Ndekọ ụda

Ndekọ ụda - rụrụ site n'enyemaka nke akụrụngwa teknụzụ pụrụ iche. ngwaọrụ na-edozi ịma jijiji ụda (okwu, egwu, mkpọtụ) na ihe na-ebu ụda, na-enye gị ohere ịkpọghachi ihe edere. Ezi ohere nke Z. pụtara site na 1688, mgbe ọ. ọkà mmụta sayensị GK Schelhammer chọpụtara na ụda bụ mkpọtụ ikuku. Nnwale mbụ nke Z. weghaara ịma jijiji ụda, mana o kweghị na mmeputakwa ha. A na-ejidekarị ụda mkpọtụ site na akpụkpọ ahụ wee bufee ya na ntụtụ (agịga), bụ nke na-ahapụ akara na-agbagharị n'elu elu sooty na-akpụ akpụ (T. Jung na England, 1807; L. Scott na France na R. Koenig na Germany, 1857).

Ngwa Z. nke mbụ, nke mere ka o kwe omume imepụtaghachi ihe edere, bụ TA Edison (USA, 1876) mepụtara na, na-adabereghị na ya, Ch. Cros (France, 1877). Ẹkekot enye phonograph. A na-eji agịga edozi ya na akpụkpọ anụ nwere mpi, ihe ndekọ ahụ bụ nke mbụ a na-etinye na stanole na cylinder na-atụgharị, na mgbe ahụ, ihe mkpuchi wax. Z. nke ụdị a, nke a na-enweta akara ụda, ma ọ bụ phonogram site na iji igwe igwe. mmetụta na ebu ihe (ịcha, extrusion) na-akpọ n'ibu.

Na mbụ, a na-eji nrịbama dị omimi mee ihe (nke nwere oghere nke ịdị omimi na-agbanwe agbanwe), mgbe e mesịrị (ebe ọ bụ na 1886) ntụgharị ntụgharị (nke nwere nnukwu oghere nke ịdị omimi mgbe nile) jikwa ya. A na-eji otu ngwaọrụ mee mmeputakwa. Ihe okike. Ihe ndị dị na gramafon ahụ bụ àgwà dị ala na ndị ikwu. mkpụmkpụ nke ndekọ ahụ, yana enweghị ike ịmegharị ihe ndekọ ahụ.

Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ n'ibu. Edekọrọ Z. na diski (E. Berliner, USA, 1888), nke mbụ metal, wee kpuchie ya na wax, na n'ikpeazụ plastik. Usoro Z. a mere ka o kwe omume ịmụba ihe ndekọ na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ; diski nwere ndekọ ka a na-akpọ ndekọ gramophone (ndekọkọ ekwentị). Maka galvanoplastic a site na imepụta ígwè. a azụ oyiri nke ndekọ, nke e wee jiri dị ka stampụ n'ichepụta nke ndekọ si kwekọrọ ekwekọ. ihe plastik mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1925, a malitere ndekọ na-eji ngbanwe nke ụda ụda na ọkụ eletrik, bụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu site n'enyemaka nke ngwá electronic na nanị mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ghọrọ ígwè ọrụ. mgbanwe nke cutter; nke a mere ka ihe ndekọ ahụ dịkwuo mma. Ọganihu ndị ọzọ na mpaghara a jikọtara ya na nkwalite teknụzụ Z., ihe mepụtara nke a na-akpọ. ogologo-egwu na stereo. ndekọ gramophone (lee ndekọ Gramophone, Stereophony).

A na-akpọ ihe ndekọ na mbụ site n'enyemaka nke gramophone na gramophone; site na 30s 20th century, e ji ihe ọkpụkpọ eletrik dochie ha (electrophone, radiogram).

Igwe igwe enwere ike. Z. na fim. E mepụtara akụrụngwa maka ndekọ ụda dị otú ahụ na 1927 site na AF Shorin na USSR ("shorinophone"), nke mbụ maka ịme ihe nkiri, na mgbe ahụ maka ịdekọ egwu na okwu; A na-etinye egwu ụda 60 n'akụkụ obosara nke ihe nkiri ahụ, nke, na ogologo ihe nkiri nke 300 m, mere ka o kwe omume ịdekọ maka awa 3-8.

Tinyere n'ibu Magnetik ndekọ na-achọta nnukwu ngwa. Ndekọ ndọta na mmeputakwa ya gbadoro ụkwụ na iji ndọta fọdụrụnụ na ihe ferromagnetic na-agagharị n'ubi ndọta ọzọ. Site na ebili mmiri magnetik, a na-atụgharị ụda ịma jijiji ka ọ bụrụ ebili mmiri eletrik. Nke ikpeazụ, mgbe nkwalite, na-enye nri na isi ndekọ, okporo osisi nke na-emepụta oghere ndọta na-ebu ibu na-ebugharị, na-eme ka egwu magnetik fọdụrụ na ya, kwekọrọ na ụda ndị e dekọrọ. Mgbe ụdị ihe ndekọ dị otú ahụ gafere isi ụda na-emegharị ụda, a na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik na-atụgharị na ikuku ya. voltaji tụgharịrị ka emechara ka ọ bụrụ mkpọtụ ụda yiri nke edere.

Ahụmahụ mbụ nke ndekọ magnetik malitere na 1888 (O. Smith, USA), mana ngwaọrụ ndekọ magnetik dabara adaba maka mmepụta oke ka e kere naanị n'etiti. 30s narị afọ nke 20 A na-akpọ ha ndị na-edekọ teepu. A na-edekọ ha na teepu pụrụ iche nke ejiri akwa ntụ ntụ kpuchie n'otu akụkụ site na ihe nwere ike ịmegharị ma na-ejigide ihe ndọta (iron oxide, magnesite) ma ọ bụ (n'ụdị a na-ebugharị) na waya dị gịrịgịrị nke magnetik alloy mere. Enwere ike ịkpọ ndekọ teepu ugboro ugboro, mana enwere ike ihichapụ ya.

Magnetik Z. na-enye gị ohere ịnweta ndekọ dị oke mma, gụnyere. na stereophonic, degharịa ha, dobe ha ka ha decomp. mgbanwe, tinye ntinye nke ọtụtụ dị iche iche. ndekọ (a na-eji n'ọrụ nke a na-akpọ egwu eletrọnịkị), wdg. Dị ka iwu, a na-eme ndekọ maka ndekọ phonograph na mbụ na teepu magnetik.

Ngwa anya, ma ọ bụ foto, Z., ch. arr. na cinematography. N'akụkụ ọnụ nke ihe nkiri anya. Usoro a na-edozi ụda ụda, nke a na-ebipụta ụda ụda n'ụdị ngbanwe nke njupụta (ogo nke blackening of the photosensitive layer) ma ọ bụ n'ụdị mgbanwe na obosara nke akụkụ nke ụzọ egwu ahụ. N'oge egwu egwu, a na-agafe ọkụ ọkụ site na egwu ụda, nke na-adaba na fotocell ma ọ bụ photoresistance; Mgbanwe na ìhè ya na-agbanwe ghọọ ọkụ eletrik. vibrations, na nke ikpeazụ n'ime ụda mkpọtụ. N'oge magnetik Z. abanyebeghị n'ọrụ, ngwa anya. A na-ejikwa Z. dozie muses. na-arụ ọrụ na redio.

Ụdị pụrụ iche nke Z. - Z. na ihe nkiri na-eji ụda-optical. modulator dabere na mmetụta Kerr. A rụrụ Z. dị otú ahụ na 1927 na USSR site na PG Tager.

References: Furduev VV, Electroacoustics, M.-L., 1948; Parfentiev A., Usoro ihe ndekọ physics na ihe nkiri, M., 1948; Shorin AF, Olee otú ihuenyo si bụrụ ọkà okwu, M., 1949; Okhotnikov VD, N'ime ụwa nke ụda oyi, M.-L., 1951; Burgov VA, Isi ihe nke ndekọ ụda na mmeputakwa, M., 1954; Glukhov VI na Kurakin AT, Usoro nke ịkpọ ihe nkiri ahụ, M., 1960; Dreyzen IG, Electroacoustics na mgbasa ozi ụda, M., 1961; Panfilov N., Ụda na fim, M., 1963, 1968; Apollonova LP na Shumova ND, Mechanical ụda ndekọ, M.-L., 1964; Volkov-Lannit LF, Nkà nke Ụda Ebipụtara, M., 1964; Korolkov VG, Igwe ọkụ eletrik nke ndị na-edekọ teepu, M., 1969; Melik-Stepanyan AM, Ngwá ọrụ ndekọ ụda, L., 1972; Meerzon B. Ya., Isi ihe nke electroacoustics na ndekọ magnetik nke ụda, M., 1973. Leekwa ọkụ. n'okpuru isiokwu Gramophone, Gramophone ndekọ, teepu teepu, Stereophony, Electrophone.

Oge LS, 1982.