Nikolai Pavlovich Diletsky (Nikolai Diletsky) |

Nikolai Diletsky

Enwere Musikia, ọbụlagodi na olu ya ọ na-akpali obi mmadụ, ovo n'ọńụ, ovo na mwute ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya… N. Diletsky

Aha N. Diletsky jikọtara ya na mweghachi miri emi nke egwu ọkachamara ụlọ na narị afọ nke XNUMX, mgbe a na-edochi egwu egwu nke miri emi nke znamenny site na ụda mmetụta uche n'ihu ọha nke choral polyphony. Omenala nke ịbụ abụ monophonic nke dịworo kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ emeela ka ọ nwee mmasị maka nkwekọ ekwekọ nke ndị ukwe. Nkewa nke olu n'ime nnọkọ nyere aha maka ụdị ọhụrụ - akụkụ abụ. Onye mbụ bụ isi n'etiti ndị nna ukwu nke ide ihe bụ Nikolai Diletsky, onye na-ede egwú, ọkà mmụta sayensị, onye nkụzi egwú, onye nduzi choral (onye nduzi). Na akara aka ya, mmekọrịta ndụ dị n'etiti omenala ndị Russia, Ukraine na Polish, bụ nke mere ka ọganihu nke akụkụ ahụ dịkwuo mma.

Onye Kyiv, Diletsky gụrụ akwụkwọ na Vilna Jesuit Academy (nke bụ Vilnius ugbu a). N’ụzọ doro anya, n’ebe ahụ ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya tupu 1675, ebe o dere banyere onwe ya, sị: “Sciences of the free student.” E mesịa, Diletsky rụrụ ọrụ ruo ogologo oge na Russia - na Moscow, Smolensk (1677-78), ọzọ na Moscow. Dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, onye na-agụ egwú ahụ jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi ukwe maka “ndị a ma ama” nke Stroganovs, bụ́ ndị a ma ama maka ukwe ha nke “ndị na-agụ egwú.” Onye nwere echiche na-aga n'ihu, Diletsky so na okirikiri ndị ama ama nke omenala Russia na narị afọ nke XNUMX. N'ime ndị otu ya nwere mmasị bụ onye edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ "On Divine Singing according to Order of Musician Concords" I. Korenev, bụ onye kwadoro aesthetics nke ụdị ndị na-eto eto na-eto eto, onye na-ede egwú V. Titov, onye na-emepụta ihe na-egbukepụ egbukepụ na obi ụtọ. Canvases choral, ndị edemede Simeon Polotsky na S. Medvedev.

Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ntakịrị ihe ọmụma banyere ndụ Diletsky, egwu egwu ya na ọrụ sayensị na-emeghachi ọdịdị nke nna ukwu. Credo ya bụ nkwenye nke echiche nke ọkachamara dị elu, ịmara ọrụ onye na-agụ egwú: "E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwú na-edepụta n'amaghị iwu, na-eji echiche dị mfe, ma nke a enweghị ike zuru oke, dịka mgbe onye mụtara okwu nkwuwa okwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ omume na-ede abụ… na onye na-ede egwú na-emepụta na-amụtaghị iwu egwu. Onye na-aga n'okporo ụzọ, n'amaghị ụzọ, mgbe ụzọ abụọ zutere, na-enwe obi abụọ ma nke a bụ ụzọ ya ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, otu onye na-ede egwú na-amụbeghị iwu.

Na nke mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Rọshịa, nna ukwu nke edemede na-adabere ọ bụghị nanị na omenala mba, kamakwa na ahụmahụ nke ndị na-egwu egwú Western Europe, na ndị na-akwado ịgbasa echiche nkà ya: "Ugbu a, m na-amalite ụtọ ụtọ ... dabere n'ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị nka nka, ndị okike nke ịbụ abụ ma Chọọchị Ọtọdọks na Roman, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Latịn na egwu. Ya mere, Diletsky na-achọ ịkụnye n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-egwu egwú mmetụta nke ịbụ ndị na-emekarị ụzọ mmepe nke egwu Europe. N'iji ọtụtụ mmezu nke omenala Western Europe, onye na-ede egwú na-anọgide na-abụ eziokwu na omenala ndị Russia nke ịkọwa ụda egwú: ihe odide ya niile e dere maka ndị ukwe cappella, bụ nke a na-emekarị na egwu ndị ọkachamara Russia n'oge ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke olu na ọrụ Diletsky dị obere: site na anọ ruo asatọ. A na-eji ihe ndị yiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, ọ dabere na nkewa nke olu n'ime akụkụ anọ: treble, alto, tenor na bass, na naanị ụda nwoke na ụmụaka na-ekere òkè na ukwe. N'agbanyeghị oke dị otú ahụ, palette ụda nke egwu partes nwere ọtụtụ agba ma na-ada ụda, karịsịa na egwu egwu egwu. A na-enweta mmetụta nke mmasị n'ime ha n'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche - mmegide nke ike oyiri dị ike nke dum ukwe na transperent ensemble episodes, chord na polyphonic ngosi, ọbụna na nha nha, mgbanwe nke tonal na modal agba. Diletsky ji nkà jiri ngwa agha a mepụta nnukwu ọrụ, nke ejiri egwu egwu na-eche echiche na ịdị n'otu nke ime mara.

N'etiti ọrụ nke onye na-ede egwú, ihe ncheta na n'otu oge ahụ na-eju anya kwekọrọ na "mbilite n'ọnwụ" canon pụtara. Ọrụ a nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ na-ejupụta n'ememe, obi eziokwu, na n'ebe ụfọdụ - ntụrụndụ na-efe efe. Egwu jupụtara na egwu dị ụtọ, kanta na ntụgharị ngwa ngwa. Site n'enyemaka nke ọtụtụ modal, timbre na melodic echoes n'etiti akụkụ, Diletsky nwetara iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ịtụnanya nke nnukwu kwaaji choral. N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke onye na-agụ egwú, a maara ọtụtụ usoro ọrụ (liturgies) taa, ihe nkiri partesny "Ị banyere n'ụka", "Dị ka onyinyo gị", "Bịanụ ndị mmadụ", amaokwu udo "Nata ahụ nke Kraịst" , “Cherubim”, egwu egwu egwu “Aha m enwere iku ume. Ikekwe nchọpụta archival ga-amụbawanye nghọta anyị banyere ọrụ Diletsky, ma o doro anya taa na ọ bụ onye isi egwu na ọha na eze na nnukwu nna ukwu nke egwu choral, onye ọrụ ya na ụdị partes eruola ntozu okè.

Diletsky na-agbalịsi ike maka ọdịnihu na-enwe mmetụta ọ bụghị nanị na nyocha egwu ya, kamakwa na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya. Ya kacha mkpa pụta bụ e kere eke nke isi ọrụ "Musician Idea Grammar" ("Musician Grammar"), nke nna ukwu na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche mbipụta na nkera nke abụọ nke 1670. Ọdịiche dị iche iche nke onye na-egwu egwu, ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ dị iche iche, ịmara ọtụtụ ụdị egwu egwu ụlọ na Western Europe kwere ka Diletsky mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enweghị ihe atụ na sayensị egwu ụlọ nke oge ahụ. Ruo ogologo oge, ọrụ a bụ nchịkọta dị mkpa nke ozi gbasara usoro dị iche iche na ndụmọdụ bara uru maka ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke ndị na-ede egwú Russia. Site na ibe nke ihe odide ochie, onye edemede ya yiri ka ọ na-ele anyị anya site na narị afọ ndị gafeworonụ, onye onye a ma ama medievalist V. Metalov dere banyere ya: ezi ịhụnanya o nwere maka ọrụ ya na ịhụnanya nna nke onye edemede ahụ na-eme ka onye na-agụ ya kwenye ka ọ nyochaa ya. n'ime isi n'okwu a na n'eziokwu, were nsọ gaa n'ihu n'omume ọma a.

N. Zabolotnaya