Franz Liszt Franz Liszt |
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franz liszt
Na-enweghị Liszt na ụwa, ihe niile nke egwu ọhụrụ ga-adị iche. V. Stasov
F. Liszt na-edepụta ọrụ enweghị ikewapụ ya na ụdị ndị ọzọ niile nke ọrụ dịgasị iche na nke kachasị ike nke ezigbo onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na nka. Onye pianist na onye nduzi, onye nkatọ egwu na onye ọha na eze na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, ọ “nwere anyaukwu na ịma ihe ọ bụla ọhụrụ, nke ọhụrụ, dị mkpa; onye iro nke ihe ọ bụla omenala, ije ije, na-emekarị" (A. Borodin).
F. Liszt mụrụ na ezinụlọ Adam Liszt, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ na ala nke Prince Esterhazy, onye na-agụ egwú amateur bụ onye na-eduzi nkuzi piano mbụ nke nwa ya nwoke, bụ onye malitere ime ọha na eze mgbe ọ dị afọ 9, na 1821- 22. mụọ na Vienna na K. Czerny (piano) na A. Salieri (ihe mejupụtara). Mgbe ihe nkiri na-aga nke ọma na Vienna na Pest (1823), A. Liszt kpọọrọ nwa ya nwoke gaa Paris, mana ndị mba ọzọ ghọrọ ihe mgbochi ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na nkuzi egwu nke Liszt na-agbakwunyere nkuzi nke onwe ya site na F. Paer na A. Reicha. Virtuoso na-eto eto na-emeri Paris na London na ihe ngosi ya, na-edepụta ọtụtụ (opera Don Sancho, ma ọ bụ Castle nke Ịhụnanya, piano iberibe).
Ọnwụ nna ya na 1827, nke manyere Liszt n'oge iji lekọta ịdị adị ya, wetara ya nsogbu nke ọnọdụ mmechuihu nke onye na-ese ihe na ọha mmadụ. E hiwere echiche ụwa nke nwa okorobịa ahụ n'okpuru mmetụta nke echiche nke utopian socialism nke A. Saint-Simon, Christian socialism nke Abbé F. Lamennay, na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma France nke narị afọ 1830. wdg The July mgbanwe nke 1834 na Paris mere ka echiche nke "Revolutionary Symphony" (nọgidere emechabeghị), ọgba aghara nke ndị na-akpa ákwà na Lyon (1835) - piano ibe "Lyon" (ya na epigraph - na ụkpụrụ nke ndị nnupụisi “Ibi ndụ, rụọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ịnwụ ọgụ”). A na-emepụta echiche nka nke Liszt kwekọrọ na romanticism French, na nkwurịta okwu na V. Hugo, O. Balzac, G. Heine, n'okpuru nduzi nke nkà nke N. Paganini, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz. A na-emepụta ha n'usoro isiokwu "Na ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ na nkà na ọnọdụ nke ịdị adị ha na ọha mmadụ" (1837) na "Letters of the Bachelor of Music" (39-1835), nke e dere na mmekorita ya na M. d'Agout (mgbe e mesịrị o dere n'okpuru pseudonym Daniel Stern), nke Liszt mere njem dị ogologo na Switzerland (37-1837), bụ ebe ọ kụziiri na Geneva Conservatory, na Italy (39-XNUMX).
“Afọ nke ịkpagharị” nke malitere na 1835 gara n'ihu na nlegharị anya kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nke Europe (1839-47). Ọbịbịa Liszt na obodo ya Hungary, bụ ebe a na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka dike mba, bụ ezigbo mmeri (ezitere ego sitere na egwu egwu iji nyere ndị idei mmiri ahụ metụtara obodo ahụ aka). Ugboro atọ (1842, 1843, 1847) Liszt gara Russia, guzobe ọbụbụenyi nke ndụ ya na ndị egwu Rọshịa, na-edegharị Chernomor March site na M. Glinka's Ruslan na Lyudmila, A. Alyabyev's romance The Nightingale, wdg Ọtụtụ ederede, fantasies, kere site na nkọwapụta, echiche efu, nkọwapụta, nke e mepụtara site na nkọwapụta. Liszt n'ime afọ ndị a, gosipụtara ọ bụghị nanị na mmasị nke ọha na eze, kamakwa bụ ihe àmà nke ọrụ egwu ya na agụmakwụkwọ ya. Na concertos piano nke Liszt, egwu egwu nke L. Beethoven na “Fantastic Symphony” nke G. Berlioz, gafere na “William Tell” nke G. Rossini na “The Magic Shooter” nke KM Weber, abụ nke F. Schubert, organ preludes. na fugues nke JS Bach, yana nkọwa opera na echiche efu (na isiokwu sitere na Don Giovanni nke WA Mozart, operas nke V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, G. Meyerbeer, na G. Verdi mechara), nsụgharị nke iberibe. site na Wagner operas na wdg. Piano dị n'aka Liszt na-aghọ ngwá ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere ike ịmegharị ọgaranya niile nke ụda opera na nchịkọta egwu egwu, ike nke akụkụ ahụ na ụda olu mmadụ.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mmeri nke onye pianist ukwu ahụ, bụ onye ji ike mmụọ mmụọ ya dị egwu merie Europe niile, wetara ya afọ ojuju na-adịchaghị ala. Ọ na-esiwanye ike nye Liszt itinye mmasị nke ọha na eze, bụ onye omume ọma ya dị egwu na ngosi ngosi nke ịrụ ọrụ na-ekpuchikarị ebumnobi siri ike nke onye nkụzi ahụ, bụ́ onye chọrọ “ibipụ ọkụ n’obi ndị mmadụ.” N'ịbụ onye nyere ihe nkiri nlegharị anya na Elizavetgrad na Ukraine na 1847, Liszt kwagara Germany, na Weimar dị jụụ, nke omenala Bach, Schiller na Goethe doro nsọ, bụ ebe ọ nọ n'ọkwá nke onye na-egwu egwú na ụlọ ikpe eze, na-eduzi ndị egwú na opera. ụlọ.
Oge Weimar (1848-61) - oge "ntụkwasị obi nke echiche", dị ka onye na-ede egwú n'onwe ya kpọrọ ya - bụ, karịa ihe niile, oge nke okike siri ike. Liszt na-emecha ma rụgharịa ọtụtụ ihe emebere mbụ ma ọ bụ malite, wee mejuputa echiche ọhụrụ. Ya mere, si kere na 30s. "Album nke onye njem" na-eto "Afọ nke na-awagharị" - okirikiri nke piano iberibe (afọ 1 - Switzerland, 1835-54; afọ 2 - Italy, 1838-49, na mgbakwunye nke "Venice na Naples", 1840-59) ; nata ngwụcha ikpeazụ Etudes nke nka kacha arụ ọrụ ("Etudes of transcendent performance", 1851); "Nnukwu ọmụmụ banyere caprices nke Paganini" (1851); "Ekwekọ uri na okpukpere chi" (iberibe 10 maka pianoforte, 1852). Na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na egwu ndị Hungarian (Hungary National Melodies for Piano, 1840-43; "Hungarian Rhapsodies", 1846), Liszt na-emepụta 15 "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (1847-53). Mmejuputa echiche ọhụrụ na-eduga na mpụta nke ọrụ etiti nke Liszt, na-etinye echiche ya n'ụdị ọhụrụ - Sonatas na B obere (1852-53), 12 symphonic poems (1847-57), "Faust Symphonies" site Goethe (1854). -57) na Symphony ka Dante's Divine Comedy (1856). Ha jikọtara ya na 2 concertos (1849-56 na 1839-61), "Dance of Death" for piano and orchestra (1838-49), "Mephisto-Waltz" (dabere na "Faust" nke N. Lenau, 1860), wdg.
Na Weimar, Liszt na-ahazi arụmọrụ nke ọrụ opera kacha mma na oge ochie, ihe egwu kachasị ọhụrụ. O buru ụzọ mee Lohengrin site na R. Wagner, Manfred site na J. Byron na egwu R. Schumann mere, na-eduzi symphonies na operas nke G. Berlioz, wdg ebumnuche nke ịkwado ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke nkà ịhụnanya dị elu (akwụkwọ F. Chopin, 1850; akụkọ Berlioz na Harold Symphony ya, Robert Schumann, R. Wagner's Flying Dutchman, wdg). Otu echiche ndị ahụ na-akwado nhazi nke "New Weimar Union" na "General German Musical Union", n'oge okike nke Liszt dabeere na nkwado nke ndị egwu a ma ama na-agbakọta gburugburu ya na Weimar (I. Raff, P. Cornelius, K). Tausig, G. Bulow na ndị ọzọ).
Agbanyeghị, inertia ndị philistine na aghụghọ nke ụlọ ikpe Weimar, bụ nke na-egbochiwanye mmejuputa atụmatụ nnukwu atụmatụ List, manyere ya ịgba arụkwaghịm. Site na 1861, Liszt biri ogologo oge na Rome, bụ ebe o mere mgbalị iji gbanwee egwu chọọchị, dere oratorio "Kraịst" (1866), na 1865 natara ọkwa nke abbot (akụkụ n'okpuru nduzi nke Princess K. Wittgenstein). , onye ya na ya bịara nso dị ka 1847 G.). Ọnwụ dị ukwuu nyekwara aka na ọnọdụ nke ndakpọ olileanya na obi abụọ - ọnwụ nke nwa ya nwoke Daniel (1860) na nwa ya nwanyị Blandina (1862), bụ nke nọgidere na-eto eto n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, mmetụta nke owu ọmụma na nghọtahie nke nkà ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. E gosipụtara ha n'ọtụtụ ọrụ mechara - nke atọ "Afọ Wanderings" (Rome; ejije "Cypresses of Villa d'Este", 1 na 2, 1867-77), piano iberibe ("Grey Clouds", 1881; " Gondola olili ozu", "Ọnwụ Czardas", 1882), nke abụọ (1881) na nke atọ (1883) "Mephisto Waltzes", na uri ikpeazụ symphonic "Site na nwata ruo n'ili" (1882).
Agbanyeghị, na 60s na 80s Liszt na-etinye nnukwu ike na ume n'ịwulite ọdịnala egwu Hungary. Ọ na-ebikarị na Pest, na-arụ ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ, gụnyere ndị metụtara isiokwu mba ( oratorio The Legend of Saint Elizabeth, 1862; The Hungarian Coronation Mass, 1867, wdg), na-enye aka na ntọala nke Academy of Music in Pest. (ọ bụ ya bụ onyeisi oche mbụ ya), na-ede usoro piano "Hungarian Historical Portraits", 1870-86), nke ikpeazụ "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (16-19), wdg Na Weimar, ebe Liszt laghachiri na 1869, o tinyere aka na ọtụtụ. ụmụ akwụkwọ si mba dị iche iche (A. Siloti, V. Timanova, E. d'Albert, E. Sauer na ndị ọzọ). Ndị na-ede egwú na-eletakwa ya, karịsịa Borodin, bụ onye hapụrụ ncheta na-adọrọ mmasị na nke doro anya nke Liszt.
Liszt mgbe niile weghaara ma na-akwado ọhụrụ na mbụ na nkà na ahụkebe uche, na-enye aka na mmepe nke music nke mba European ụlọ akwụkwọ (Czech, Norwegian, Spanish, wdg), karịsịa pụta ìhè Russian music - ọrụ nke M. Glinka, A. Dargomyzhsky, ndị dere The Mighty Handful , ịrụ ọrụ nka A. na N. Rubinsteinov. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Liszt kwalitere ọrụ Wagner.
Onye amamihe pianistic nke Liszt kpebiri na ọ bụ egwu egwu piano, bụ ebe echiche nka nka malitere na nke mbụ ya, na-eduzi echiche nke mkpa ọ dị inwe mmetụta ime mmụọ na-emetụta ndị mmadụ. Ọchịchọ iji kwado ọrụ mmụta nke nka, ijikọta ụdị ya niile maka nke a, bulie egwu ruo n'ọkwa nke nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ, iji mee ka omimi ya dị omimi nke ọdịnaya nke nkà ihe ọmụma na uri na ọmarịcha ihe, gụnyere n'echiche Liszt nke . mmemme na egwu. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka "mmeghari nke egwu site na njikọ dị n'ime ya na uri, dị ka ntọhapụ nke ihe ngosi nka site na schematism", na-eduga n'ichepụta ụdị na ụdị ọhụrụ. Ihe nkiri Listov sitere na Years of Wanderings, na-egosipụta ihe oyiyi dị nso na ọrụ akwụkwọ, eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, akụkọ ọdịnala (sonata-fantasy "Mgbe ọ gụchara Dante", "Petrarch's Sonnets", "Betrothal" nke dabeere na eserese nke Raphael, "The Thinker". " dabere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Michelangelo, "Chapel nke William Tell", jikọtara ya na onyinyo nke dike mba Switzerland), ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi nke okike ("On the Wallenstadt Lake", "N'oge opupu ihe ubi"), bụ abụ egwu egwu. nke dị iche iche akpịrịkpa. Liszt n'onwe ya webatara aha a n'ihe metụtara nnukwu ọrụ mmemme otu ngagharị ya. Utu aha ha na-eduzi onye na-ege ntị na uri A. Lamartine ("Preludes"), V. Hugo ("Ihe a na-anụ n'elu ugwu", "Mazeppa" - enwekwara ọmụmụ ihe piano nwere otu aha ahụ), F. Schiller. ("Ideals"); na ọdachi nke W. Shakespeare ("Hamlet"), J. Herder ("Prometheus"), na akụkọ ifo oge ochie ("Orpheus"), ihe osise W. Kaulbach ("Agha nke Huns"), ihe nkiri JW Goethe (“Tasso” , uri ahụ dị nso na abụ Byron bụ “Mkpesa nke Tasso”).
Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ isi mmalite, Liszt na-ebi n'ọrụ ndị nwere echiche dị iche iche nke ndụ pụtara, ihe omimi nke ịbụ ("Preludes", "Faust Symphony"), ọdachi dị egwu nke onye na-ese ihe na ebube ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ("Tasso"). ndepụta okwu “Mkpesa na mmeri”). Ọ na-adọta ya site na ihe oyiyi nke ndị mmewere ("Tarantella" site na okirikiri "Venice na Naples", "Spanish Rhapsody" maka piano), karịsịa na njikọ ya na ala nna ya Hungary ("Hungarian Rhapsodies", symphonic poem "Hungary" ). Isiokwu dị egwu na obi ike dị egwu nke mgba ntọhapụ mba nke ndị Hungaria, mgbanwe nke 1848-49, dara n'ike pụrụ iche n'ọrụ Liszt. na mmeri ya ("Rakoczi March", "Ozu olili ozu" maka piano; uri egwu egwu "Lament for Heroes", wdg).
Liszt gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu dị ka onye na-eme mgbanwe n'atụghị egwu n'ọhịa nke ụdị egwu, nkwekọ, mee ka ụda piano na egwu egwu egwu nwee agba ọhụrụ, nyere ihe atụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke idozi ụdị oratorio, egwu ịhụnanya (“Lorelei” na Ihe nka H. Heine, “Dị ka mmụọ nke Laura” na St. V. Hugo, “Gypsies atọ” na st. N. Lenau, wdg), na-arụ ọrụ akụkụ ahụ. N'ịbụ onye na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe site na omenala omenala nke France na Germany, ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka egwu mba nke Hungarian, o nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe nke omenala egwu na Europe dum.
E. Tsareva
- Ndụ Liszt na ụzọ okike →
Liszt - onye na-ede egwú na narị afọ nke 30, onye pianist na-eme ihe ọhụrụ na-egbuke egbuke na onye nduzi, onye egwu egwu na ọha na eze - bụ mpako mba nke ndị Hungarian. Ma akara aka Liszt wee bụrụ nke na ọ hapụrụ ala nna ya n'oge, nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na France na Germany, na-eleta naanị Hungary mgbe ụfọdụ, na naanị na njedebe nke ndụ ya biri na ya ruo ogologo oge. Nke a kpebiri mgbagwoju anya nke ihe oyiyi nka nke Liszt, njikọ chiri anya ya na omenala French na German, bụ nke o weere ọtụtụ ihe, ma onye o nyere ọtụtụ ihe na ọrụ okike ya siri ike. Ma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndụ egwu na Paris na XNUMXs, ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke German music n'etiti narị afọ nke XNUMX, agaghị ezu ezu na-enweghị aha Liszt. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ onye omenala Hungarian, na ntinye aka ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke obodo ya dị ukwuu.
Liszt n’onwe ya kwuru na, ebe ọ nọrọworo ntorobịa ya na France, na ọ na-ewere ya dị ka ala nna ya, sị: “Lee ntụ nke nna m, n’ebe a, n’ili dị nsọ, iru újú mbụ m enwetawo ebe mgbaba. Olee otú ọ na-agaghị adị m ka ọ̀ bụ nwa obodo ebe m tara ahụhụ nke ukwuu, hụkwa m n’anya nke ukwuu? Olee otú m ga-esi were ya na a mụrụ m ná mba ọzọ? Na ọbara ndị ọzọ na-eru na veins m, na ndị m hụrụ n'anya bi ebe ọzọ? N’ịbụ onye mụtara na 1838 banyere ajọ ọdachi ahụ—iju mmiri ahụ dakwasịrị Hungary, ọ tụrụ ya n’anya nke ukwuu: “Ahụmahụ na mmetụta ndị a mere ka m mata ihe okwu ahụ” bụ́ ala nna “ pụtara.”
Liszt nwere mpako maka ndị ya, ala nna ya, ma na-ekwusi ike mgbe niile na ọ bụ onye Hungarian. "N'ime ndị niile na-ese ihe dị ndụ," ka o kwuru na 1847, "Ọ bụ m nanị onye ji mpako na-anwa anwa atụ aka n'ala nna ya dị mpako. Mgbe ndị ọzọ na-ata ahịhịa n'ọdọ mmiri ndị na-emighị emi, m na-aga n'ihu mgbe niile n'oké osimiri na-eru eru nke mba ukwu. Ekwenyesiri m ike na kpakpando na-edu m; nzube nke ndụ m bụ na otu ụbọchị Hungary nwere ike iji mpako tụọ m aka.” Ọ na-ekwughachikwa otu ụzọ ahụ ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke narị afọ gasịrị: “Ka e kwe ka m kweta na, n'agbanyeghị amaghị m asụsụ Hungary, m na-anọgide na-abụ Magyar site na nwa ọhụrụ ruo n'ili n'anụ ahụ na mkpụrụ obi na, n'ikwekọ na nke a kacha njọ. ụzọ, M na-agbalịsi ike na-akwado na ịzụlite Hungarian music omenala ".
N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Liszt tụgharịrị gaa na isiokwu Hungarian. Na 1840, o dere Heroic March na Hungarian Style, mgbe ahụ cantata Hungary, a ma ama olili ozu Procession (na nsọpụrụ nke ndị dike dara ada) na, n'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndetu nke Hungarian National Melodies na Rhapsodies (iberibe iri abụọ na otu na ngụkọta) . Na etiti oge - 1850s, e kere abụ atọ symphonic metụtara ihe oyiyi nke ala nna ("Lament for the Heroes", "Hungary", "Battle of the Huns") na iri na ise Hungarian rhapsodies, nke bụ ndokwa n'efu nke ndị mmadụ. egwu egwu. A pụkwara ịnụ isiokwu Hungarian n'ọrụ ime mmụọ Liszt, nke edere karịsịa maka Hungary - "Grand Mass", "Legend of St. Elizabeth", "Hungarian Coronation Mass". Ọbụna ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-atụgharị na isiokwu Hungarian na 70-80s na abụ ya, piano iberibe, nhazi na echiche efu na isiokwu nke ọrụ ndị Hungary na-ede egwú.
Ma ọrụ ndị Hungarian ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime onwe ha (ọnụ ọgụgụ ha ruru otu narị na iri atọ), adịghị iche na ọrụ Liszt. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ, karịsịa ndị dike, nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ha, dị iche iche ntụgharị na ụkpụrụ mmepe yiri ya. Enweghị ahịrị dị nkọ n'etiti ọrụ Hungarian na "ndị mba ọzọ" nke Liszt - a na-ede ha n'otu ụdị ahụ ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma na mmezu nke oge ochie na nkà ịhụnanya nke Europe. Ọ bụ ya mere Liszt ji bụrụ onye mbụ na-ede egwú wetara egwu Hungarian n'ọgbọ egwuregwu ụwa niile.
Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị nanị akara aka nke motherland na-ewute ya.
Ọbụna n'oge ntorobịa ya, ọ rọrọ nrọ inye akwụkwọ mmụta egwu maka akụkụ ndị kasị obosara nke ndị mmadụ, nke mere na ndị na-ede egwú ga-emepụta abụ na ihe nlereanya nke Marseillaise na abụ ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mere ka ndị mmadụ na-alụ ọgụ maka ntọhapụ ha. Liszt nwere nkwupụta nke ọgba aghara na-ewu ewu (ọ bụrụ abụ na piano ibe "Lyon") ma gbaa ndị na-egwu egwu ume ka ha ghara ịmachi onwe ha na egwu egwu maka ọdịmma ndị ogbenye. "Ruo ogologo oge n'obí eze, ha na-ele ha anya (na ndị na-agụ egwú.) MD) dị ka ndị ohu na-eje ozi na parasaiti, ruo ogologo oge, ha na-eto ihe omume ịhụnanya nke ndị siri ike na ọṅụ nke ndị ọgaranya: oge awa abịawo n'ikpeazụ ka ha kpọte obi ike na ndị na-adịghị ike ma belata nhụjuanya nke ndị a na-emegbu emegbu! Nkà kwesịrị ịkụnye ịma mma n'ime ndị mmadụ, kpalie mkpebi ndị dike, kpalie mmadụ, gosi onwe ya!" N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, nkwenkwe a na ọrụ nkà na-arụ ọrụ dị elu nke nkà na ndụ ọha mmadụ kpatara ọrụ mmụta na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ: Liszt mere dị ka onye pianist, onye nduzi, onye nkatọ - onye mgbasa ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ọrụ kachasị mma nke oge gara aga na ugbu a. Otu ihe ahụ ka edobere n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi. Na, n'ezie, na ọrụ ya, ọ chọrọ ịmepụta echiche nkà dị elu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe nile ka e gosipụtara echiche ndị a n'ụzọ doro anya nye ya.
Liszt bụ onye nnọchianya na-egbuke egbuke nke romanticism na egwu. Onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, onye na-enweghị mmetụta uche, na-achọsi ike, ya, dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ede egwú ịhụnanya, gafere ọtụtụ ule: ụzọ okike ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Liszt biri n'oge ndị siri ike na, dị ka Berlioz na Wagner, agbanarịghị oge na obi abụọ, echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya enweghị isi na mgbagwoju anya, ọ na-enwe mmasị na nkà ihe ọmụma ziri ezi, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna na-achọ nkasi obi n'okpukpe. “Oge anyị na-arịa ọrịa, ya na ya na-arịakwa anyị,” Liszt zara nkọcha maka mgbanwe nke echiche ya. Ma ọdịdị na-aga n'ihu nke ọrụ ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, omume ọma pụrụ iche nke ọdịdị ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye nọgidere na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ogologo ndụ ya niile.
"Iji bụrụ ihe ngosipụta nke ịdị ọcha nke omume na mmadụ, ebe ọ nwetara nke a na ihe isi ike, àjà na-egbu mgbu, iji jee ozi dị ka ihe e lekwasịrị anya maka ịkwa emo na anyaụfụ - nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke ezi ndị nwe nka," ka akwụkwọ iri abụọ na anọ ahụ dere. Liszt dị afọ. Ma otú ahụ ka ọ na-adị mgbe nile. Nnyocha siri ike na mgba siri ike, ọrụ titanic na nnọgidesi ike na imeri ihe mgbochi so ya na ndụ ya niile.
Echiche banyere mkpa ọha mmadụ dị elu nke egwu kpaliri ọrụ Liszt. Ọ gbalịsiri ike ime ka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị nweta ọrụ ya, nke a na-akọwakwa mmasị ya siri ike na mmemme. Laa azụ na 1837, Liszt kwadoro nkenke mkpa nke mmemme na egwu na ụkpụrụ ndị ọ ga-agbaso n'oge ọrụ ya niile: "Maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ese ihe, ọrụ ha bụ ndụ ha ... ya , na-egosipụta na ụda nke ime ihe nzuzo nke ọdịnihu ya. Ọ na-eche n'ime ha, na-egosipụta mmetụta, na-ekwu okwu, ma asụsụ ya bụ ihe aka ike na nke na-adịghị agwụ agwụ karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, na, dị ka ọmarịcha ígwé ojii ọla edo nke na-ewere mgbe anyanwụ dara n'ụdị ọ bụla e nyere ha site n'echiche efu nke onye na-awagharị naanị ya, ọ na-agbazinye onwe ya kwa. dị mfe na nkọwa ndị dị iche iche. Ya mere, ọ bụghị ihe ọ bụla na-abaghị uru na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọ bụghị ihe ọchị - dị ka ha na-enwekarị mmasị ikwu - ọ bụrụ na onye na-ede egwú na-edepụta ihe osise nke ọrụ ya n'ahịrị ole na ole na, na-enweghị ịdaba n'ime obere nkọwa na nkọwa, na-egosipụta echiche nke jere ozi. ya dị ka ihe ndabere maka mejupụtara. Mgbe ahụ, nkatọ ga-enwere onwe gị ito ma ọ bụ taa ụta ma ọ bụ nke na-aga nke ọma n'echiche a.
Ntụgharị Liszt na mmemme bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu, n'ihi ntụzịaka niile nke ọchịchọ okike ya. Liszt chọrọ ikwu okwu site na nka ya, ọ bụghị ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị warara, mana ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị, iji egwu egwu ya kpalie ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. N'ezie, mmemme Liszt na-emegiderịta onwe ya: n'ịgbalị ime ka echiche na mmetụta dị ukwuu pụta ìhè, ọ na-adabakarị n'echiche nkịtị, n'ime nkà ihe ọmụma na-edoghị anya, ma si otú ahụ kpachapụ anya n'ọrụ ya. Ma ndị kacha mma n'ime ha meriri nke a na-ejighị n'aka na ejighị n'aka nke mmemme ahụ: ihe oyiyi egwu nke Liszt kere bụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere nghọta, isiokwu ndị ahụ na-egosipụta na embossed, ụdị ahụ doro anya.
Dabere na ụkpụrụ nke mmemme, na-ekwusi ike na ideological ọdịnaya nke art na ya kere ọrụ, Liszt pụrụ iche eme ọgaranya expressive akụrụngwa nke music, chronologically n'ihu ọbụna Wagner na nke a. Site na nchọta ya mara mma, Liszt gbasaara egwu egwu; N'otu oge ahụ, a pụrụ ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-atụ egwu ihe ọhụrụ nke narị afọ nke XNUMX na ngalaba nkwekọrịta. Liszt bụkwa onye okike nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke "uri uri Symphonic" na usoro mmepe egwu a na-akpọ "monothematism". N'ikpeazụ, ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ọhịa nke usoro piano na udidi dị ịrịba ama, n'ihi na Liszt bụ onye pianist na-egbuke egbuke, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme na-amaghị ya.
Ihe nketa egwu ọ hapụrụ dị ukwuu, mana ọ bụghị ọrụ niile hà nhata. Ebe ndị na-ebute ụzọ n'ọrụ Liszt bụ piano na egwu egwu - ebe a ka ochicho echiche ya na nka nka siri ike. Ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na ọ bara uru bụ ihe egwu egwu Liszt, n'ime nke egwu pụtara; o gosiri ntakịrị mmasị na opera na egwu ngwá ụlọ.
Gburugburu, onyonyo nke okike Liszt. Ihe ọ pụtara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Hungarian na nka egwu ụwa
Ihe nketa egwu Liszt bara ụba ma dị iche iche. O biri ndụ kwekọrọ n'ọdịmma nke oge ya ma gbalịsie ike imeghachi omume n'ụzọ okike maka ihe ndị dị adị n'ezie. N'ihi ya, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe dị egwu nke egwu, ihe nkiri dị n'ime ya, ike ọkụ, pathos dị egwu. Àgwà ọma nke echiche dị n'ime echiche ụwa nke Liszt, metụtakwara ọtụtụ ọrụ, na-eme ka ụfọdụ okwu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, enweghị isi ma ọ bụ enweghị nkọwa nke ọdịnaya. Mana n'ọrụ ya kachasị mma, a na-emeri oge ọjọọ ndị a - n'ime ha, iji okwu Cui, "ezigbo ndụ na-agba."
Ụdị dị nkọ nke Liszt gbazere ọtụtụ mmetụta okike. The heroism na ike ihe nkiri nke Beethoven, tinyere ime ihe ike ihunanya na colorfulness nke Berlioz, ndị mmụọ ọjọọ na amamiihe virtuosity nke Paganini, nwere mmetụta pụtara ìhè na guzobe nke nka ụtọ na aesthetic echiche nke nwa okorobịa Liszt. Nkwalite okike ya gara n'ihu n'okpuru akara nke romanticism. Onye na-ede egwú na-etinye uche n'ihe ndụ, edemede, nka na n'ezie egwu egwu.
Akụkọ ndụ na-adịghị ahụkebe nyere aka n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na e jikọtara omenala dị iche iche nke mba na egwu Liszt. Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ịhụnanya French, o were ọdịiche dị iche iche na-egbuke egbuke na juxtaposition nke ihe oyiyi, ihe osise ha; sitere na egwu opera Italiantali nke narị afọ nke XNUMX (Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi) - mmetụta mmetụta uche na obi ụtọ nke cantilena, ụda olu siri ike; site na ụlọ akwụkwọ German - imewanyewanye na mgbasawanye nke ụzọ ngosipụta nke nkwekọ, nnwale n'ọhịa nke ụdị. A ghaghị ịgbakwunye ya na ihe ekwuru na n'ime oge tozuru okè nke ọrụ ya, List nwekwara mmetụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mba na-eto eto, nke bụ isi Russian, bụ ndị ọ rụzuru nke o ji nlezianya mụọ ihe.
Ejikọtara ihe ndị a niile n'ụdị nka nke Liszt, nke sitere na usoro egwu nke mba-Hungarian. O nwere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ihe oyiyi; N'ime ha, enwere ike ịmata otu isi ise:
1) Ihe onyonyo di egwu nke isi na-egbukepụ egbukepụ, agwa na-akpali akpali bụ nke nwere nnukwu mmalite. Ha na-ji a nganga chivalrous nkwakọba, mmuke na mmuke nke ngosi, ìhè ụda ọla kọpa. A na-ahazi ụda olu na-agbanwe agbanwe, ụda nwere ntụpọ site na njem njem. Nke a bụ otú dike nwere obi ike si pụta n'uche Liszt, na-alụ ọgụ maka obi ụtọ na nnwere onwe. Egwú egwu sitere na ihe oyiyi ndị a dị na isiokwu ndị dike nke Beethoven, akụkụ Weber, ma nke kachasị mkpa, ọ bụ ebe a, na mpaghara a, ka a na-ahụ mmetụta nke egwu mba Hungary nke ọma.
N'ime ihe oyiyi nke usoro mmemme, e nwekwara ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma, obere isiokwu, nke a ghọtara dị ka akụkọ ma ọ bụ ballad banyere oge gara aga dị ebube nke mba ahụ. Juxtaposition nke obere - isi ihe yiri ya na iji melismatics eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na-emesi ike ịba ụba nke ụda na ụdị agba dị iche iche.
2) Ihe oyiyi dị egwu bụ ụdị ihe yiri ndị dike. Ndị dị otú ahụ bụ usoro iru uju ma ọ bụ abụ iru uju kasị amasị Liszt (nke a na-akpọ "trenody"), onye egwu ya sitere na ihe omume dị egwu nke mgba nnwere onwe ndị mmadụ na Hungary ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nke ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha na eze. Ụda a na-eme njem ebe a na-akawanye nkọ, na-ama jijiji karịa, na-ama jijiji, na-abụkarị kama
Ebe ahụ
or
(dịka ọmụmaatụ, isiokwu nke abụọ sitere na mmegharị mbụ nke egwu egwu Piano nke abụọ). Anyị na-echeta njem olili ozu Beethoven na ihe atụ ha na egwu nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke French na njedebe nke narị afọ nke XNUMX (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Gossek's Faneral March). Ma Liszt na-achịkwa ụda nke trombones, omimi, bass "dị ala", mgbịrịgba olili ozu. Dị ka ọkà mmụta egwú bụ́ onye Hungary bụ́ Bance Szabolczy si kọọ, “ọrụ ndị a na-ama jijiji n’oké mmasị, bụ́ nke anyị na-ahụ nanị n’abụ uri ikpeazụ nke Vörösmarty nakwa n’ihe osise ikpeazụ nke onye na-ese ihe bụ́ Laszlo Paal.”
Mba-Hungarian si malite ihe oyiyi dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Iji hụ nke a, o zuru ezu ịtu aka na uri egwu egwu "Lament for the Heroes" ("Heroi'de funebre", 1854) ma ọ bụ piano a ma ama "The Funeral Procession" ("Funerailles", 1849). Ugbua nke mbụ, ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ekpughe isiokwu nke "usoro olili ozu" nwere njirimara ntụgharị nke abụọ gbasaa, nke na-enye ọhụụ pụrụ iche maka njem olili ozu. A na-echekwa astringency nke ụda (harmonic isi) na cantilena na-eru uju na-esote. Na, dị ka ọ na-adịkarị na Liszt, ihe oyiyi iru újú na-agbanwe ghọọ ndị dike - na-eme njem na-ewu ewu dị ike, na mgba ọhụrụ, ọnwụ nke dike mba na-akpọ.
3) Ihe ọzọ mmetụta mmetụta uche na nke semantic jikọtara ya na ihe oyiyi ndị na-egosi mmetụta nke obi abụọ, ọnọdụ nchegbu. Echiche a dị mgbagwoju anya na mmetụta dị n'etiti ndị romantics jikọtara ya na echiche nke Goethe's Faust (tụnyere Berlioz, Wagner) ma ọ bụ Byron's Manfred (tụnyere Schumann, Tchaikovsky). A na-etinyekarị Shakespeare's Hamlet n'okirikiri ihe oyiyi ndị a (tụnyere Tchaikovsky, ya na uri Liszt). Ọdịdị nke ihe oyiyi dị otú ahụ chọrọ ụzọ nkwuwapụta ọhụrụ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara nkwekọrịta: Liszt na-ejikarị oge na-abawanye na mbelata, chromatisms, ọbụna na-enweghị ụda ụda, ngwakọta quart, modulations obi ike. “Ụdị ahụ ọkụ, enweghị ndidi na-ata ahụhụ na-ere ọkụ n’ụwa a nke nkwekọ,” ka Sabolci na-ekwu. Ndị a bụ akpaokwu mmeghe nke ma piano sonatas ma ọ bụ Faust Symphony.
4) Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji ụzọ okwu ndị dị nso n'ihe pụtara eme ihe n'ihe atụ ebe njakịrị na njakịrị na-achịkarị, a na-ebufe mmụọ ịgọnarị na mbibi. "Satan" ahụ nke Berlioz depụtara na "Ụbọchị Izu Ike nke Witches" site na "Symphony Fantastic" na-enweta ọbụna àgwà a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na Liszt. Nke a bụ ihe oyiyi nke ihe ọjọọ. Ihe ndabere ụdị - ịgba egwu - ugbu a na-apụta n'ìhè gbagọrọ agbagọ, nke nwere ụda olu dị nkọ, na nkwenye ndị na-adịghị mma, na-emesi ya ike site na ndetu amara. Ihe atụ doro anya nke a bụ Mephisto Waltzes atọ, nke ikpeazụ nke Faust Symphony.
5) Mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ wepụtakwara mmetụta ịhụnanya dị iche iche n'ụzọ doro anya: ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na agụụ mmekọahụ, mkpali dị ụtọ ma ọ bụ obi ụtọ nrọ, ịnwụ. Ugbu a ọ bụ cantilena na-eku ume siri ike na mmụọ nke opera Italiantali, ugbu a na-agụgharị ọnụ na-atọ ụtọ, ugbu a bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke nkwekọrịta "Tristan", nke na-enye mgbanwe na chromaticism.
N'ezie, ọnweghị oke doro anya n'etiti akụkụ ihe atụ ahụ akara. Isiokwu ndị dike dị nso na ọdachi, "Faustian" motifs na-agbanwekarị ka ọ bụrụ "Mephistopheles", na isiokwu "erotic" gụnyere ma mmetụta dị mma na nke dị elu na ọnwụnwa nke ịrata "satan". Na mgbakwunye, palette na-egosipụta Liszt adịghị agwụ agwụ site na nke a: na "Hungarian Rhapsodies" ụdị egwu egwu egwu kachasị, na "Afọ nke Wanderings" e nwere ọtụtụ ihe osise odida obodo, na etudes (ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri) enwere ọhụụ scherzo dị egwu. Ka o sina dị, ihe ndị List rụzuru na mpaghara ndị a bụ nke mbụ. Ọ bụ ha bụ ndị nwere mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ nke ọgbọ ndị na-esote ndị na-ede egwú.
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N'ime ọmarịcha ụbọchị mmemme List - n'ime afọ 50-60 - mmetụta ya bụ naanị obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị enyi. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, a bịara matakwuo ihe Liszt rụzuru n'ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ.
Dị ka o kwesịrị ịdị, nke mbụ, mmetụta ha metụtara arụmọrụ piano na imepụta ihe. N'iji ọchịchọ obi ma ọ bụ n'amaghị ama, onye ọ bụla tụgharịrị na piano enweghị ike ịgafe nnukwu mmeri Liszt na mpaghara a, bụ nke gosipụtara ma na nkọwa nke ngwá ọrụ na nhazi nke ihe ndị ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ụkpụrụ echiche na nka nke Liszt nwetara nkwanye ùgwù na omume onye na-agụ egwú, ndị nnọchianya nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mba dị iche iche jikọtara ha.
Usoro mmemme nke mkpokọta, nke Liszt weputara ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emegide Berlioz, bụ onye kacha mara nkọwa eserese-“ihe nkiri” nke nkata a họọrọ, agbasala ebe niile. Karịsịa, ụkpụrụ Liszt bụ ndị na-ede egwú Rọshịa, karịsịa Tchaikovsky, karịa nke Berlioz (ọ bụ ezie na nke ikpeazụ ahụghị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mussorgsky na Night on Bald Mountain ma ọ bụ Rimsky-Korsakov na Scheherazade).
Ụdị nke uri symphonic nke mmemme abụrụla nke zuru ebe niile, ohere nka nke ndị na-ede egwú na-etolite ruo ugbu a. Ozugbo Liszt gachara, Saint-Saens na Franck dere uri symphonic na France; na Czech Republic - ude ude; na Jamanị, R. Strauss nwetara ihe ọ rụzuru n'ụdị a. N'ezie, ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-adabere na monothematism mgbe nile. A na-akọwakarị ụkpụrụ nke mmepe nke uri symphonic na sonata allegro n'ụzọ dị iche, karịa n'efu. Otú ọ dị, a na-eji ụkpụrụ monothematic - na nkọwa ya n'efu - ka o sina dị, a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-abụghị mmemme ("usoro cyclic" na egwu egwu na ụlọ-arụ ọrụ nke Frank, Taneyev's c-moll symphony na ndị ọzọ). N'ikpeazụ, ndị na-agụ egwú na-esote na-atụgharịkarị na ụdị uri nke Liszt's piano concerto (lee Rimsky-Korsakov's Piano Concerto, Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, Glazunov's Second Piano Concerto, na ndị ọzọ).
Ọ bụghị nanị na e mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị mejupụtara Liszt, kamakwa akụkụ ihe atụ nke egwu ya, karịsịa ndị dike, "Faustian", "Mephistopheles". Dị ka ihe atụ, ka anyị cheta “isiokwu nkwuputa onwe onye” dị n'ọgba aghara Scriabin. N'ihe banyere nkatọ nke ihe ọjọọ na ihe oyiyi "Mephistophelian", dị ka a ga-asị na ọ na-agbagọ site n'ịkwa emo, kwadoro na mmụọ nke "egwu ọnwụ", a na-ahụkwu mmepe ha ọbụna na egwu nke oge anyị (lee ọrụ Shostakovich). Isiokwu nke "Faustian" obi abụọ, "ekwensu" seductions bụkwa ebe nile. Akụkụ ndị a dị iche iche na-egosipụta nke ọma na ọrụ R. Strauss.
Asụsụ egwu Liszt mara mma, nke nwere nuances dị aghụghọ, nwetakwara nnukwu mmepe. Karịsịa, nchapụta nke nkwekọrịta ya jere ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọchịchọ nke ndị French Impressionists: na-enweghị ọrụ nkà nke Liszt, ọ dịghịkwa Debussy ma ọ bụ Ravel bụ ihe a na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche (nke ikpeazụ, na mgbakwunye, ejiri ọtụtụ ihe rụzuru nke pianism nke Liszt na ọrụ ya). ).
“Nghọta” nke Liszt nke oge ikpeazụ nke imepụta ihe na ngalaba nkwekọ kwadoro ma kpalie mmasị ya na-eto eto n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mba na-eto eto. Ọ bụ n'etiti ha - na karịa ihe niile n'etiti Kuchkists - na Liszt chọtara ohere iji mee ka asụsụ egwu na-emewanyewanyewanye site na iji modal ọhụrụ, ụda olu na ụda olu.
M. Druskin
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Ọrụ olu Liszt →
Ndepụta nke ọrụ Liszt →
