Chorale |

German Choral, Late Lat. cantus choralis - egwu egwu

Aha izugbe nke egwu ọdịnala (canonized) monophonic nke Western Christian Church (mgbe ụfọdụ na-enwekwa ndokwa polyphonic ha). N'adịghị ka ụdị egwu ime mmụọ dị iche iche, a na-eme X. na chọọchị ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ahụ, nke na-ekpebi ihe ịchọ mma. àgwà X. E nwere 2 isi. ụdị X. - Gregorian (lee abụ Gregorian), nke malitere na narị afọ mbụ nke ịdị adị nke Katọlik. ụka (German Gregorianischer Choral, English ukwe gregorian, egwu dị larịị, egwu dị larịị, ukwe French grégorien, egwu egwu, Italian canto gregoriano, Spanish canto piano), na abụ Protestant malitere n'oge mgbanwe mgbanwe (German Choral, English chorale, ukwe. , French ukwe, Italian corale, Spanish coral protestante). Okwu ahụ bụ "X." ghọrọ ebe nile ka e mesịrị ka ọdịdị nke phenomena kọwara ya. Na mbido (site n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 14) nke a bụ naanị okwu na-egosi onye na-eme ihe nkiri. ihe mejupụtara (choral - choral). Nke nta nke nta, okwu ahụ na-aghọ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ, na site na narị afọ nke 15. na Italy na Germany, a na-achọta okwu cantus choralis, nke pụtara otu onye isi. egwu na-enweghị atụ na-emegide polygonal. mensural (musica mensurabilis, cantus mensurabilis), nke a na-akpọkwa ihe atụ (cantus figuratus). Tinyere ya, Otú ọ dị, a na-echekwa nkọwa ndị mbụ: musica plana, cantus planus, cantus gregorianus, cantus firmus. Tinyere na nhazi polygonal nke Gregorian X. ejirila okwu ahụ kemgbe narị afọ nke 16. (dịka ọmụmaatụ, choralis Constantinus X. Isaac). Ndị ndú okpukpe mbụ nke mgbanwe ahụ akpọghị abụ Protestant X. (Luther kpọrọ ha korrekt canticum, psalmus, abụ German; ná mba ndị ọzọ, a na-akpọ abụ eclésiastique, Calvin cantique, wdg); n'ihe gbasara ịbụ abụ Protestant, ejiri okwu ahụ mee ihe na con. narị afọ nke 16 (Osiander, 1586); ya na con. Narị afọ nke 17 X. ka a na-akpọ polygon. ndokwa nke Protestant abụ olu ụtọ.

Ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke X. buru ibu: yana X. na nhazi ukwe n'ihe ọ pụtara. kacha nta metụtara mmepe nke Europe. nka onye na-ede ihe, gụnyere mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ, mpụta na mmepe nke counterpoint, nkwekọ, egwu. ụdị. Gregorian X. etinyere ma ọ bụ weghachi ya n'azụ oge dị nso na ihe ndị metụtara ịma mma: Ambrosian na-abụ abụ, Mozarabic (a nabatara ya tupu narị afọ nke 11 na Spain; isi iyi dị ndụ - Leon antiphonary nke narị afọ nke 10 enweghị ike ịkọwa ya site na egwu) na egwu Gallican , ihe atụ ole na ole a gụrụ na-agba akaebe na nnwere onwe ka ukwuu nke ịbụ abụ sitere na ederede, nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke okpukpe Gallican kwadoro. A na-ama Gregorian X. site na oke ebumnobi ya, agwa na-abụghị nke mmadụ (nke dịkwa mkpa maka obodo okpukperechi niile). Dị ka ozizi nke chọọchị Katọlik si kwuo, a na-ekpughe "eziokwu nke Chineke" ahụ a na-adịghị ahụ anya na "ọhụụ ime mmụọ", nke na-egosi enweghị isi na X. nke isiokwu ọ bụla, ọdịdị mmadụ; ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya na “okwu Chineke”, ya mere ụda olu X. dị n'okpuru ederede okpukpere chi, na X. na-eguzo n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka "n'oge ọ bụla Chineke kwuru okwu ahụ." X. - ikpe ikpe monodic ("eziokwu bụ otu"), nke e mere iji kewapụ mmadụ site n'eziokwu kwa ụbọchị, na-ewepụ mmetụta nke ume nke mmegharị "muscular", gosipụtara na rhythmic. oge niile.

Egwu nke Gregorian X. na-emegiderịta onwe ya na mbụ: mmiri mmiri, ihe na-aga n'ihu nke egwu egwu dum dị n'ịdị n'otu na onye ikwu. nnwere onwe nke ụda ndị mejupụtara abụ abụ; X. bụ ihe na-eme n'ahịrị: ụda ọ bụla (na-aga n'ihu, na-eju onwe ya n'oge a) "na-ejubiga ókè" na-enweghị akara n'ime ọzọ, na arụ ọrụ ezi uche. adabere n'etiti ha na-egosipụta naanị na melodic dum; hụ Tenor (1), Tuba (4), Repercussion (2), Medianta (2), Finalis. N'otu oge ahụ, ịdị n'otu nke nkwụsị (abụ abụ mejupụtara ụda-nkwụsị) na n'ihu (nkwanye nke akara "n'ahịrị") bụ ihe ndabere sitere n'okike nke X. predisposition na polyphony, ma ọ bụrụ na a ghọtara ya dị ka enweghị ike iche. nke melodic. okwukwo ("horizontal") na harmonic. ndochi ("kwụ ọtọ"). Na-ebelata mmalite nke polyphony gaa na omenala choral, enwere ike ịrụ ụka na X. bụ isi ihe prof. counterpoint. Ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ike sie ike, mechie ụda X. ọ bụghị site na mgbakwunye elementrị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba nke ike), ma karịa - site n'ịba ụba (okpukpu abụọ, okpukpu atọ n'otu oge ma ọ bụ ọzọ), na-eduga n'ịgafe oke nke monody. hụ Organum, Gmel, Faubourdon). Ọchịchọ ibuli ụda nke oghere ụda X na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa ịkwanye ụda olu ụtọ. ahịrị (lee counterpoint), ewebata nṅomi (yiri echiche na eserese). N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, otu narị afọ nke X. na nkà nke polyphony amalitela, na-egosipụta onwe ya ọ bụghị nanị n'ụdị nhazi nke choral dị iche iche, kamakwa (n'echiche ka ukwuu) n'ụdị ụlọ nkwakọba ihe pụrụ iche nke muses. iche echiche: na polyphony. egwu (gụnyere egwu anaghị ejikọta ya na X.), nhazi nke ihe oyiyi bụ usoro mmeghari ohuru nke na-adịghị eduga n'ịdị mma ọhụrụ (ihe ahụ na-anọgide na-adị ka ya onwe ya, ebe ọ bụ na ntinye aka gụnyere nkọwa nke tesis, ma ọ bụghị nkwụsị ya. ). Dị nnọọ ka X. mebere na mgbanwe nke ụfọdụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ụtọ, ụdị polyphonic (gụnyere fugue ndị ọzọ) nwekwara ntọala dị iche iche na ndịiche. Polyphony nke ụdị siri ike, nke a na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche na mpụga ikuku nke X., bụ nsonaazụ nke egwu Zap mere. European Gregorian X.

Ihe ọhụrụ dị na ngalaba X. bụ n'ihi mmalite nke Ndozigharị ahụ, bụ nke kpuchiri mba niile nke West. Europe. The postulates nke Protestantism dị nnọọ iche na ndị Katọlik, na nke a metụtara kpọmkwem na peculiarities nke Protestant X. asụsụ na nsụhọ, arụ ọrụ assimilation nke folk song abụ olu ụtọ (lee Luther M.) immeasurably ike mmetụta uche na onwe oge na X. (Ndị obodo na-enweghị onye ụkọchukwu intermediary, na-ekpeku Chineke ekpere). syllabic. ụkpụrụ nke nzukọ, nke e nwere otu ụda kwa syllable, na ọnọdụ nke predominance nke uri ederede, kpebisiri ike na oge nke mita na dissection nke nkebi ahịrịokwu. N'okpuru mmetụta nke egwu kwa ụbọchị, ebe mbụ na nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịa egwu egwu ọkachamara, ụda homophonic-harmonic pụtara. ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ, ụda ukwe ahụ nwetara nhazi ụda dị mfe. Nwụnye maka arụmọrụ X. site na obodo dum, ewezuga polyphonic dị mgbagwoju anya. ngosi, kwadoro mmezu nke ike a: omume nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ 4 gbasaara ebe niile. nkwekọ nke X., nke nyere aka na nguzobe nke nwoke idina nwoke. Nke a ewepụghị ngwa na Protestant X. nke nnukwu ahụmahụ nke polyphonic. nhazi, chịkọbara n'oge gara aga, na ụdị ndị Protestant mepụtara (choral prelude, cantata, "pasions"). Protestant X. ghọrọ ntọala nke nat. Prof. art-va Germany, Czech Republic (onye na-akụ Protestant X. bụ abụ Hussite), nyere aka na mmepe nke egwu. omenala nke Netherlands, Switzerland, France, Great Britain, Poland, Hungary na mba ndị ọzọ.

Malite na ser. Ndị isi narị afọ nke 18 fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịtụgharị X., ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya mee ihe, mgbe ahụ, dịka iwu, na omenala. ụdị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Mozart requiem). Ihe kpatara ya (ewezuga eziokwu a maara nke ọma na JS Bach wetara nkà nke nhazi X. na nke kachasị elu) bụ na aesthetics nke X. (n'ụzọ bụ isi, echiche ụwa gosipụtara na X.) aghọwo ihe na-adịghị mma. Inwe obodo miri emi. mgbọrọgwụ nke mgbanwe mere na egwu n'etiti. narị afọ nke 18 (lee Baroque, Classicism), n'ụdị kachasị n'ozuzu gosipụtara onwe ya na ikike nke echiche mmepe. Mmepe nke isiokwu dị ka mmebi nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ya (ie, symphonic-developmental, na ọ bụghị choral-variational), ikike nke àgwà. mgbanwe na ihe oyiyi mbụ (ihe na-adịghị anọgide yiri onwe ya) - ihe ndị a na-amata egwu egwu ọhụrụ ma si otú ahụ na-agbagha usoro nke echiche dị n'ime nkà nke oge gara aga ma tinye isi na ntụgharị uche, metaphysical X. Na egwu egwu. nke narị afọ nke 19. mkpesa ahụ na X., dịka iwu, kpebisiri ike site na mmemme ("Mgbanwe Symphony" nke Mendelssohn) ma ọ bụ site na nkata (opera "Huguenots" nke Meyerbeer). E jiriwo ngụ egwu egwu, nke kachasị usoro nke Gregorian Dies irae, dị ka akara nwere njiri mara nke ọma; A na-eji X. eme ihe ugboro ugboro na n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche dị ka ihe nke nhazi (mmalite nke 1st act nke opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers site Wagner). Echiche nke chorality mepụtara, bụ nke chịkọtara ụdị njirimara nke X. - ụlọ nkwakọba ihe chordal, enweghị ọsọ ọsọ, mmegharị a tụrụ atụ, na ịdị njọ nke agwa. N'otu oge ahụ, kpọmkwem ihe atụ ọdịnaya dịgasị iche iche: chorality jere ozi dị ka personification nke nkume (overture-fantasy "Romeo na Juliet" site Tchaikovsky), a n'aka embodying ndị dị ebube (fp. Prelude, chorale na fugue site Frank. ) ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na iru újú (akụkụ nke abụọ nke symphony No 2 Bruckner), mgbe ụfọdụ, ịbụ ngosipụta nke ime mmụọ, ịdị nsọ, na-emegide anụ ahụ, mmehie, nke ejiri ụzọ ọzọ megharịa, na-etolite ịhụnanya ịhụnanya. antithesis (operas Tannhäuser, Parsifal nke Wagner), mgbe ụfọdụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke ihe oyiyi dị egwu - ihunanya (ikpeazụ nke Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony) ma ọ bụ satirical (abụ nke Jesuits na "Scene n'okpuru Kromy" nke Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov") . Ihunanya ịhụnanya meghere nnukwu ohere ikwupụta na nchikota X. na akara nke decomp. ụdị (X. na fanfare n'akụkụ akụkụ nke Liszt's sonata na h-moll, X. na lullaby na g-moll nocturne op. 4 No 15 site Chopin, wdg).

Na egwu nke narị afọ nke 20 X. na chorality gara n'ihu na-abụ ụzọ ntụgharị asụsụ Ch. arr. oké asceticism (ndị Gregorian n'ime mmụọ, mmegharị nke mbụ nke Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms), ime mmụọ (ezigbo mmechi mmechi nke Mahler 1th Symphony) na ịtụgharị uche ("Es sungen drei Engel" na mmegharị nke mbụ na "Lauda Sion Salvatorem" na ikpeazụ nke Hindemith's symphony "The Painter Mathis" Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke X., nke e depụtara site na uwe nke romantics, na-atụgharị na narị afọ nke 8. n'ime ụwa nke semantic: X. dị ka njirimara dị omimi na nke mara mma nke oge na ebe a na-eme ihe. (fp. prelude "The Sunken Cathedral" site na Debussy), X. dị ka ndabere nke egwu. ihe oyiyi na-egosipụta obi ọjọọ, obi ebere ("Ndị Agha Ntụte na Pskov" site na cantata "Alexander Nevsky" nke Prokofiev) X. nwere ike ịghọ ihe. ihe nke parody (mgbanwe nke anọ site na uri symphonic "Don Quixote" nke R. Strauss dere; "Akụkọ nke onye agha" nke Stravinsky), gụnyere na Op. dị ka ihe nchịkọta (X. "Es ist genung, Herr, wenn es dir). gefällt” sitere na Bach's Cantata Nke 1 na ngwụcha nke egwu egwu violin Berg o).

References: hụ na Art. Abụ Ambrosian, abụ Gregorian, abụ Protestant.

TS Kyuregyan