Ngwa egwu |

Musical Instruments - ngwa ndị e mere iji wepụta n'usoro ahaziri ahazi na nke edobere n'ụda ụda olu ma ọ bụ nke a na-ahazi nke ọma, yana mkpọtụ. Ihe ndị na-eme ụda na ụzụ na-anaghị ahazi (mallet nke ndị nche abalị, ndị na-achụ nta, mgbịrịgba agba, fhịhị), ma ọ bụ ihe aghụghọ ndị na-eṅomi abụ nnụnụ na mkpu anụmanụ ndị e ji achụ nta, yana ngwá ọrụ ndị na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche. ebumnuche mgbaàmà, n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ enwere ike iji ma dị ka M. na. E nwekwara M. na. etinyere ebumnuche, eji eme emume (shaman tambourine, Buddhist ghan-dan na bure, Nivkh partigre); mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji ha na-eso bunks. ịgba egwu (Est. kraatsspill, Latvia, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Nke a na-agụnye ngwaọrụ, site n'enyemaka nke na symphony. (opera) ndị na-egwu egwu na-amụpụta égbè eluigwe, ifufe na-eti mkpu, ụtarị na-agbawa, wdg. Ụfọdụ ngwa ndị etinyere na mgbama nwekwara ike ịme egwu. nka. ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. mgbịrịgba ụka na ire kwụsịtụrụ kpamkpam. Ka M. na. gụnyekwara litas. Toshalya ma ọ bụ Latvia. berzstaase, nke sitere na ogbugbo birch, Mari efi sitere na akwukwo lilac, Ukrainian. lusk sitere na flake mpi, wdg; iji ngwaọrụ ndị yiri ya. Ndị na-egwu egwu na-eji nkà na-afụ nnukwu egwu egwu dị mgbagwoju anya, na-akwado ha nke ukwuu na akụkụ dị iche iche na melismas.

Onye ọ bụla M. na. nwere timbre pụtara (agwa, agba) nke ụda, kpọmkwem. ike ike na ụfọdụ nso nke ụda. Ogo ụda M. na. dabere na ihe eji emepụta ngwá ọrụ ahụ, ọdịdị e nyere ha (ya bụ, data akụkụ niile nke akụkụ, mgbakọ) ma nwee ike gbanwee site na iji mgbakwunye. ngwaọrụ (dịka ogbi), decomp. usoro mmịpụta ụda (dịka ọmụmaatụ, pizzicato, harmonic, wdg).

M. i. A nabatara ya ka ọ kewaa n'ime ndị mmadụ na ndị ọkachamara. A na-eme nke mbụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma jiri ya mee ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na nkà egwu. arụmọrụ. Otu ngwa nwere ike ịbụ nke otu na nke ndị dị iche iche, ndị agbụrụ. mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ ogologo oge. kọntaktị akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Yabụ, naanị na Ukraine enwere bandura, na Georgia - panduri na chonguri. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Slav - ndị Russia, ndị Ukraine, Belarusian - nwere n'oge gara aga ma ugbu a na-eji ngwá ọrụ nkịtị eme ihe - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, pipe), zhaleika (mpi), bagpipe (dudu), wheel lyre, na Azerbaijan na Armenia - saz, tar, kemancha , izurnu, duduk; na Uzbekistan na Tajikistan, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ niile bụ otu. Prọfesọ ihe ka ukwuu nke ngwá ọrụ e kere n'ihi mmelite na mgbanwe nke nar. ngwá ọrụ. Yabụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge gara aga, naanị Nar. ngwa bụ violin, violin nke oge a sitere na ndị mmadụ kacha mfe. ọjà, sitere na chalumeau oge ochie - clarinet, wdg. Ọkachamara na-agụnyekarị M. na., nke bụ akụkụ nke egwu egwu. (opera), ifufe na estr. ndị egwu egwu, yana ọla na eriri. ahụigodo (organ, piano, n'oge gara aga - harpsichord, clavichord). N'ọtụtụ mba (India, Iran, Turkey, China, wdg) ha na-egwu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị ngwá egwú ndị mmadụ, na ime nkà na ngwá egwú ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke ọkachamara dị elu na mba ndị a. Agbanyeghị, n'ihe gbasara egwu egwu ndị Europe na ọkachasị omenala kiiboodu, bụ ndị na-emetụtaghị omenala ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka prof. M. na.; ha imewe, teknuzu-arụ ọrụ na nka-egosipụta. emechaala atụmatụ.

M. pụta na. bụ nke oge ochie. Ụfọdụ n’ime ha, dịka. mpi na ọjà oge ochie mere nke ọkpụkpụ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-ahụ n'oge a na-egwupụta ebe obibi mmadụ nke oge Paleolithic. na Neolithic ncheta. N'oge e nwere otu akụkụ, ahịhịa ikuku (dị ka shawl ma ọ bụ chalumeau), xylophones oge ochie na ọjà nwere oghere. Eriri pụtara emecha karịa ndị ọzọ. M. i. - ụbọ akwara kachasị mfe, ụdị lute na ụdị tanbur, mana ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ makwaara ha ogologo oge tupu BC. e. Enwere echiche dị iche iche sitere na M. si na. A na-eche na na mbụ ndị a bụ ngwá ọrụ mgbaàmà nakwa na ha nọ n'otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ jikọtara ya na usoro ọrụ nke mmadụ oge ochie. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ihe àmà nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie na-egosi, ugbua n'oge mmalite nke mmepe nke ọha mmadụ, e nwere ngwá ọrụ ndị na-eme nanị egwu na aesthetic. ọrụ: ọjà na-egwu oghere, na-enye gị ohere iwepụta ụda dị elu dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi (nke na-egosi mpụta nke usoro egwu bara uru), eriri. ngwa ndị dabara naanị maka ịme egwu, Dec. ụdị nke castanets na-eso otu na otu egwu egwu, wdg Site n'enyemaka nke ịfụ maka egwu. arụmọrụ nwere ike iji ọkpọkọ mgbaàmà na mpi.

The evolushọn nke M. na., Inrichment nke ngwá ọrụ gara ozugbo. njikọ na n'ozuzu mmepe nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, omenala ya, music, ime. nkwupụta na usoro mmepụta ihe. N'otu oge ahụ, ụfọdụ M. na., n'ihi ihe dị iche iche nke imewe ha, agbadatala anyị n'ụdị mbụ ha (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkume castanets Uzbek - kayrak), ndị ọzọ emeziwanyela, ụfọdụ M. na. na mkpa ịchọ mma, dabara adaba ma were ndị ọhụrụ dochie ya. Ọnụọgụ na ụdị dị iche iche nke M. na. na-abawanye ụba. Muses. nka, ka ọ na-etolite, chọrọ ụzọ okwu kwesịrị ekwesị, na ngwa egwu dị elu karịa, n'aka nke ya, nyere aka n'ịkwalite egwu egwu. okike na arụmọrụ. ikpe. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe nile ogo nke iche iche na nkà na ụzụ. M. steeti na. nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ihe atụ nke ọkwa egwu. omenala. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, na-ahọrọ wok. egwu, kere M. na. na oke oke ma jiri ha Ch. arr. dika ndi ukwe so ya. na-abụ abụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ibu. chonguri na panduri, ma ọ bụ naanị ndị ahụ, n'ezie, kurai n'etiti ndị Bashkirs na khomys n'etiti ndị Yakuts. N'otu oge ahụ, nkà nke ịkpọ kurai na khomys, na egwu a na-eme na ha, ruru oke zuru oke n'etiti ndị a.

Kachasị mma njikọ M. na. site n'ichepụta ihe na arụmọrụ, nhọrọ ha na nkwalite ha nwere ike ịchọta n'ọhịa nke prof. egwu (na egwu ndị mmadụ, usoro ndị a na-aga n'ihu nke ukwuu nke ukwuu, ngwa egwu na-agbanwekwa ma ọ bụ obere mgbanwe ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ). Ya mere, na 15-16 narị afọ. Fidel (viels) na ụda ha siri ike jiri nwayọọ-ada ụda, matte timbre, "aristocratic" viols dochie. Na narị afọ 17-18. na njikọ na mmepe nke homophonic harmonic. ụdị na mpụta nke egwu na-achọ arụmọrụ dịgasị iche iche, violin na ezinụlọ ya nọchiri viola, nke nwere ụda na-egbuke egbuke, na-egosipụta ụda na ohere maka egwu egwu. N'otu oge na violas, nro, ma "na-adịghị ndụ" na ụda, longitudinal ọjà dabara adaba, na-enye ụzọ ọzọ sonorous na teknụzụ mobile transverse ọjà. N'otu oge ahụ, a dịghịzi eji egwu Europe eme ihe n'òtù na-eme egwuregwu na òtù egwú. lute na ụdị ya - theorbo na chitarron (arch-lute), na n'ụlọ egwu-eme ka lute nọchiri anya vihuela, mgbe ahụ, guitar. Iji con. Narị afọ nke 18 ka ọ bụ M. ọhụrụ nọchiri ụbọ akwara na. - piano.

Prọfesọ Musical Music, n'ihi na mgbagwoju anya nke ha imewe, na-adabere karịa music ndiife na ya mmepe na ala nke kpọmkwem sayensị na mmepụta usoro — ọnụnọ nke muses. ụlọ mmepụta ihe na osisi nwere ụlọ nyocha ha na ndị na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ nwere nkà. Naanị ihe dị iche bụ ngwa violin. ezinụlọ chọrọ mmepụta nke onye ọ bụla. Violins, cellos, bass okpukpu abụọ kwalitere na ndabere nke ihe atụ ndị mmadụ site n'aka ndị isi Brescia a ma ama na Cremonese nke narị afọ nke 16-18. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, na ndị ọzọ) na-anọgide na-enweghị atụ na ntozu ha. Kacha kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmepe nke prof. M. i. mere na narị afọ nke 18 na 19. Ihe okike nke T. Böhm nke imewe ọhụrụ nke ọjà nwere usoro valvụ (nke mbụ pụtara na 1832) gbasaa ohere okike nke ndị na-ede egwú ma nyere aka na mmepe nke nkà ihe nkiri egwu egwu. E wetara ezigbo mgbanwe site n'ọdịdị na mmalite narị afọ nke 19. valvụ mekaniki na ngwa ọla. N'ihi nke a, ha tụgharịrị site na nke a na-akpọ. eke M. na. (nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ụda na ya mere ohere dị ntakịrị) n'ime chromatic, nke nwere ike, dị ka ifufe osisi, nke ịmalitegharị egwu ọ bụla. Mgbọrọgwụ stylist. mgbanwe n'ụdị egwu niile maka ngwa ahụigodo nwere eriri mere na ọbịbịa nke hama-piano, bụ nke dochie ụbọ akwara na clavichord. Site n'ichepụta ọkụ eletrik na redio, owuwu nke ngwá egwu eletrik bịara kwe omume.

N'ókè dị nta (n'ihi uwe ejiji n'otu n'otu) ha na-adabere na ọkwa nkà na ụzụ. M. i. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna n'ebe a, na-enweghị a zuru ezu mepụtara aka na mmepụta mmepụta ihe, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iji uka-emepụta harmonicas, mma "Andreev" balalaikas na domras (Russia), tamburash ngwá (Czechoslovakia na Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary na Romania), wdg Mmepe nke ndị mmadụ. M. i. dabere kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ. Na USSR, ekele maka mmepe nke nat. art-va, yana n'ozuzu ịrị elu na aku na uba na omenala nke sara mbara bunks. igwe mmadụ na mba na mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ya malitere imepụta ọtụtụ. instr. mkpokọta, ọrụ malitere na revival, nwughari na mma nke bunks. M. na., na-emebe ezinụlọ ha maka ensemble na orchestral arụmọrụ, to-rogo amabeghị mbụ. ndị mmadụ. Agbanyesiri ike ọ bụghị naanị na prof. ma mee-ya-onwe-gi. solo na mkpokọta arụmọrụ, kamakwa na ndị mmadụ. ndụ egwu dị otú ahụ M. na. usoro dị mma, dị ka bandura na Ukraine, sịmbal na Belarus, kankles na birbin na Lithuania, ụdị dị iche iche nke kannels na Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab na chang na Uzbekistan, dombra na Kazakhstan, wdg.

Na njikọ na mgbasawanye nke repertoire nke amateurs. na prof. ensembles na ngwa egwu egwu, ntinye egwu na ya. oge gboo na mmepụta nke oge a composers (gụnyere nnukwu ụdị), nakwa dị ka n'ihi na n'ozuzu ịrị elu na music omenala ndị dị iche iche nke USSR, ngosi, ensembles na orchestras nke ndị mmadụ. ngwá ọrụ malitere iji uka na prof. M. i. - guitar, bọtịnụ accordion, accordion, violin, clarinet, na na otd. ikpe - ọjà, opi na trombone.

Ụdị ụdị dị iche iche nke M. dị n'ụwa na. nnukwu. Systematizing M. na., A na-ejikọta ha n'ime otu dị ka c.-l. njirimara njirimara. Usoro nhazi nke kacha ochie bụ ndị India na ndị China; nke mbụ na-ekewa M. na. dị ka usoro mkpali nke ụda, nke abụọ - dị ka ụdị ihe eji eme ihe. A na-anabatakarị ikewa M. na. n'ime 3 otu: ifufe, urụk na percussion. N'aka nke ya, a na-ekewa otu dị iche iche: ifufe - n'ime osisi na ọla kọpa, na eriri - n'ime ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na hulata. Ụda ụda nke ngwa ikuku bụ kọlụm nke ikuku na-agbanye n'ime ọwa gbọmgbọm, eriri eriri - eriri agbatị; Ndị otu a na-akụ egwú bụ ngwá egwú a na-eji ụda na-emepụta ihe. Ka prof. mmụọ. Ngwa osisi gụnyere ọjà, oboe, clarinet, bassoon na ụdị ha dị iche iche (piccolo flute, mpi English, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), yana ezinụlọ nke saxophones na sarisophones. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ụfọdụ ngwá (ọjà ọgbara ọhụrụ na piccolo ọjà, saxophones, sarusophones) na-mere nke metal, mgbe ndị ọzọ (clarinet, oboe) na-mgbe ụfọdụ mere nke plastic, ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu kwekọrọ na woodwinds n'ihe banyere ụda mmịpụta na n'ozuzu music e ji mara. Otu n'ime ngwa ọdịnala nke obere otu a bụ Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira na Luddu, Latvia. ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. Otu obere ngwa ikuku ọla (a na-akpọkwa ha embouchure ma ọ bụ okwu ọnụ) gụnyere opi, mpi, trombone, tuba, na ngwa mmụọ. ndị egwu egwu (byugelhorns na flugelhorns), sitere na nar. - Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Ukrainian (Hutsul) trembita, ebu. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Vladimir mpi. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha nile bụ osisi, n'ihe gbasara ụzọ e si ewepụta ụda na àgwà ya, ha adịghị iche na nke ọla. Otu obere ụdọ adọkapụrụ nwere bụ ụbọ akwara, guitar, mandolin, Kazakh. obodo, Turkm. dutar, rus. gusli na otu ụdị est. Kannel, Latvia. kokle, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. Ndị na-ehulata gụnyere violin na ezinụlọ ya (viola, cello, double bass), Azeri. kamancha, eze. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. Otu egwu egwu bụ ọtụtụ na dị iche iche M. na. nke nwere akpụkpọ anụ akpụkpọ anụ (timpani, drum, ịgbà) ma ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe nke nwere ike ịme onwe ya (ịjà, gong, triangle, xylophone, castanets, wdg). Aha ahụigodo aha harpsichord, pianoforte (nnukwu piano, piano ziri ezi), akụkụ, harmonium, wdg.

N'ime akwụkwọ nkà mmụta sayensị, a na-eji usoro dị mgbagwoju anya karịa, mana yana usoro nhazi ọkwa ziri ezi karịa (lee. nkọwa ndị ọzọ na Art. Ngwa), na-enye ohere ikpughe n'ụzọ zuru ezu na n'ụzọ zuru ezu isi ihe dị n'ụdị ọ bụla nke M. na. Ihe kachasị ewu ewu bụ usoro, nke ndabere nke F. Gevaart ("Nouveau traité d'instrumentation", P. - Brux., 1885) wee mepụta V. Маийоном ("Nkọwa na nyocha katalọgụ nke akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke Royal Conservatory of Music na Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). Atụmatụ nkọwa nke nhazi ọkwa na usoro bụ isi iyi nke ụda na ụzọ e si ewepụta ya; ọzọ gradation M. na. emepụtara dị ka atụmatụ ha si dị. Isi ụkpụrụ nke nhazi ọkwa nke Gevaart na Mayon, n'ọnụ. ogo nabatara na nke ọma mepụtara site na E. Hornbostel na K. Sachs ("Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), na-ejikarị na Sov. ngwá ọrụ (na-enweghị oke egwepịa ngwá ọrụ n'ime ụdị na iche). Dị ka usoro a nakweere na USSR, M. na. A na-ekewa dị ka ụda ụda ahụ si dị na mpaghara anọ: ifufe (aerophones), eriri (chordophones), akpụkpọ anụ (membranophones) na ụda onwe ya (idiophones ma ọ bụ autophones). Isi iyi ụda membrane bụ akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ eriri afọ agbatị nke anụmanụ, na-ada ụda onwe ya - ihe na-emesi ike n'ime ya bụ nke sitere na ya na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ụda ya. Dịka usoro e si eweputa ụda, a na-ekewa ngwa ikuku n'ime ọjà, ahịhịa amị, ọnụ ọnụ na ahụigodo ọjà. Ọjà na-agụnye ụdị ọjà ọ bụla: ụdị ocarina, longitudinal (a na-ejide ngwa ahụ n'ogo ogologo oge) na ntụgharị (a na-ejide ngwá ọrụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ntụgharị). Ocarinoid - ndị a bụ ụdị ọ bụla nke whistles vaskụla na ocarinas; A na-ekewa longitudinal n'ime ndị mepere emepe, nke na-emeghe akụkụ abụọ nke ogwe ahụ (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), ịhịa aka n'ahụ (ihe mgbochi-efe efe, Belarusian. ọkpọkọ, Russian sopel, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), ụdị ọjà nwere ọtụtụ barreled (gr. larchemi ma ọ bụ soinari, ebu. ọtụtụ, Ukrainian svyril, kuim-chipsan nke ndị Komi); n'etiti ndị kasị ama transverse oge a. Prof. ọjà, Uzbek-Taj. naị, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. A na-ekewa ngwa ahịhịa amị n'ime ngwa nwere ire efu (Mari lyshtash sitere na akwukwo cherry nnụnụ, Adjarian sapratsuna sitere na akwukwo ukpa, Ukrainian. luska sitere na mpi otschen, Latvia. birzstaase n'ụdị efere ogbugbo birch), nke nwere otu ire na-eti (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. akpa akpa, akpa akpa ma ọ bụ akpa akpa, est. ropill, ọkụ. birbin), nwere ire na-akụ okpukpu abụọ (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. na ogwe aka. Duduk na zurna, Uzb.-taj. opi, buryat. bishkur), nke nwere ahịhịa amị na-amị amị (ụdị harmonicas na harmonium niile; ngwa ndị a na-ada ụda nke onwe, ya bụ. n'ihi na ha nwere ire n'onwe ya, ma dịka ọdịnala siri dị, a na-ekewa ha dị ka ngwa ikuku). Ọnụ ọnụ na-agụnye ngwá ọrụ, nke ihe na-akpali akpali nke oscillation nke kọlụm ikuku bụ egbugbere ọnụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na-ejikọta ọnụ (ọnụ) nke gbọmgbọm na, ya mere, mgbagwoju anya (prof. ngwa ọla kọpa, ndị mmadụ - mpi, mpi na ọkpọkọ).

Otu eriri ahụ nwere ngwa ndị a dọpụtara, agba na ukwe. Na mbụ, a na-ewepụta ụda ahụ site na iji mkpịsị aka, mkpịsị aka, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, harp, guitar, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); na ndị na-ehulata - ma ọ bụ na ụta (ngwá ọrụ nke ezinụlọ violin, Armenian kamani, Georgian chuniri, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), ma ọ bụ ụkwụ esemokwu (ụda ụkwụ ụkwụ), na n'ịkụ ọkpọ - site na ịkụ aka. eriri na hama ma ọ bụ mkpanaka (clavichord, fp., ájà, Armenian na Georgian santur ma ọ bụ santuri).

Otu akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ngwá ọrụ nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbatịpụrụ agbatị, nke ha na-eji aka, mallet, ma ọ bụ mee ụda n'ụzọ esemokwu (tambouri, timpani, drum, Ukrainian bugay na Mold. thump). The akpụkpọ ahụ na-agụnye mirlitons – ngwá na a akpụkpọ anụ, nke amplifies na agba onye na-agụ egwú olu na a pụrụ iche timbre (Ukrainian Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana oké osimiri otters, ihe nkịtị mbo ọbọp na anụ ahụ akwụkwọ maka combing ntutu). A na-ekewa ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ ndị na-ada onwe ha n'ime ndị a kpụrụ akpụ (vargan na mgbanwe ya niile), ịgba egwu (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, cymbals, triangle, orc. mgbịrịgba, Lithuanian jingulis, Kabardino-Balkarian na Adyghe pkhachich), esemokwu. (Est. kraatspill na pingipill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

Otu pụrụ iche bụ igwe na ngwa elektrọnịk. N'elu igwe, a na-egwu egwuregwu ahụ site na iji winding ma ọ bụ usoro eletriki, ntụgharị nke ogwe aka site n'aka, a na-ekewa ndị electrophonic n'ime mgbanwe (ngwa ndị nkịtị na-eji ngwaọrụ maka ịkwalite ụda) na ndị electronic, ụda ụda ya bụ. ịma jijiji eletrik (lee ngwa egwu eletrik).

References: Famintsyn A. S., Gusli - ngwa egwu ndị Russia, St. Petersburg, 1890; nke ya, Domra na ngwa egwu ndị metụtara ya nke ndị Russia, St. Petersburg, 1891; Privalov N. I., Ngwa egwu nke Tanbur nke ndị Russia, “Ihe omume nke St. Petersburg Society of Musical Meeting”, 1905, no. 4-6, 1906, no. 2; ya, Ngwa ikuku nke ndị Russia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1907-08; Maslov A., Nkọwa ihe atụ nke ngwá egwu echekwara na Dashkovo Ethnographic Museum na Moscow, na Usoro nke Musical and Ethnographic Commission of Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers, vol. 2, M., 1911; Rindeizen N., Essays na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na Russia…, vol. 1, Mba. 2, M.-L., 1928; Privalau N., Ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ nke Belarus na akwụkwọ: Institute of Belarusian Culture. Ihe ndetu nke Ngalaba Humanities, akwụkwọ. 4. Ihe omume nke Ngalaba Ethnography, Vol. 1, Mensk, 1928; Uspensky V., Belyaev V., egwu Turkmen…, M., 1928; Khotkevich R., Ngwa egwu nke ndị Ukraine, Kharkiv, 1930; Zaks K., Ngwa egwu egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, trans. sitere na German., M.-L., 1932; Belyaev V., Ngwá egwu nke Uzbekistan, M., 1933; nke ya, Ngwa egwu Folk nke Azerbaijan, na nchịkọta: Art of the Azerbaijan people, M.-L., 1938; Novoselsky A., Akwụkwọ banyere harmonica, M.-L., 1936; Arakishvili D., Nkọwa na nha nke ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ, Tb., 1940 (na ibu. lang.); Agazhanov A., ngwá egwú ndị Russia, M.-L., 1949; Rogal-Levitsky D. R., Orchestra nke oge a, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; nke ya, Mkparịta ụka gbasara ndị egwu egwu, M., 1961; Lisenko M. V., Ngwá egwu ndị mmadụ na Ukraine, Kipv, 1955; Gizatov B., Kazakh State Orchestra nke Folk Instruments. Kurmangazy, A.-A., 1957; Vinogradov V. S., Egwu ndị mmadụ na Kyrgyz, P., 1958; Zhinovich I., Belarusian State Folk Orchestra, Minsk, 1958; Nikiforv P. N., ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ nke Mari, Yoshkar-Ola, 1959; (Рaliulis S.), Lietuviu liaudies instrumentine muzika, Vilnius, 1959; Struve B. A., Usoro nhazi nke viola na violin, M., 1959; Modr A., ​​Ngwa egwu, trans. sitere na Czech., M., 1959; Nyurnberg N., Symphony orchestra na ngwa ya, L.-M., 1959; Blagodatov G., Russian harmonica, L., 1960; nke ya, Ngwa egwu nke ndị mmadụ nke Siberia, n'akwụkwọ: mkpokọta Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 18, Moscow, 1968; Vyzgo T., Petrosyants A., Uzbek ìgwè ndị egwú nke ndị mmadụ, Tash., 1962; Sokolov V. F., W. AT. Andreev na ndị egwú ya, L., 1962; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments nke ndị mmadụ nke USSR, M., 1963, 1975; Raev A. M., Ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ nke Altai, Gorno-Altaisk, 1963; Eichhorn A., Ngwa egwu na ethnographic (trans. ya na ya. ed. AT. M. Belyaev), Tash., 1963 (akụkọ ifo na Uzbekistan); Aksenov A. N., egwu ndị mmadụ nke Tuvan. Akụrụngwa na nyocha, M., 1964; Berov L. S., Ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ Moldavia, Kish., 1964; Smirnov B., Art nke ndị na-egwu mpi Vladimir, M., 1965; nke ya, egwu ọdịnala Mongolian, M., 1971; Tritus M. L., Omenala egwu nke Kalmyk ASSR, M., 1965; Gumenyuk A., Ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ nke Ukraine, Kipv, 1967; Mirek A., Site na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke accordion na bọtịnụ accordion, M., 1967; Khashba I. M., Ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ Abkhaz, Sukhumi, 1967; Levin S. Ya., N'ihe egwu nke ndị Adyghe, na: ndetu sayensị nke Adyghe Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, vol. 7, Maikop, 1968; ya, Ngwa ikuku na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala egwu, L., 1973; Richugin P., egwu ndị mmadụ nke Argentina. M., 1971; Mahillon V. Сh., Nkọwapụta na nyocha nke akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke Royal Conservatory of Music na Brussels, c. 1-5, Gand, 1893-1922; Saсhs C., Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente, В., 1913, mbipụtaghachi, Hildesheim, 1962 (ANGL. ed., N. Y., (1964)); его же, Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde, Lpz., 1920, 1930, mbipụtaghachi, (Lpz., 1966); его же, Mụọ na ịghọ nke ngwa egwu, В., 1928, mbipụtaghachi, Hilvcrsum, 1965; Dị ka ihe atụ, History of Museal instruments, N. Y., (1940); Вaines A., Ngwa Woodwind na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha, N. Y., (1963); Bachmann W., Mmalite nke Egwu Ngwá Ngwá Ọrụ, Lpz., 1964; Buchner A., ​​Ngwa egwu nke Mba, Prague, 1968; его же, Site na Glockenspiel ruo Pianola, (Prague, 1959); Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis, Stockh., 1969. Hụkwa ọkụ.

K.A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin