi nke nrọ, njem nrịanrịa na opera Onye Amụma, ma ọ bụ idobe mma agha na Huguenots). Ọ dịghị obere nkà na na onwunwe nke choral ọtụtụ. Mmetụta nke ọrụ Meyerbeer nwere ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ, gụnyere Wagner na operas Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, na akụkụ ụfọdụ na Tannhäuser. Ntugharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke operas Meyerbeer masịkwara ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ. Na pseudo-akụkọ ihe mere eme nkata, ha hụrụ mgba nke echiche nke taa. Onye na-ede egwú jisiri ike nwee mmetụta nke oge ahụ. Heine, bụ́ onye nwere ịnụ ọkụ n’obi banyere ọrụ Meyerbeer, dere, sị: “Ọ bụ nwoke nke oge ya, na oge, bụ́ onye maara mgbe nile otú e si ahọrọ ndị ya, kpọlitere ya n’oké olu n’ọta ma kpọsaa ọchịchị ya.”

E. Illeva

Ngwakọta:

opera – Ọn̄wọn̄ọ Jephtha (Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Ọbịa na ọbịa, ma ọ bụ ihe egwuregwu (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; n'okpuru aha abụọ caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, 1814, 1820) ", Vienna; n'okpuru aha Alimelek, 1814, Prague na Vienna), Brandenburg Gate (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1815, ọ bụghị na-adịgide adịgide), Bachelor si Salamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), Ọ bụghị okokụre), Student si Strasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1816 (?), Ọ bụghị okokụre), Robert na Elisa (1817, Palermo), Romilda na Constanta (melodrama, 1819, Padua), Aghọtara Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. "Reggio", Turin), Emma nke Resburg (1820, tr "San Benedetto", Venice; n'okpuru aha Emma Lester, ma ọ bụ Voice of Conscience, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret nke Anjou (1821, tr " La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1822, emechabeghị), Mpụga si Grenada (L'esule di Granada, 1824, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader na Egypt (Il). crociato na Egitto, 1825, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, ma ọ bụ Pedro nke Portugal (Ines di Castro o sia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1831, emechabeghị), Robert Ekwensu (Robert le Diable, 1835, “Eze. Academy of Music and Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1836, post. 1843, ibid; na Russia n'okpuru aha Guelphs na Ghibellines), Court Feast na Ferrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, a festive arụmọrụ maka ụlọ ikpe carnival costumed). Ball, 1844, Royal Palace, Berlin), Ogige dị na Silesia (Ein Feldlager na Schlesien, 1846, "King. Spectacle", Berlin), Noema, ma ọ bụ nchegharị (Nolma ou Le nchegharị, 1849, akwụsịghị.), Onye amụma ( Le prophète, 1854, King's Academy of Music and Dance, Paris; na Russia n'okpuru aha The Siege of Ghent, mgbe ahụ John nke Leiden), Northern Star (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris); ji egwu nke opera Camp dị na Silesia), Judith (1859, akwụsịghị.), Ploermel mgbaghara (Le pardon de Ploërmel, nke a na-akpọ Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; nke a na-akpọkwa Dinora, ma ọ bụ Pilgrimage to Ploermel, Dinorah oder). Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1864, tr Opera Comic, Paris), African (aha mbụ Vasco da Gama, 1865, post. XNUMX, Grand Opera, Steam izh); divertissement – Ịgafe osimiri, ma ọ bụ nwanyị ekworo (Lepass de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; nke a na-akpọkwa onye ọkụ azụ na Milkmaid, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ mkpọtụ n'ihi nsusu ọnụ, 1810, tr "Eze nke ihe nkiri", Berlin) ; ọnụ okwu – Chineke na okike (Gott und die Natur, 1811); maka orchestra – Ememme ngagharị iwe na ochichi nke William I (1861) na ndị ọzọ; ndi chozi – Abụ Ọma 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, abụ ọma, ukwe ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-agụ egwú (anaghị ebipụta); maka olu na piano - St. 40 songs, romances, ballads (na amaokwu nke IV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, wdg); egwu maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, gụnyere Struenze (ihe nkiri nke M. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Youth of Goethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, ihe nkiri nke A. Blaze de Bury, 1859, ebipụtaghị ya).