Chromatism |

Greek xromatismos - agba, si xroma - agba akpụkpọ, agba, agba; xromatikon – chromatic, nke pụtara genos – genus

Usoro Halftone (dị ka A. Webern si kwuo, chromatism bụ "mmegharị na ọkara ụda"). Chromatisms gụnyere ụdị abụọ nke usoro etiti oge - Greek oge ochie "chroma" na chromatism Europe.

1) "Chrome" - otu n'ime isi atọ. "ụdị" nke tetrachord (ma ọ bụ "ụdị abụ olu ụtọ") yana "diatone" na "enarmony" (lee egwu Grik). Ya na nkwado (ma dị iche na ditone) nke chromium, a na-eji ya n'eziokwu na nchikota nke obere oge abụọ dị ntakịrị karịa uru nke atọ. A na-akpọ "ụyọkọ" dị otú ahụ nke oge dị warara. pykn (Pyknon Grik, akwụkwọ ozi - igwe mmadụ juru, mgbe mgbe). N'adịghị ka enharmonics, obere oge chroma bụ semitones, dịka ọmụmaatụ: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Site n'echiche nke egwu oge a echiche Grik. chroma dabara na akpịrịkpa nwere SW. nke abụọ (na octave frets - na abụọ incremental sekọnd, dị ka na aria nke Queen Shemakhan si na nke abụọ omume nke opera The Golden Cockerel nke Rimsky-Korsakov) na nso diatonic karịa chromatic. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Gris nwekwara ihe dị iche na "ọmụmụ" "agba" (xroai), tetrachords nke oge dị iche iche. Dị ka Aristoxenus si kwuo, chrome nwere "agba" atọ (ụdị): ụda (na cents: 300 + 100 + 100), otu na ọkara (350 + 75 + 75) na nro (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. A na-ahụta ụdị ọdịdị dị ka ihe mara mma (o doro anya, ya mere aha ahụ). N'otu oge ahụ, e ji mara ya dị ka onye a nụchara anụcha, "coddled". Site na mmalite nke oge Ndị Kraịst, chromatic. a katọrọ abụ ọma dị ka ụkpụrụ omume adịghị eju afọ. Ihe achọrọ (Clement nke Aleksandria). Na Nar. egwu nke East frets na uv. sekọnd (hemiolic) jigidere uru ha na narị afọ nke 20. Mohammed Awad Khawas kwuru, 1970. Na ọhụrụ European melodic X. nwere mmalite dị iche iche na, ya mere, ọdịdị dị iche iche.

2) Echiche ọhụrụ nke X. na-eche na ọnụnọ diatonicism dị ka ihe ndabere, nke X. "agba" (echiche nke chroma, agba na Marchetto nke Padua; lee Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . A na-akọwa X. dị ka oyi akwa nke elu elu Ọdịdị, na-epulite site na mgbọrọgwụ diatonic (ụkpụrụ nke mgbanwe; tụnyere echiche nke G. Schenker si structural ọkwa). N'adịghị ka Grik, echiche ọhụrụ nke X. jikọtara ya na echiche nke ụda 6 (nzọụkwụ melodic) na tetrachord (ndị Gris na-enwekarị anọ n'ime ha; echiche Aristoxenus nke tetrachord na-ekpo ọkụ nke otu semitone. Nhazi nọgidere bụrụ abstraction echiche) na ụda 12 n'ime octave ọ bụla. Egwu diatonicism "Nordic" na-egosipụta na nkọwa nke X. dị ka "mkpakọ" nke diatonic. ihe, "itinye" na mgbọrọgwụ diatonic. ahịrị nke abụọ (diatonic n'ime onwe ya) oyi akwa dị ka X. N'ihi ya, ụkpụrụ nke chromatic systematics. phenomena, ahaziri n'usoro ha na-amụba njupụta, si kasị rarefied chromaticity na oké ok (A. Webern si hemitonics). E kewara X. na abụ olu ụtọ. na ụdọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdọ nwere ike ịbụ naanị diatonic, na egwu nwere ike ịbụ chromatic, dị ka na Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (na-eduzi n'akụkụ ụda nke tonic. ., na mmalite nke mgbanwe nke mbụ). nke 1nd nke sonata 2 nke L. Beethoven maka piano.). Usoro nke isi phenomena X.:

Modulation X. na-etolite n'ihi nchịkọta nke abụọ diatonic, kwụsịrị site na-ekenye ha n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mejupụtara (L. Beethoven, finale nke 9th piano sonata, isi isiokwu na mgbanwe; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed". Peeji" maka piano, Mba 7, jikọtara ya na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke X.); chromatic ụda dị na usoro dị iche iche ma nwee ike ịdị anya. Subsystem X. (na deviations; lee Subsystem) na-anọchi anya ụda chromatic. Mmekọrịta dị n'ime otu usoro (JS Bach, isiokwu nke h-moll fugue si na 1st olu nke Well-Tempered Clavier), nke na-eme ka X.

Lead-tone X. na-abịa site na mmalite nke ụda mmeghe na ụda ma ọ bụ ụdọ ọ bụla, na-enweghị oge mgbanwe dịka ịkwaga na uv. M ga-anabata (obere harmonic; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, 1st part of the 6th symphony, mmalite nke isiokwu nke abụọ; nke a na-akpọ "Prokofiev's na-achị"). Mgbanwe X. jikọtara ya na njirimara. Oge a bụ mgbanwe nke diatonic. mmewere (ụda, ụdọ) site na nzọụkwụ chromatic. semitone - uv. M ga-anabata, n'ụzọ doro anya (L. Beethoven, 5th symphony, 4th ije, Ogwe 56-57) ma ọ bụ pụtara (AN Scriabin, Poem for piano op. 32 No 2, Ogwe 1-2).

Mixed X. mejupụtara usoro ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ngwakọta nke modal ọcha, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ nke dị iche iche diatonic odide (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st ije, mmanya 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th ije, Ogwe 1. -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 maka pianoforte, 1st ije, mmanya 1; DD Shostakovich, 7th symphony, 1st ije, nọmba 35-36; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Golden Cockerel", orchestral iwebata Act II; symmetrical frets nwere ike ịbịaru nso eke X.). Natural X. ("organic chromaticity" dị ka A. Pusseru) enweghị diatonic. ntọala n'okpuru (O. Messiaen, “20 ele…” maka piano, No 3; EV Denisov, piano trio, 1st ije; A. Webern, Bagatelli maka piano, op. 9).

Theory X. na Grik. ndị na-eche echiche bụ nkọwa nke etiti oge chromatic. hazie site na mgbakọ na mwepụ. mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụda tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Express. agwa ("ethos") nke chroma dị ka ụdị nwayọọ, nụchara anụcha, nke Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer kọwara. Nchịkọta nke oge ochie. Ozizi X. na ebe mmalite maka Middle Ages. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ngosipụta nke ozi gbasara X., nke Boethius (mmalite na narị afọ nke isii AD). Ihe ngosi nke ọhụrụ (ụda mmeghe, transpositional) X., nke bilitere ihe ruru. Narị afọ nke 6, na mbụ ọ dị ka ihe ọhụrụ nke na a kpọrọ ha dị ka egwu "ezighị ezi" (musica ficta), "egwu ụgha", "egwu ụgha" (musica falsa). N'ịchịkọta ụda chromatic ọhụrụ (site na akụkụ dị larịị na nke dị nkọ), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis weputara echiche nke ụda ụda nzọụkwụ 13:

Semitone “aka arụrụala” nke obere nha ka bụ ihe nketa kwụsiri ike nke “egwu ficta”.

Na ụzọ dị iche iche nke anharmonic. ụda ụkpụrụ na con. Narị afọ nke 16 site na tiori X. branched microchromatics. Site na narị afọ nke 17 tiori X. na-etolite n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na nkuzi nke nkwekọ (nakwa bass n'ozuzu). Modulation na subsystem X. ka a na-agwọta nke ọma. dị ka transpositional transference nke mmekọrịta center. sel nke ladotonality n'ime ndị nọ n'okpuru na mpụta.

References: 1) Amaghị aha, Okwu Mmalite nke Harmonics, Nlebaanya Philological, 1894, vol. 7, akwụkwọ. 1-2; Petr VI, Na nhazi, ihe owuwu na ụdịdị na egwu Greek oge ochie, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Abụ Folk Arab Modern, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und anwụ griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (komp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

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Yu. H. Kholopov