Nhazi choral |

abụghị. Choralbearbeitung, англ. nhazi egwu egwu, ntọala chorale, франц. mejupụtara sur choral, итал. nkọwa nke a chorale, mejupụtara na a choral

Ngwa ngwa, olu ma ọ bụ olu-arụ ọrụ nke egwu egwu nke Western Christian Church (lee abụ Gregorian, abụ Protestant, Choral) na-enweta nhazi ụda olu.

Okwu X. gbasara." A na-etinyekarị ya na ihe mejupụtara polygonal na choral cantus firmus (dịka ọmụmaatụ, antiphon, ukwe, nzaghachi). Mgbe ụfọdụ n'okpuru X. banyere. egwu niile gụnyere. op., otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ jikọtara ya na chorale, gụnyere ndị a na-eji naanị dị ka isi mmalite. N'okwu a, nhazi n'ezie na-aghọ nhazi, okwu ahụ na-enwetakwa nkọwa sara mbara nke ukwuu. N'ime ya. musicology aha. X. gbasara." A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'echiche dị nso na-ezo aka n'ụdị dị iche iche nke nhazi chorale Protestant. Oke X. gbasara. sara mbara. Ụdị ndị isi nke prof. egwu nke Middle Ages na Renaissance. Na ụdị polyphonic mbụ (parallel organum, foburdon) a na-eme chorale n'uju. N'ịbụ olu dị ala, nke a na-emegharị site na ụda ndị ọzọ, ọ na-etolite ntọala nke ihe mejupụtara ya n'echiche nkịtị. Site na nkwalite polyphonic. Nnwere onwe nke olu, chorale na-emebi emebi: ụda olu ya na-agbatị ogologo ma gbatịa (na melismatic organum, a na-edobe ha ruo mgbe ihe ịchọ mma dị ukwuu nke ụda olu na-ada ụda), chorale na-efunahụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ya (ịdị nwayọọ nke ngosi n'ihi Mmụba nke rhythmic na-amanye ya ka ọ bụrụ naanị na-eduzi ele mmadụ anya n'ihu - n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ dịghị ihe karịrị ụda mbụ 4-5). Emepụtara omume a na ihe atụ mbụ nke motet (narị afọ nke 13), ebe cantus firmus na-abụkarị akụkụ nke abụ Gregorian (lee ihe atụ n'okpuru). N'otu oge ahụ, a na-eji chorale eme ihe dị ka ntọala ostinato maka polyphonic. ụdị mgbanwe (lee Polyphony, kọlụm 351).

Gregorian egwu. Hallelujah Vidimus Stellam.

Motet. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Parisian (narị afọ nke 13). Iberibe nke chorale na-ewere ọnọdụ na tenor.

Nzọụkwụ na-esote na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke X. o. - ndọtị na chorale nke ụkpụrụ nke isorhythm (lee Motet), nke ejirila kemgbe narị afọ nke 14. Ụdị X. o. honed site nna ukwu nke ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ. ìgwè mmadụ. Main ụzọ iji chorale (ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ikpokọta na otu op.): akụkụ nke ọ bụla nwere 1-2 amaokwu nke chorale abụ olu ụtọ, nke na-ekewa n'ime nkebi ahịrịokwu kewapụrụ site nkwụsịtụ (dum uka, ya mere, na-anọchi anya a okirikiri nke. iche iche); akụkụ nke ọ bụla nwere iberibe chorale, nke na-agbasasị n'ime oke; chorale - megidere omenala ngosi na tenor (2) - ịkwaga site na olu gaa na olu (nke a na-akpọ migrating cantus firmus); A na-eme chorale obere oge, ọ bụghị n'akụkụ niile. N'otu oge ahụ, chorale adịghị agbanwe agbanwe; na omume nke nhazi ya, 4 isi kpebisiri ike. Thematic ụdị. mgbanwe - mmụba, mbelata, mgbasa, mmegharị. N'ihe atụ ndị mbụ, kọrale ahụ, nke akọwara kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ dị iche iche (melodic ndochi nke jumps, ịchọ mma, nhazi ụda dị iche iche), bụ ihe dị iche na nke n'efu, enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na isiokwu.

G. Dufay. Abụ "Aures ad nostras deitatis". stanza nke mbụ bụ abụ olu monophonic, stanza nke abụọ bụ nhazi olu atọ (ụda olu dị iche iche na soprano).

Site na mmepe nke nṅomi, na-ekpuchi olu niile, ụdị dị na cantus firmus na-enye ndị ọhụrụ ohere, na chorale na-anọgide naanị isi iyi nke isiokwu. mmepụta ihe. (ihe atụ dị n'okpuru na ihe atụ dị na kọlụm 48).

asụsụ "Pange linga"

Usoro na ụdị nke nhazi chorale, nke e mepụtara n'oge nke ụdị siri ike, bụ nke e mepụtara na egwu nke ụka Protestant, yana iji ihe nṅomi. a tụgharịrị ụdịdị na cantus firmus. Ụdị kachasị mkpa - cantata, "oke mmasị", concerto ime mmụọ, motet - na-ejikọta ya na chorale (nke a na-egosipụta na okwu okwu: Choralkonzert, dịka ọmụmaatụ "Gelobet seist du, Jesus Christ" nke I. Schein; Choralmotette, dịka ọmụmaatụ. "Komm, heiliger Geist" A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Wepu. Ojiji nke cantus firmus na cantatas nke JS Bach dị iche iche. A na-enyekarị chorale n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ dị mfe. nkwekọrịta. A na-atụkwasị ukwe ukwe nke olu ma ọ bụ ngwa na-eme n'elu ukwe gbasatịrị. Ngwakọta (dịka BWV 4, Mba 80; BWV 1, Mba 97), wok. ma ọ bụ instr. a duet (BWV 1, No 6), ihe aria (BWV 3, Mba 31) na ọbụna a recitative (BWV 8, Mba 5); mgbe ufodu na-ebilite ahịrị choral na ahịrị agụgharị na-abụghị choral ọzọ (BWV 4, Mba 94). Na mgbakwunye, chorale nwere ike ije ozi dị ka isiokwu. ndabere nke akụkụ niile, na n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, cantata na-atụgharị n'ime ụdị mgbanwe mgbanwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, BWV 5; na njedebe, a na-eme chorale n'ụdị isi na akụkụ nke egwu egwu na egwu).

Akụkọ ihe mere eme X. gbasara. maka ngwa ahụigodo (nke kachasị maka akụkụ ahụ) malitere na narị afọ nke 15, mgbe ihe a na-akpọ. ụkpụrụ ọzọ nke arụmọrụ (lat. alternatim - ọzọ). Amaokwu nke abụ ahụ, nke ndị ukwe (vers) mere, bụ ndị ejiri nkebiokwu solo gbanwebu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na antiphon), malitere na org. nhazi (versett), karịsịa na Mass na Magnificat. Ya mere, Kyrie eleison (na Krom, dị ka omenala si dị, nke ọ bụla n'ime 3 ngalaba nke Kyrie - Christe - Kyrie ugboro atọ) nwere ike rụrụ:

Josquin Despres. Mecca "asụsụ Pange". Mmalite nke "Kyrie eleison", "Christe eleison" na nke abụọ "Kyrie". Ihe gbasara isiokwu nke nṅomi bụ nkebiokwu dị iche iche nke chorale.

Kyrie (ọgba) - Kyrie (ụkwe) - Kyrie (ọgba) - Christe (ụkwe) - Christe (organ) - Christe (ụkwe) - Kyrie (organ) - Kyrie (ụkwe) - Kyrie (ọgba). Sat org. e bipụtara. transcriptions nke Gregorian Magnificats na akụkụ nke Mass (gbakọtara ọnụ, ha mechara bụrụ Orgelmesse - org. mass): "Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues", nke P. Attenyan bipụtara (1531), "Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni" bipụtara. Magnificat…” na “Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” nke G. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d’intavolatura d’organo” nke C. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” nke A. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” nke G. Frescobaldi (1635). XNUMX) na wdg.

"Sanctus" sitere na akụkụ akụkụ ahụ "Cimctipotens" nke onye edemede amaghị ama, nke P. Attenyan bipụtara na "Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). A na-eme Cantus firmus na tenor, emesia na soprano.

Egwu liturgical (cf. cantus firmus site na ọmụmaatụ n'elu).

Org. mmegharị nke ndị Protestant chorale nke narị afọ nke 17-18. etinye uche na ahụmahụ nke ndị nna ukwu nke oge gara aga; a na-egosi ha n'ụdị teknụzụ gbadoro anya. ma kwupụta. Mmezu nke egwu nke oge ya. N'ime ndị odee X. o. - Onye okike nke ihe egwu dị egwu JP Sweelinck, onye gbara aka na polyphonic dị mgbagwoju anya. Nchikota nke D. Buxtehude, n'ụba na agba egwu choral G. Böhm, na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nhazi niile nke JG Walter, na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa nke ọdịiche choral S. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel na ndị ọzọ (choral improvisation bụ ọrụ nke ọ bụla. organist ụka). JS Bach meriri ọdịnala ahụ. okwu izugbe nke X. o. (ọñụ, iru uju, udo) wee mee ka ọ baa ọgaranya na ndò niile nwere ike ịnweta n'echiche mmadụ. Na-atụ anya ihe ịchọ mma ihunanya. miniatures, o nyere ibe nke ọ bụla ihe pụrụ iche n'otu n'otu ma na-amụba n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'igosipụta nke olu mkpa.

Akụkụ nke ihe mejupụtara X. o. (ewezuga ụdị ole na ole, dịka ọmụmaatụ, fugue na isiokwu nke chorale) bụ "ụdị ọdịdị ya nwere okpukpu abụọ", ya bụ, mgbakwunye nke ọkwa nke nwere onwe ya - egwu chorale na ihe gbara ya gburugburu (nhazi nhazi n'ezie). ). Ọdịdị izugbe na ụdị X. o. dabere na nhazi ha na ọdịdị mmekọrịta. Muses. Njirimara nke abụ olu ụtọ Protestant dịtụ kwụsiri ike: ha adịghị ike, na-eji caesuras doro anya, na nrube isi nke nkebi ahịrịokwu na-adịghị ike. Ụdị ahụ (n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ nkebiokwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha) na-edepụta nhazi nke ederede, nke na-abụkarị quatrain na mgbakwunye nke ọnụ ọgụgụ aka ike nke ahịrị. Bilie otú ahụ. sextines, asaa, wdg na abụ olu ụtọ kwekọrọ na mbụ ewu dị ka a oge na a ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere polyphrased n'ihu (mgbe ụfọdụ akpụ mmanya ọnụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ BWV 38, Ọ dịghị 6). Ihe mmeghachi omume na-eme ka ụdị ndị a metụtara akụkụ abụọ, akụkụ atọ, mana enweghị ntụkwasị obi na squareness na-eme ka ọdịiche dị na nke oge gboo. Usoro dị iche iche na-ewuli elu na ụzọ okwu eji eme egwu. akwa nke gbara gburugburu chorale obosara nke ukwuu; ọ ch. arr. ma chọpụta ọdịdị izugbe nke Op. (cf. nhazi dị iche iche nke otu chorale). Nhazi ahụ dabere na X. o. A na-etinye usoro nhazi (abụ nke chorale dịgasị iche ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ dịghị mkpa maka nhazi). Enwere isi ụdị X. o. anọ:

1) nhazi nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (na akwụkwọ nhazi, ndị kacha nta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Bach's "Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr", BWV 715).

2) Nhazi polyphonic. ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. Olu ndị na-eso ya na-enwekarị ihe gbasara isiokwu na chorale (lee ihe atụ na kọlụm 51, nke dị n'elu), obere oge ha na-anọpụ iche na ya ("Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich", BWV 605). Ha na-emegide ndị chorale na ibe ha ("Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund", BWV 621), na-etolitekarị nṅomi ("Wir Christenleut", BWV 612), mgbe ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ikike (" Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song ", BWV 769). ).

3) Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) dị ka ụdị X. o .:

a) na isiokwu nke chorale, ebe isiokwu bụ okwu mmeghe ya (“Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland”, BWV 689) ma ọ bụ – na nke a na-akpọ. strophic fugue – niile nkebi ahịrịokwu nke chorale n'aka, na-akpụ a usoro nke expositions ("Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir", BWV 686, lee ihe atụ na Art. Fugue, kọlụm 989);

b) gaa na chorale, ebe fugue nke nwere onwe ya na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nkwado ya (“Fantasia sopra: Jesu meine Freude”, BWV 713).

4) Canon - ụdị ebe a na-eme chorale n'ụzọ ziri ezi ("Gott, durch deine Güte", BWV 600), mgbe ụfọdụ na-eṅomi ("Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag", BWV 629) ma ọ bụ canonical. escort (lee ihe atụ na kọlụm 51, n'okpuru). Iche Enwere ike ijikọta ụdị nhazi na mgbanwe choral (lee Bach's org. partitas).

Usoro izugbe na mmalite nke X. o. bụ ike nke nnwere onwe nke olu na-emegide chorale. The stratification nke chorale na nsoro na-erute n'ọkwa, na nke a "counterpoint nke ụdị" na-ebilite - a mismatch n'etiti ókè nke chorale na acompaniment ("Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein", BWV 734). A na-egosipụtakwa nnwere onwe nke nhazi na nchikota nke chorale na ndị ọzọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site na ya, ụdị - aria, recitative, fantasy (nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke dị iche iche na ọdịdị na usoro nhazi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Ich ruf). zu dir, Herr Jesus Christ” nke V. Lübeck dere), ọbụna site n’ịgba egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na partita “Auf meinen lieben Gott” nke Buxtehude dere, ebe mgbanwe nke abụọ bụ sarabande, nke atọ bụ chime, na nke anọ bụ chime. a gigu).

JS Bach. Nhazi akụkụ ahụ Choral “Ach Gott und Herr”, BWV 693. Ihe mmemme a dabere kpamkpam na ihe nke chorale. Eṅomiri nke ukwuu (na mbelata okpukpu abụọ na nke anọ) nke mbụ na nke abụọ (enyo enyo nke mbụ)

JS Bach. “Na dulci Jubilo”, BWV 608, sitere na Akwụkwọ Organ. Canon okpukpu abụọ.

Site na Ser. Narị afọ nke 18 n'ihi usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme na ịchọ mma X. o. ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ pụọ n'ịmepụta omume. N'ime ọmụmaatụ ole na ole ikpeazụ bụ Choral Mass, org. fantasy na fugue na chorales nke F. Liszt, org. okwu mmalite nke I. Brahms, choral cantatas, org. echiche egwu egwu na okwu mmalite nke M. Reger. Mgbe ụfọdụ X. o. na-aghọ ihe nke stylization, na mgbe ahụ, a na-emepụtaghachi njirimara nke ụdị ahụ n'ejighị ezigbo egwu egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, E. Krenek's toccata na chaconne).

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TS Kyuregyan