Egwu ụmụaka |

Egwu ụmụaka bụ egwu ụmụaka chọrọ ịnụ ma ọ bụ mee. A na-eji ihe atụ ya kacha mma bụ nke siri ike, uri dị ndụ. ọdịnaya, onyonyo, mfe na idoanya nke ụdị. Ngwa ngwa D. m. a na-eji mmemme eme ihe, ihe ndị na-egosi ihe atụ, onomatopoeia, ịgba egwu, ịzọ ụkwụ, na ịdị mfe nke egwu. textures, ịdabere na akụkọ ifo. N'obi nke egwu prod. maka ụmụaka na-enwekarị nar. akụkọ ifo, foto nke okike, ihe oyiyi nke ụwa anụmanụ. E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke D.m. - egwu, ukwe, instr. ejije, orc. mmepụta, egwu ogbo edemede. Mmepụta ezubere maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ụmụaka kwekọrọ na ike ịrụ ọrụ ha. Wok. prod. A na-eburu n'uche oke olu, atụmatụ nhazi ụda na ọkọwa okwu, ukwe. nkwadebe, instr. ejije - ogo nke teknuzu. ihe isi ike. Egwu okirikiri. ngwaahịa ndị nwere ike ịnweta nghọta nke ụmụaka dị obosara karịa mpaghara D. m. N'ebe ụmụaka nọ, karịsịa ndị toro eto, ọtụtụ na-ewu ewu. prod. MI Glinka, PI Tchaikovsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin na ndị ọzọ oge ochie, prod. ikwiikwii . ndị na-agụ egwú.

Egwu, njakịrị, egwu egwu, ịgbagọ ire, akụkọ, wdg na-abụkarị ihe ndabere maka prof. D. m. N'agbanyeghị na Dr. Greece ka a maara Nar. egwu ụmụaka, karịsịa lullabies bụ ndị nkịtị. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na e ji asụsụ Grik dee ọtụtụ abụ ụmụaka. onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede egwú Pindar (522-442 BC). Na Dr. Sparta, Thebes, Athens, a kụziiri ụmụaka site na nwata ka ha na-akpọ aulos, ịbụ abụ n'òtù ukwe.

Na wenesde. narị afọ na Europe, D. m. e jikọtara ya na ọrụ shpilmans (ndị na-agụ egwú na-awagharị awagharị). A na-echekwa egwu ụmụaka German ochie "Nnụnụ niile gbagara anyị", "Gị, nkịta ọhịa, dọtara ọgazị", "Nnụnụ febatara", "Parsley bụ ahịhịa dị ebube" ka echekwara. European fret base. egwu ụmụaka - nnukwu na obere, mgbe ụfọdụ - ọnụ ọgụgụ pentatonic (abụ ụmụaka German "ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ"). Ch. egwu atụmatụ. asụsụ: harmon. ọdịdị nke abụ abụ, quartic overbeats, uniformity nke ụdị (couplet). Gor. egwu ụmụaka n'okporo ámá (der Kurrenden) na Middle Ages. Egwu mbụ mere ka Jamanị mara mma. mkpokọta (die Kurrende) - ndị na-agụ egwú na-eme njem nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ egwú bụ ndị rụrụ n'okporo ámá maka obere ego. Rus. egwu ụmụaka ochie bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n’etiti ndị mmadụ, nke e bipụtara na Sat. nar. abụ nke narị afọ nke 18 VF Trutovsky, I. Prach. Ụfọdụ n'ime egwu ndị a ka dịgidere ruo oge anyị ("Bunny, you, bunny", "Jump-jump", "Bunny na-ejegharị n'ubi", wdg). Ịmepụta akwụkwọ egwu nkuzi maka ụmụaka na-elebara ndị na-ede egwú oge gboo nke 18th - mmalite. Narị afọ nke 19: JS Bach, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven. “Symphony ụmụaka” Haydn (1794) nwere ebe pụrụ iche. N'ala nke 1st. Na narị afọ nke 19, site n'ịgbasi ike nke ụkpụrụ okpukpe na nchekwa n'ịzụlite ụmụaka, D. m. nwetara ntụzịaka òtù nzuzo akpọpụtara.

N'ala nke abụọ. Na narị afọ nke 2, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke prof. prod. D.m .: Satọde. MA Mamontova “Egwu ụmụaka na egwu Rọshịa na Obere Russian” (Nhazi egwu ụmụaka mere nke PI Tchaikovsky mere, mbipụta 19, 1), fp. iberibe maka mmalite pianists. Nke kachasị mma n'ime ibe ndị a abanyela n'omume nke ịmụta ịkpọ piano, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Tchaikovsky's "Ụmụaka Album" (op. 1872, 39) bụ ụdị pianoforte. suite, ebe dị iche iche nke obere-sized iberibe nar. agwa, a na-ekenye ụmụaka ọrụ nka na ịrụ ọrụ dị iche iche. Enweghị ụda olu, harmonic, ihe isi ike ederede na-eme ngwaahịa a. enwere ike ịnweta ndị na-eto eto na-eme ihe nkiri. Yiri n'ihe gbasara ọrụ na ụzọ nke mkpebi ha bụ mkpokọta fp. egwu maka ụmụaka site AS Arensky, SM Maykapar, VI Rebikov.

Na con. Na narị afọ nke 19 mbụ operas maka ụmụaka e dere: "The Cat, ewu na atụrụ" na "The Musicians" nke Bryansky (1888, dabere na ihe odide nke akụkọ ifo nke IA Krylov); "Ewu Dereza" (1888), "Pan Kotsky" (1891) na "Winter na Spring, ma ọ bụ Snow Mma" (1892) Lysenko. Muses. asụsụ nke operas ndị a dị mfe, juputara na ntinye asụsụ Russian. na egwu Ukraine. Egwuregwu ụmụaka ama ama nke Ts. A. Cui - The Snow Hero (1906), Little Red Riding Hood (1911), Puss in Boots (1912), Ivan the Fool (1913); NA Grechaninova - "Yolochkin Dream" (1911), "Teremok" (1921), "Cat, Rooster na Fox" (1924); BV Asafiev - "Cinderella" (1906), "Snow Queen" (1907, ngwá na 1910); VI Rebikova - "Yolka" (1900), "Akụkọ nke Princess na Frog King" (1908). Ụwa nke nwata na ntorobịa na-egosipụta na egwu ụmụaka nke Tchaikovsky ("16 Songs for Children" ruo n'amaokwu nke AN Pleshcheev na ndị ọzọ na-ede uri, op. 54, 1883), Cui ("Foto Musical iri na atọ" maka ịbụ abụ, op. 15). ), Arensky ("Abụ ụmụaka", op. 59), Rebikov ("Ụwa ụmụaka", "Abụ ụlọ akwụkwọ"), Grechaninov ("Ai, Doo-Doo", op. 31, 1903; "Rabka Hen", op. 85, 1919), wdg.

N'ime ngwaahịa Western European D. m .: "Ihe nkiri ụmụaka" (1838), "Album for Youth" nke R. Schumann (1848) - okirikiri nke op. thumbnails, ọnọdụ dị ka ụkpụrụ si dị mfe ruo mgbagwoju anya; "Egwu Egwu Ụmụaka" nke Brahms (1887), J. Wiese's suite "Egwuregwu maka Ụmụaka" (1871) - 12 iberibe maka piano. n'aka 4 (iberibe ise sitere na okirikiri a, nke onye odee mebere, mebere otu aha otu aha maka egwu egwu egwu egwu). Usoro mmepụta ihe amara ama. maka piano: “Nkuku ụmụaka” nke Debussy (1906-08), “Nne Goose” nke Ravel (1908) (ụlọ maka piano n'aka anọ; a haziri na 4). B. Bartok dere maka ụmụaka ("To the Little Slovak", 1912, okirikiri nke 1905 abụ olu ụtọ maka olu na piano; na 5-1908, 09 akwụkwọ ndetu nke nkuzi repertoire maka piano "N'ihi na Ụmụaka"); n'egwuregwu ya, ọkachasị ndị mmadụ. agwa, a na-eji abụ Slovak na Hungarian eme ihe, n'ihe gbasara ọdịnaya ndị a bụ ụdị fp. foto na-aga n'ihu na omenala DM Schumann na Tchaikovsky. Na 4-1926 Bartók dere usoro nke 37 iberibe (akwụkwọ ndetu 153) maka piano. "Microcosm". Iberibe ndị ahụ, ahaziri n'usoro nke mgbagwoju anya nwayọọ nwayọọ, na-ewebata obere pianist n'ime ụwa egwu nke oge a. Edere egwu ụmụaka bụ: X. Eisler (“Egwu isii maka ụmụaka ruo okwu nke B. Brecht”, op. 6; “Egwu ụmụaka” nye okwu nke Brecht, op. 53), Z. Kodaly (ọtụtụ abụ. na ukwe maka ụmụaka dabere na egwu ndị Hungary). D. m. na-eme ọtụtụ comp. B. Briten. O kere nchịkọta egwu ụlọ akwụkwọ "Friday Afternoon" (op. 105, 7). Egwu sitere na nchịkọta a na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị bekee. ụmụ akwụkwọ. Maka isp. Ụmụntakịrị, ndị ji ụbọ akwara so dee okirikiri bụ́ “Egwu E Ji Ememme Krismas” (op. 1934, 28, nke dabeere n’ihe odide ndị sitere n’abụ uri Bekee ochie). Nke kacha mma n'ime egwu bụ "Frosty Winter", "Oh, my dear" (lullaby), canon "Nke a Baby". Britten's Guide to the Orchestra (op. 1942, 34, maka ntorobịa) ghọrọ onye a ma ama - ụdị ọrụ nke na-eme ka onye na-ege ntị mara ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ. akara. ìgwè egwu. K. Orff mepụtara nnukwu okirikiri ngwaahịa. "Egwu maka ụmụaka"; na 1946-1950 okirikiri e dechara site na nkwonkwo. ya na G. Ketman wee nata aha ahụ. "Schulwerk" ("Schulwerk. Musik für Kinder") - abụ, instr. ejije na uda melodic. mmega ahụ maka ụmụaka ml. afọ. Mgbakwunye na "Schulwerk" - nchịkọta "Egwu maka Ntorobịa" ("Jugendmusik") - bara uru. ndabere nke mkpokọta egwu. nzụlite (ederede ewepụtara na mkpokọta FM Böhme “Egwu ụmụaka German na egwuregwu ụmụaka” - Fr. M. Böhme, “Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel”).

Hindemith's Anyị na-ewu obodo (1930), ihe nkiri opera maka ụmụaka, ghọrọ ebe niile. Na egwu ụmụaka egwu Britten "The Little Chimney Sweep, or Let's Put on Opera" (op. 45, 1949) 12 ọrụ: 6 ụmụaka (ụmụaka si 8 ruo 14 afọ) na otu ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ndị okenye. Ụlọ Nzukọ ahụ na-etinye aka n'omume: obere ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emegharị ma na-abụ abụ pụrụ iche. "Abụ maka ọha". Ihe mejupụtara nke orchestra - eriri. quartet, ịgba egwu na piano. na aka 4. Ihe a ma ama bụ opera ụmụaka nke Britten (op. 59, 1958), dabere na egwuregwu omimi ochie. N'ime nnukwu egwu ụmụaka (ndị na-eme ihe ngosi 70) maka prof. ndị na-egwu egwu dere naanị nnọkọ itoolu. Emebere ụfọdụ egwuregwu ahụ maka ụmụaka ndị ka malitere igwu egwu. Ihe mejupụtara nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe (na egwu - organ, piano, percussion, urụk, ọjà, mpi na mgbịrịgba aka; na ogbo - ukwe na-ekwu okwu, ndị soloists na olu ụmụaka 9 na-abụ abụ dị iche iche).

Sov. onye na-ede ihe mebere ya D. m., gbasaa ohere ụdị ya na ụzọ okwu ya. Na mgbakwunye na wok. na fp. miniatures, operas, ballets, cantatas, nnukwu symphonies ka e kere maka ụmụaka. mmepụta, concerts. Ụdị ikwiikwii aghọwo ebe nile. egwu ụmụaka, nke ndị na-agụ ya na ndị na-agụ uri dere (S. Ya Marshack, S. AT. Mikhalkov A. L. Barto, O. NA. Vysotskaya, W. NA. Lebedev-Kumach na ndị ọzọ). Mn. ikwiikwii ndị na-ede egwú raara ọrụ ha nye D. m. Amara nke ọma, dịka ọmụmaatụ, fp. na-egwu ụmụaka M. Enwere ike ịhụ "Spikers" (op. 28, 1926) na Satọde. "Nzọụkwụ mbụ" (op. 29, 1928) maka fp. na aka 4. Ngwaahịa ndị a dị iche site na amara na nghọta nke ederede, ihe ọhụrụ na mmalite nke muses. asụsụ, aghụghọ ojiji nke polyphony usoro. arr ama ama. Egwu egwu G. G. Lobacheva: Satọde. Abụ ise maka ndị na-eto eto (1928), Abụ ise maka ụmụaka (1927); a na-eji ha dị iche iche site n'ichepụta ihe nkwado, ihe ndị dị na onomatopoeia, innation. doo anya na laconism nke abụ olu ụtọ. Nke bara ezigbo uru bụ ihe nketa okike nke M. NA. Krasev. Ha dere ok. Abụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ 60, ọtụtụ operas pere mpe dabere na Nar. akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ifo K. NA. Chukovsky, na S. Ya Marshak. Egwu nke operas bụ ihe osise, mara mma, dị nso na ndị mmadụ. splint, dị maka ịrụ ọrụ ụmụaka. Ihe okike M. R. A na-agwa Rauchverger karịsịa maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara. Ngwaahịa kachasị mma nke onye na-ede egwú na-eji ọgbara ọhụrụ mara egwu. ụda olu, nkwupụta ụda olu. mgbanwe, nkọ nke nkwekọ. Usoro nke abụ "Sun" na amaokwu nke A. L. Barto (1928), abụ "Red Poppies", "Winter Holiday", "Appassionata", "Anyị bụ ndị obi ụtọ", usoro ụda olu "Ifuru", wdg. Ezigbo enyemaka maka D. m. banyere kọmputa A. N. Aleksandrov, R. G. Boyko, I. EGO. Dunayevsky A. Ya Lepin, Z. A. Levin, M. A. Mirzoev, S. Rustamov, M. L. Starokadomsky, A. D. Filippenko. Ọtụtụ egwu ụmụaka na-ewu ewu bụ T. A. Popatenko na V. AP Gerchik, E. N. Tilichieva. Otu n'ime ụdị mmasị ụmụaka na-ege ntị bụ egwu egwu ("Banyere Petya" nke Kablevsky, "N'ụzọ dị iche" nke Filippenko, "Nwoke na Ice" nke Rustamov, "Bear Tooth", "City of Lima" site Boyko. "Onye na-ese foto na Zoo" nke Zharkovsky, wdg) . Na egwu D. B. Kabalevsky, nke a na-agwa ụmụaka, na-egosipụta ihe ọmụma miri emi nke onye na-ede egwú nke ụwa nke mmetụta, echiche, echiche nke oge a. ọgbọ na-eto eto. Dị ka onye na-agụ egwú ụmụaka, Kablevsky ji egwu egwu. akụ na ụba, ọgbara ọhụrụ, asụsụ, nka. ịdị mfe, ịdị nso na intonations nke oge a. akụkọ ifo ice (ụmụnta mbụ ya. – “Egwu asatọ maka ụmụaka ukwe na piano”, op. 17, 1935). Kablevsky bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere ụdị lyric ụmụaka. abụ ("Abụ n'ọkụ", "Ala anyị", "Afọ akwụkwọ"). O dere akwụkwọ ndetu nkuzi 3. fp. Iberibe haziri ka ihe isi ike na-abawanye (Egwuregwu ụmụaka iri atọ, op. 27, 1937-38). Mmepụta ya. iche thematically. akụ na ụba, ịdị nso n'ụdị egwu egwu - egwu, egwu egwu, njem. Nkà pụtara ìhè. nwere uru. maka ụmụaka S. C. Prokofiev. A na-ejikọta usoro oge gboo n'ime ha na ihe ọhụrụ na ịdị ọhụrụ nke muses. asụsụ, nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke ụdị. Fp. Ihe nkiri Prokofiev bụ “Egwu ụmụaka” (nke onye odee haziri ma jikọta ya n'ime ụlọ “Ụbọchị okpomọkụ”) bụ ihe ngosi doro anya, na-ezo aka. ịdị mfe nke egwu. ihe onwunwe, udidi nghọta. Otu n'ime mmepụta kachasị mma D. m. - Symphonic. Akụkọ ifo nke Prokofiev "Peter na Wolf" (1936, na ederede nke ya), na-ejikọta egwu na ịgụ ihe. A na-amata njirimara nke isi ya site na onyonyo. ndị dike (Petya, Duck, Birdie, Nna nna, Wolf, Hunters), na-ewebata ndị na-eto eto na-ege ntị na orc. timbre. The song-sketch "Chatterbox" dabeere n'amaokwu nke Barto (1939), suite "Winter Bonfire" - maka ndị na-agụ, ndị na-agụ ukwe ụmụ nwoke na symphonies na-ewu ewu. egwu egwu (1949). Maka ndị na-eto eto e dere fp 2nd. egwu d. D. Shostakovich, Kabalevsky's triad nke ntorobịa concerts (maka piano, violin, cello na ndị egwú), 3rd piano. concert A. M. Balanchivadze, fp. ihe nkiri nke Y. A. Levitin. Atụmatụ ngwaahịa ndị a niile. - ịdabere na ihe egwu egwu, mmejuputa stylistic na egwu. atụmatụ nke egwu ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa.

N'ime afọ 50-60. e guzobere ụdị nke cantata ụmụaka, na-egosipụta muses laconic. pụtara ụdị mmasị dị iche iche, mmetụta na echiche nke oge a. ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa. Ndị a bụ: "Abụ nke ụtụtụ, mmiri na udo" (1958), "Na ala ala" (1966) Kablevsky, "Ụmụaka na-esote nna ha" (1965), "Red Square" (1967) Chichkov, "Lenin". n’ime obi anyị” (1957), “Red Pathfinders” (1962) Pakhmutova, “Ọsụ ụzọ, dị njikere!” Zulfugarov (1961).

Egwu nwere nnukwu ebe na fim ụmụaka: Tsar Durandai (1934) na Little Red Riding Hood (1937) nke Alexandrov; Cinderella nke Spadavecchia (1940); "Ụmụaka Captain Grant" (1936) na "Beethoven Concerto" (1937) nke Dunayevsky; "Red Tie" (1950) na "Ndewo, Moscow!" (1951) Lepin; "Aibolit-66" nke B. Tchaikovsky (1966). Ọtụtụ egwu na-ada na katuunu ụmụaka. ihe nkiri: "Ndị egwu Bremen Town" comp. GI Gladkova (1968), "Crocodile Gena" comp. MP Ziva (1969). N'ime ihe atụ kachasị mma nke estr ụmụaka. egwu eccentric. abụ ndị nwere nkata a mepere emepe: "Egwu asaa na-atọ ọchị" nke Kablevsky, "Enyí Na-ejegharị na Moscow" nke Penkov, "Petya na-atụ egwu Ọchịchịrị" nke Sirotkin, wdg. Ndị na-agụ egwú toro eto na-emekarị ha n'ihu ụmụaka na-ege ntị. . Ịdị n'otu na-enye aka na mmepe nke opera ụmụaka na ballet. n'ụwa egwu ụmụaka. Ụlọ ihe nkiri, isi na Moscow na 1965 na NI Sats na-eduzi. Egwuregwu ụmụaka "Wolf na Kids asaa" nke Koval (1939), "Masha and the Bear" (1940), "Teremok" (1941), "Toptygin na Fox" (1943), "The Unsmeyana Princess" (1947). 1950), "Morozko" (1956) Krasev, "Ndị nwere abụba atọ" Rubin (1959), "Tulku na Alabash" Mamedov (1961), "Abụ n'ime ọhịa" Boyko (1963), "Snow White na asaa Dwarfs" (1968) Kolmanovsky, "Nwa nwoke Giant" Khrennikov (1935); ballets maka ụmụaka The atọ Fat Men site Oransky (1937), Klebanov's The Stork (1939), Chulaki's The Tale of the Pope and His Worker Balda (1943), Chemberdzhi's Dream Dremovich (1947), Morozov's Dọkịta Aibolit (1955) ), The Ịnyịnya Humpbacked nta nke Shchedrin (1956), Treasure of the Blue Mountain nke Tsintsadze (1955), Pinocchio (1962) na Golden Key (1957) nke Weinberg, Zeidman's Golden Key (1965); opera-ballet Snow Queen nke Rauchverger (XNUMX), wdg.

N'ime afọ 60. e dere operetta ụmụaka: "Barankin, bụrụ nwoke" nke Tulikov (1965), "Zavalyayka Station" site Boyko (1968).

Mmepe egwu. ihe okike maka ụmụaka nwere njikọ chiri anya na uto nke omenala ime ụmụaka, usoro nke muses. agụmakwụkwọ na nzụlite ụmụaka (lee nkuzi egwu, nkuzi egwu). Ekerela nnukwu netwọkụ nke ihe ngosi ụmụaka na USSR. ụlọ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ afọ asaa na ụlọ akwụkwọ afọ iri (ihe karịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu ụmụaka 2000). Ụdị ọhụrụ nke omenala ime ụmụaka bilitere (ihe omume ụmụaka na-amu amu n'ụlọ ndị ọsụ ụzọ, ụlọ ọrụ choral, wdg). Prod. maka ụmụaka na-eme na redio na telivishọn, na conc. ogbo, na ụlọ ihe nkiri ụmụaka, na prof. ukwe. uch. ụlọ ọrụ (State choral School na Moscow, Ụlọ akwụkwọ choral ụmụaka na Leningrad academic chorus chapel). N'okpuru kọmitii USSR nke USSR enwere akụkụ nke D. m., nke na-enye aka na mgbasa ozi na mmepe ya.

Okwu ndị metụtara D.m. na-egosipụta na ogbako nke International Society for Musical Education (ISME) na UNESCO. Nzukọ ISME (Moscow, 1970) gosipụtara mmasị dị ịrịba ama nke obodo egwu ụwa na mmezu nke ndị Soviet. D. m.

References: Asafiev B., egwu Russian banyere ụmụaka na maka ụmụaka, "SM", 1948, Mba 6; Shatskaya V., Egwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ, M., 1950; Ratskaya Ts. S., Mikhail Krasev, M., 1962; Andrievska NK, Ụmụ opera MV Lisenka, Kiev, 1962; Rzyankina TA, Ndị na-ede egwú maka ụmụaka, L., 1962; Goldenstein ML, Edemede na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke abụ ọsụ ụzọ, L., 1963; Tompakova OM, Akwụkwọ gbasara egwu Russian maka ụmụaka, M., 1966; Ochakovskaya O., Akwụkwọ egwu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, L., 1967 (Bible); Blok V., Egwu Prokofiev maka Ụmụaka, M., 1969; Sosnovskaya OI, Soviet composers maka ụmụaka, M., 1970.

Yu. B. Aliev