Musicology |

Sayensị nke na-amụ egwu dịka ụdị nka pụrụ iche. mmepe nke ụwa na ya kpọmkwem socio-akụkọ ihe mere eme. ọnọdụ, àgwà maka ụdị nka ndị ọzọ. ihe omume na omenala ime mmụọ nke ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu, nakwa dị ka okwu nke ya kpọmkwem. atụmatụ na esịtidem regularities, ka-rymi na-ekpebi ọdịdị pụrụ iche nke echiche nke eziokwu na ya. Na usoro izugbe nke mmụta sayensị M. nọ n'etiti mmadụ, ma ọ bụ sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na-ekpuchi akụkụ niile nke ọha mmadụ. ịbụ na nsụhọ. M. na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ. onye ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị njikọ, ọzụzụ, dị ka ụdị egwu dị iche iche na ọrụ dị mkpa ha na-arụ, ma ọ bụ akụkụ a họọrọ nke ịtụle muses. phenomena.

Enwere ụdị nhazi dị iche iche nke ọzụzụ egwu na sayensị. Na mba ọzọ bourgeois M. Nhazi nke onye Ọstria weputara bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. site n'aka ọkà mmụta sayensị G. Adler na 1884, wee mepụta ya n'ọrụ ya "The Method of the History of Music" ("Methode der Musikgeschichte", 1919). Ọ dabere na ngalaba nke ndị ọkà mmụta egwu niile. ọzụzụ n'ime alaka abụọ: akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro M. Adler na-ezo aka na nke mbụ n'ime ha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke music site eras, mba, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na muses. paleography, usoro nke egwu. ụdị na atụmatụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ngwá ọrụ; na nke abụọ - ọmụmụ na izi ezi nke "iwu ka elu" nke muses. art-va, gosipụtara n'ọhịa nke nkwekọ, abụ olu ụtọ, ụda olu, aesthetics na akparamaagwa nke egwu, egwu. nkuzi na akụkọ ifo. Ihe ndọghachi azụ dị mkpa nke nhazi a bụ igwe. nkewa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro iwu-systematizing obibia ọmụmụ nke egwu. phenomena. Ọ bụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme M., dị ka Adler si kwuo, na-abanye na kọntaktị na mpaghara nke ndị mmadụ (akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ozuzu, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwụkwọ na ụfọdụ ụdị nkà, asụsụ, wdg), mgbe ahụ nkọwa nke "iwu ka elu" nke egwu egwu. mụọ n'usoro. M., kwesịrị ịchọ, n'echiche ya, na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ, mgbagha, physiology. N'ihi ya dualistic mmegide nke ndammana conditioned, na-adịgide adịgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe na ya kachasi mkpa ntọala nke music dị ka nkà na ya successively na-agbanwe ụdị na-ebilite na N'ezie nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. mmepe.

Nkewa nke Adler webatara nwere ụfọdụ mgbakwunye na ndozi na-emepụtagharị n'ọtụtụ zarubs mechara. na-arụ ọrụ etinyere na usoro nke egwu. sayensị. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme egwu German HH Dreger, na-echekwa isi. nkewa n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na usoro. M., na-ekewa dị ka onye nweere onwe ya. alaka nke "ethnology egwu" ("Musikalische Völks - und Völkerkunde"), ya bụ, egwu. folkloristics na ọmụmụ nke music n'èzí Europe. ndị mmadụ, yana muses. sociology na "egwu etinyere", nke gụnyere nkuzi, nkatọ, na "teknụzụ egwu" (ịrụ ngwa egwu). Ọkà mmụta egwu German V. Viora kewara M. ụzọ atọ. ngalaba: usoro. M. ("ịmụ ihe ndị bụ isi"), akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu, egwu. ethnology na akụkọ ifo. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-akọwapụta ụfọdụ ihe pụrụ iche. ụlọ ọrụ chọrọ iji ma akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro. usoro mmụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ. ihe ọmụmụ ihe, usoro ụda, ụda olu, recitative, polyphony, wdg. Na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke sara mbara karịa ndị gara aga, nhazi nke Viora bụ n'otu oge ahụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Nkewa nke ndị ọkà mmụta egwu. ọzụzụ dabere na ya na Dec. ụkpụrụ; N'otu oge, ọ bụ usoro nke nyochaa phenomena (akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ nhazi), na ndị ọzọ ọ bụ isiokwu nke nyocha (mmepụta ndị mmadụ, omenala egwú ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe). N'ime "ụlọ ọrụ nyocha" (Forschungszweige) nke Viora depụtara, enwere ụfọdụ ndị nwere onwe ha. usoro mmụta sayensị (sayensị akụrụngwa), na nsogbu karịa ma ọ bụ obere mkpa n'ozuzu ya (dịka, ethos na egwu). Maka Viora, yana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. zarub. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọchịchọ imegide ọrụ nke sayensị ebumnuche bụ njirimara. ọmụmụ nke egwu, nyocha nke nkà ya. àgwà. Ya mere, ọ na-ewepu ọmụmụ nke M. site na ubi n'onwe ya. na-arụ ọrụ n'otu n'otu ha, na-ahapụ ya maka aesthetics. N'akụkụ a, ọ na-ekerịta ọnọdụ Adler, bụ onye na-ebelata ọrụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu iji gosipụta usoro evolushọn n'ozuzu, na-ekwere na "nchọpụta nke nkà mara mma na nkà nke egwu" dị n'ofe ya. N'echiche a, sayensị egwu na-enweta njirimara ebumnobi, ebipụ na nka ndụ. omume, site na mgba nke ideological na aesthetic. na okike. ntụziaka, na kpọmkwem ngwaahịa. bụrụ maka ya naanị "isi iyi" (F. Spitta), ihe maka ịkwado usoro iwu izugbe. na ihe owuwu akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Sayensị Marxist-Leninist. Usoro a na-enye ihe ndabere maka ịmepụta ihe dị n'otu, zuru oke na n'otu oge ahụ nkewa nke ndị ọkà mmụta egwu na-agbanwe agbanwe. ọzụzụ, na-enye ohere ikpuchi alaka nile nke sayensị nke egwu na otu, holistic njikọ na iji chọpụta ihe pụrụ iche. ọrụ maka nke ọ bụla. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke nhazi ọkwa a bụ oke nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. na ezi uche. ụzọ nyocha dị ka ụdị sayensị izugbe. ihe ọmụma. Ozizi nke Marxism-Leninism anaghị emegide onwe ha ụzọ ndị a. Echiche nke usoro a bụ, dị ka F. Engels si kwuo, "ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ngosipụta nke usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụdị na-adịghị ahụkebe na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe; ntụgharị uche gbaziri, ma gbazie dabere na iwu nke usoro ahụ n'ezie na-enye, na oge ọ bụla enwere ike ịtụle n'oge ahụ na mmepe ya ebe usoro ahụ ruru ntozu oke, ụdị oge gboo ”(K. Marx na F. Engels, Soch ., mbipụta nke abụọ, mpịakọta 2, p. 13). N'adịghị ka mgbagha. usoro nke na-enye gị ohere ilekwasị anya na nsonaazụ nke usoro ahụ, na-adọpụ uche site na ihe ọ bụla na-enweghị usoro na nke abụọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme. usoro nke nyocha na-achọ nlebara anya nke usoro ahụ ọ bụghị nanị na isi, na-akọwapụta atụmatụ, ma na nkọwa niile na ihe dị iche iche, n'ụdị ahụ dị iche iche n'otu n'otu nke ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya na oge a na-enye ya na ọnọdụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Ya mere, ezi uche. usoro ahụ bụ "otu usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme, naanị na-ahapụ ya site na ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ihe mberede na-egbochi" (K. Marx na F. Engels, Soch., 497nd ed., vol. 2, p. 13).

Dị ka ụzọ abụọ a si dị, sayensị. nnyocha na ikwiikwii . sayensị nke egwu eguzobewo nkewa n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme. na theoretical M. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ngalaba ndị a na-agụnye usoro ọzụzụ karịa nke nzuzo, pụrụ iche. agwa. Ya mere, yana akụkọ ntụrụndụ n'ozuzu nke egwu, nke kwesịrị ikpuchi egwu nke mba na ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba onye ọ bụla. omenala ma ọ bụ otu ha, jikọrọ ọnụ na ndabere nke ala, agbụrụ ma ọ bụ omenala-akụkọ ihe mere eme. obodo (dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Western-European, egwu nke ndị Asia, Latin-Amer. ndị mmadụ, wdg). Nkewa enwere ike dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si dị. oge (egwu nke ụwa ochie, Middle Ages, wdg), site na ụdị na ụdị (akụkọ ihe mere eme nke opera, oratorio, symphony, egwu ụlọ, wdg). Site na ihe okirikiri nke phenomena ma ọ bụ kedu ihe istorich. A na-ahọrọ oge oge dị ka isiokwu nke ọmụmụ ihe, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ akụkụ nke onye na-eme nchọpụta, mesiri ike na otu ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke usoro ahụ, na-adaberekwa. Iji nyere aka. ọzụzụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu bụ nke muses. isi mmalite ọmụmụ, na-emepe emepe ụzọ nke oké egwu. nyocha na iji decomp. ụdị isi mmalite; egwu paleography - sayensị nke mmepe nke ụdị nke ide egwú; music textology - oké egwu. nyocha na ọmụmụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ederede egwu. ọrụ, ụzọ nke mweghachi ha.

Theoretical M. na-agbaji n'ọtụtụ ọzụzụ, n'otu n'otu, DOS. ihe nke egwu: nkwekọ, polyphony, rhythm, metrik, abụ olu ụtọ, ngwá ọrụ. Nke kachasị emepe emepe, guzobe dị ka onye nweere onwe ya. Usoro mmụta sayensị bụ nke mbụ abụọ na akụkụ nke ikpeazụ nke ndị edepụtara. Rhythm na metrik adịchaghị etolite. Ịhazi ozizi nke abụ olu ụtọ, dị ka akụkụ pụrụ iche nke usoro iwu. M., malitere n'ụdị naanị na 20s. Narị afọ 20 (Swiss ọkà mmụta sayensị E. Kurt na West, BV Asafiev na USSR). A na-eji data nke usoro mmụta pụrụ iche ndị a n'usoro ihe ọmụma zuru oke. ọzụzụ nke na-amụ usoro egwu. na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu ya. Na mba ofesi na Russian prerevolutionary M. e nwere ọzụzụ pụrụ iche a na-akpọ ozizi nke egwu. ụdị. Ọ bụ naanị na ụdịdị nke ihe mejupụtara atụmatụ, nke bụ naanị akụkụ nke sayensị nke Ọdịdị nke muses. ọrụ nke ikwiikwii mepụtara. theorists: “… a ga-amụ ụdị ndị mejupụtara onwe ha ọ bụghị dị ka atụmatụ nkịtị na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme, kama dị ka “ụdị bara uru”, ya bụ, mụọ n'ihe metụtara ohere ha gosipụtara, n'ihe metụtara ihe achọrọ na ọrụ nke nka egwu nke dugara crystallization na n'ihu akụkọ ihe mere eme mmepe nke ụdị ndị a, na njikọ na nkọwa ha dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche iche, dị iche iche composers, wdg N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, otu n'ime ụzọ nyochaa ọdịnaya nke music na-emepe elu - ọ na-aghọ ike ịbịaru nso ọdịnaya. nke ọrụ site na akụkụ ọdịnaya nke ụdị n'onwe ya "(Mazel L., Ọdịdị nke ọrụ egwu, 1960, p. 4).

Theoretical M. na-enwe ọkaibe. usoro nyocha ezi uche. Na-amụ ụfọdụ, usoro ihe mere eme mepụtara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro nke nkwekọrịta oge gboo), ọ na-ewere ha dị ka ihe siri ike dị mgbagwoju anya dum, akụkụ niile nke na-ejikọta ya na ibe ha. Dep. A naghị enyocha ihe ndị mere eme. usoro nke ihe omume ha, ma dịka ebe ha si dị na mkpa ọrụ na usoro enyere. Akụkọ ihe mere eme N'otu oge ahụ, ụzọ ahụ dị, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, n'ụdị "wepụrụ". Onye na-eme nchọpụta ga-echeta mgbe niile na usoro ọ bụla nke muses. iche echiche bụ a ụfọdụ ogbo istorich. mmepe na iwu ya enweghị ike inwe ihe zuru oke na enweghị mgbanwe. Na mgbakwunye, usoro ọ bụla dị ndụ anaghị anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe ma na-emeghachi onwe ya, nhazi ya na nhazi ya na-emebi. ihe na-eme mgbanwe ụfọdụ na usoro mmepe. Ya mere, iwu nke kpochapụwo. nkwekọrịta na-enweta site na nyocha nke egwu Beethoven dị ka okwu kachasị elu na nke zuru oke na-achọ mgbanwe ụfọdụ na mgbakwunye ugbua mgbe etinyere ya na ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú ịhụnanya, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị bụ isi nke usoro ahụ na-anọgide na ha. Echefu ụkpụrụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-eduga n'ịkwụsị nkwenye nke ụfọdụ ndị bilitere n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme. mmepe nke ụdị na ụkpụrụ nhazi. Nkwenkwe ozizi dị otú ahụ dị n'ime ya. ọkà mmụta sayensị H. Riemann, bụ́ onye belatara ọrụ nke tiori nke nkà iji dokwuo anya "iwu okike nke na-ama ụma ma ọ bụ n'amaghị ama na-achịkwa mmepụta nka." Riemann gọnahụrụ mmepe na nka dị ka usoro nke mgbanwe qualitative na ọmụmụ nke ọhụrụ. "Ezigbo ebumnuche nke nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme," ka ọ na-arụ ụka, "bụ inye aka na ihe ọmụma nke iwu mbụ a na-ahụkarị na oge niile, nke ahụmahụ niile na ụdị nkà dị n'okpuru ya" (site na okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ akụkọ "Musikgeschichte na Beispielen" , Lpz., 1912).

Nkewa nke ndị ọkà mmụta egwu. ọzụzụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. na usoro iwu, na-aga site na predominance nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ha. ma ọ bụ ezi uche. usoro, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ conditionally. A naghị etinye usoro ndị a n'ụdị "dị ọcha". Ihe ọmụma zuru oke nke ihe ọ bụla chọrọ nchikota ụzọ abụọ ahụ - ma akụkọ ihe mere eme na ezi uche - na naanị n'oge ụfọdụ nke nyocha nwere ike ịbụ otu ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ. Musicologist-theorist, onye na-esetịpụ dị ka ọrụ ya na-amụ mpụta na mmepe nke ihe nke oge gboo music. nkwekọ ma ọ bụ ụdị polyphonic. leta dị ka usoro a si gaa n'ihu n'ezie, n'ezie, na-agabiga usoro iwu. nyocha ma na-akpakọrịta na ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'aka nke ọzọ, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-achọ ikpebi n'ozuzu ya, ọtụtụ njirimara njirimara nke ụdị ọ bụla na-amanye ịmalite usoro na ụzọ nyocha nke dị na egwu egwu. M. Higher generalizations na M., dị ka na sayensị niile na-ekwu banyere ndụ, ezigbo eziokwu nke ọdịdị na ọha mmadụ. eziokwu, nwere ike nweta naanị na ndabere nke njikọ nke ezi uche. na ụzọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Enwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-enweghị ike ịkewa n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị ka usoro iwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. M., n'ihi na ha na-ejikọtaghị akụkụ abụọ nke ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ abụghị nanị nnukwu ọrụ nsogbu nke ụdị n'ozuzu, kamakwa ụfọdụ ọrụ nyocha. na-arụ ọrụ na-etinye aka na nyocha na ọmụmụ nke ngalaba. na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na onye edemede ahụ ejedebeghị na nguzobe nke usoro nhazi izugbe, atụmatụ nke muses. asụsụ dị n'ime ọrụ nyochara., Ma na-adọta ozi metụtara oge na ọnọdụ nke ihe omume ya, na-achọ ịmata njikọ nke ọrụ na oge na-ekpebi. nka echiche. na stylistic ntụziaka, mgbe ahụ, si otú ọ na-ebili, ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ, na ndabere nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. nyocha.

Ebe pụrụ iche maka ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta egwu. A na-ekpebi ọzụzụ ọ bụghị usoro. ụkpụrụ, ma isiokwu nke nyocha. Ya mere, nhọrọ nke muses. folkloristics n'onwe ha. ụlọ ọrụ sayensị n'ihi kpọmkwem. ụdị nke ịdị adị creativity, dị iche na ọnọdụ ndị ngwaahịa na-ebilite, na-ebi ma gbasaa. dere prof. ikpe egwu. Ọmụmụ nke Nar. egwu chọrọ nyocha pụrụ iche. usoro na nka maka ijikwa ihe (lee Musical Ethnography). Otú ọ dị, methodologically, sayensị nke Nar. okike adịghị emegide akụkọ ihe mere eme. na theoretical M., na kọntaktị na abụọ. Na ikwiikwii folkloristics, omume kwupụta akụkọ ihe mere eme na-aghọ ndị ọzọ ike guzosie ike. nleba anya nke okike n'ihe gbasara ihe mgbagwoju anya nke nka. omenala nke otu ndị ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, akụkọ ifo egwu na-eji usoro nyocha usoro, nyocha na nhazi ụfọdụ. ụdị akwa music echiche dị ka a ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị ike mgbagwoju dum na a eke conditioned ezi uche. njikọ na mmekọrịta nke ihe mejupụtara ya.

Ihe dị iche iche nke ihe a na-amụ na-ekpebikwa oke nke ngalaba pụrụ iche nke M. tiori na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu egwu. ikpe.

Egwu bụ otu n'ime usoro mmụta sayensị na-eto eto. sociology (lee Sociology of Music). Achọpụtabeghị profaịlụ nke ọzụzụ a na oke ọrụ ya. N'ime afọ 20. mesiri preim. agwa usoro iwu ya n'ozuzu ya. AV Lunacharsky dere, sị: "... N'ikwu okwu n'ụzọ sara mbara, usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà pụtara ịtụle nkà dịka otu n'ime ihe ngosi nke ndụ ọha mmadụ" ("Na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na tiori na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu", na nchịkọta:" Okwu. nke sociology nke egwu", 1927). Na nghọta a, sociology nke egwu bụ ozizi nke ngosipụta nke iwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na mmepe nke egwu dị ka ụdị ọha mmadụ. nsụhọ. Isiokwu nke nchọpụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge a na-aghọ Ch. arr. kpọmkwem ụdị nke ọha mmadụ. ịdị adị nke egwu n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ. A na-agwa ntụziaka a ozugbo na omume nke muses. ndụ ma na-enyere aka ịchọta ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu ya dị mkpa na ntọala sayensị ezi uche dị na ya. ndabere.

Na mgbakwunye na ndị ahụ edepụtara n'elu, ngalaba nke M., na-ekenye ọtụtụ usoro ọzụzụ "oke", ka-rye naanị akụkụ bụ akụkụ nke M. ma ọ bụ tinye ya na ya. Nke a bụ egwu. acoustics (lee. Musical acoustics) na egwu. nkà mmụta uche, na-amụ bụghị music dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ma ya anụ ahụ. na psychophysical. ihe ndị dị mkpa, ụzọ mmeputakwa na nghọta. Data egwu. acoustics kwesịrị iburu n'uche na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke egwu egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, tiori nke usoro egwu na usoro), a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na ndekọ ụda na mgbasa ozi, na mmepụta egwu. ngwá ọrụ, ihe owuwu conc. Ụlọ Nzukọ, wdg N'ihe gbasara ọrụ egwu. nkà mmụta uche na-agụnye ọmụmụ nke mechanics nke okike. usoro, ịdị mma nke onye na-eme ihe na conc. ogbo, usoro echiche nke egwu, nhazi nke muses. ikike. Ma, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ajụjụ ndị a niile na-metụtara muses ozugbo. sayensị, na egwu. nkuzi, na n'omume egwu. ndụ, egwu akparamaagwa kwesịrị-atụle dị ka akụkụ nke izugbe akparamaagwa, na muses. acoustics ka ekenyere ngalaba nke physics. Sayensị, ọ bụghị maka M.

Ngwa bụ nke ọzụzụ “oke ala”, nke dị na njikọ nke injinia na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke sayensị ma ọ bụ teknụzụ. Akụkụ nke ya, nke na-amụ mmalite na mmepe nke muses. ngwa, mkpa ha na egwu. omenala Dec. oge na ndị mmadụ, gụnyere na mgbagwoju nke egwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme. ọzụzụ. Dr. ngalaba nke sayensị ngwá ọrụ nke na-ahụ maka imepụta ngwá ọrụ na nhazi ha dịka usoro mmepụta ụda na ụda ụda (organology), bụ nke mpaghara egwu. teknụzụ, ma ọ bụghị n'ezie M.

N'èzí nhazi ọkwa bụ ụfọdụ ọzụzụ dị mkpa, dịka ọmụmaatụ. usoro nkuzi egwuregwu maka iche iche. ngwa, ịbụ abụ, usoro egwu (lee Music Education), akwụkwọ ndekọ egwu (lee Music Bibliography), na notography.

Kachasị izugbe na sayensị nke egwu bụ egwu. aesthetics (lee. Musical aesthetics), dabere na nchoputa nke alaka nile nke usoro iwu. na akụkọ ihe mere eme M. Dabere na isi. ndokwa nke aesthetics dị ka nkà ihe ọmụma ịdọ aka ná ntị, ọ na-enyocha kpọmkwem. ụzọ na ụzọ na-egosipụta eziokwu na egwu, ọnọdụ ya na usoro nke decomp. nka-na, Ọdịdị nke egwu. ihe oyiyi na ụzọ nke okike ya, oke nke mmetụta uche na ezi uche, nkwupụta na eserese, wdg N'ime nghọta sara mbara nke egwu dị otú ahụ. aesthetics mepụtara na ndabere nke Marxist-Leninist nkà ihe ọmụma na USSR na ndị ọzọ socialist. mba. Burzh. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle aesthetics naanị dị ka sayensị nke ịma mma na-ejedebe ọrụ ya na ọrụ nyocha.

M. si malite laa azụ n'oge ochie. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Gris ndị ọzọ mepụtara usoro diatonic. frets (lee. Ụdị Grik oge ochie), ntọala nke ozizi nke ụda, maka oge mbụ nkọwa na nhazi nke isi. etiti oge. Na nke 6 c. BC e. Pythagoras, dabere na mmekọrịta mgbakọ na mwepụ n'etiti ụda, guzobe ụda dị ọcha. wuo. Aristoxenus na 4th c. BC e. tinye akụkụ ụfọdụ nke nkuzi ya na nkatọ na ngbanwe, na-etinye n'ihu dị ka njirisi maka ịlele decomp. Oge etiti oge abụghị uru ha zuru oke, kama nleba anya nlegharị anya. Nke a bụ isi ihe a na-akpọ esemokwu. canons na harmonicas. Ọrụ dị mkpa na Dr. Greece rụrụ ozizi ethos, na-ejikọta decomp. ụda olu ụtọ na rhythmic. agụmakwụkwọ na nkọwa ụdị mmetụta uche, agwa na àgwà omume. Plato na Aristotle gbakwasịrị ụkwụ n'otú e si eji ụdị egwú ụfọdụ eme ihe n'obodo ndị dabeere n'ozizi a. ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ nke ntorobịa.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ochie. ụwa egwu. echiche bilitere ugbua na omenala oge ochie nke Mesopotemia (Asiria na Babilọn), Egypt na China, dịka ọmụmaatụ. njirimara Pythagoras na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya ghọtara egwu dị ka ihe ngosi nke mbara igwe. usoro na-aga n'ihu na okike na ndụ mmadụ. Ugbua na 7th c. BC e. na whale. e nyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ "Guan-tzu" nkọwa ọnụọgụgụ nke ụda nke usoro nzọụkwụ ise. Na narị afọ nke 5-6. BC e. 5-ọsọ ụda usoro bụ theoretically kwadoro. Ozizi Confucius gbasara agụmakwụkwọ. ihe egwu pụtara n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-abata na echiche Plato. Na oge ochie Ind. treatises na-guzobere ozugbo. mmekọrịta dị n'etiti steeti nke mkpụrụ obi nke mmadụ (rasa) na ụfọdụ melodic formulas, ma ọ bụ ụdịdị, a zuru ezu nkewa nke ikpeazụ e nyere na okwu nke ha expressive pụtara.

Egwu-usoro iwu. ihe nketa nke oge ochie nwere mmetụta dị mkpa na mmepe nke oge etiti. echiche banyere egwu na Europe. mba, yana Middle na Wed. East. N'ihe odide nke Arab theorists con. 1st – mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ gosipụtara echiche nke ndị Grik ndị ọzọ. nkuzi banyere ethos, echiche nke Aristoxenus na Pythagoreans n'ọhịa nke ịmụ ụda usoro na etiti oge. N'otu oge ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime echiche nke oge ochie. Aghọtahiela ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ma gbagọọ n'okpuru nduzi nke ndị Alakụba ma ọ bụ Kraịst. echiche. Na mba nke Middle Ages. Europe, tiori nke music na-aghọ abstract scholasticism. ịdọ aka ná ntị gbapụrụ n'omume. Ndị kasị ukwuu ikike nke Middle Ages na ubi nke music. Sayensị Boethius (narị afọ 2-5) kwusiri ike na ozizi bụ́ isi karịa omume n’egwú, na-atụnyere mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ha na “ịdị elu nke uche karịa ahụ.” Isiokwu nke Middle Ages. echiche nke egwu bụ naanị ezi uche. ntule dabere na mgbakọ na mwepụ. na cosmological. ntụnyere. Tinyere mgbakọ na mwepụ, geometry na mbara igwe, egwu gụnyere n'etiti sayensị ndị bụ isi, "kasị elu". Dị ka Hukbald si kwuo, "nkwekọrịta bụ ada nke mgbakọ na mwepụ", na Marchetto nke Padua so na aphorism "iwu nke eluigwe na ala bụ iwu nke egwu." Oge ụfọdụ na-emepe emepe. theorists (Cassiodorus, narị afọ nke ise; Isidore nke Seville, narị afọ nke asaa) dabere kpọmkwem na ozizi ọnụọgụgụ nke Pythagorean dịka ntọala nke eluigwe na ala.

N'ibe dị ndụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Alcuin (narị afọ nke asatọ) bụ onye mbụ wepụtara usoro nke 8 diatonic. frets (8 ezigbo na 4 plagal), dabere na Grik ọzọ gbanwetụrụ. usoro modal (lee ụdịdị oge ochie). Ihe kacha mkpa maka mmepe nke ndị ụka-abụ abụ. Art-va n'oge ikpeazụ nke Middle Ages nwere mgbanwe nke ide egwu, nke Guido d'Arezzo mere na ọkara nke mbụ. 4 c. Usoro nke ịbụ abụ o mepụtara dị ka hexachords na syllabic designations nke nzọụkwụ jere ozi dị ka ihe ndabere nke solmization usoro (lee Solmization), nke na-echekwara na pedagogical. na-eme ọbụna taa. Guido bụ onye mbụ n'ime oge na-emepe emepe. theorists wetara tiori nke egwu nso na ezigbo mkpa nke muses. omume. Dị ka okwu Franco nke Cologne (narị afọ nke 1) si kwuo, “Boethius mere ozizi ahụ, omume ahụ bụ nke Guido.”

Mmepe nke polyphony chọrọ nyocha nke ọma karịa ọdịdị nke etiti oge, nkọwa ziri ezi nke rhythmic. ogologo oge na nguzobe nke usoro ejikọtara ọnụ nke njikọ ha. Irl. Ọkà ihe ọmụma na ọkà mmụta nka John Scotus Eriugena (narị afọ nke itoolu) na nke mbụ na-aza ajụjụ n'otu oge ahụ. Nchikota nke abụọ melodic ahịrị. Johannes Garlandia na Franco nke Cologne na-akọwapụta iwu nke organum, wulite ozizi nke mensur (lee Mensural notation). Otu n'ime ihe ọhụrụ pụtara ìhè bụ nnabata nke atọ dị ka nkwenye na-ezughị okè na ọrụ nke Franco nke Cologne, Marchetto nke Padua, Walter Odington.

Pụtara ok. N'afọ 1320 na France, akwụkwọ akụkọ "Ars nova" (nke a na-akpọ Philippe de Vitry) nyere aha ya na ntụziaka ọhụrụ na egwu jikọtara ya na mmegharị Renaissance oge mbụ. N'ime ọrụ a, ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na ụzọ isii ka emechara ka iwu kwadoro dị ka nkeji oge, ikike nke iji chromaticisms (musica falsa) bụ nke a ghọtara, na ụdị polyphony ọhụrụ, nke nwere onwe karịa nke dabere na mmegharị nke olu dị iche, a gbachitere megide akụkụ ahụ. Theorist kasị ama Italy. ars nova Marchetto nke Padua lere ntị “onye ọka ikpe kacha mma n'egwu”, na-ekwusi ike na ụkpụrụ niile dị mma. canons. Johannes de Groheo (mbubreyo 13th - mmalite narị afọ nke 14) katọrọ nkuzi nke Boethius ma mata egwu ụwa n'otu aka ya na ụka. ikpe. Usoro iwu polyphonic sara mbara. Enyere akwụkwọ ozi ahụ n'akwụkwọ I. Tinktoris, onye dabere na Ch. arr. na ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú Netherlands. ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'otu oge ahụ, na ọrụ nke ndị a niile theorists, ha nọgidere na-egwu ihe pụtara. ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị na Middle Ages. scholastics, to-rye ọzọ siri ike na-adị ndụ na Renaissance.

Usoro echiche echiche nke Renaissance na-abịaru nso n'ịghọta ntọala nke ndakọrịta ụda. Echiche na nleba anya ọhụrụ na-amị mkpụrụ dị n'ọrụ enyi Leonardo da Vinci, onye Ịtali. onye na-ede egwú na onye na-agụ egwú F. Gaffori. Switzerland. ọkà mmụta sayensị Glarean n'akwụkwọ akụkọ "Dodecachordon" (1547) katọrọ. nyocha na ntughari nke Middle Ages. nkuzi nke ụdịdị, na-emesi mkpa pụrụ iche nke ụdịdị Ionian (isi) na Aeolian (obere) pụta ìhè. E mere nzọụkwụ ọzọ site na J. Zarlino, jikọtara ya na okpueze ahụ. polyphonic 16th narị afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ọ kọwara abụọ ụdị triads dabere na ọnọdụ nke isi nke atọ n'ime ha, si otú na-eke prerequisites maka guzobe echiche nke isi na obere ọ bụghị nanị na melodic, kamakwa na kwekọrọ. ụgbọ elu. Ọrụ kacha mkpa nke Tsarlino - "Fundamentals of Harmony" ("Le istitutioni harmoniche", 1558) na "Harmonic Proofs" ("Dimostrationi harmoniche", 1571) nwekwara ihe bara uru. ntuziaka maka usoro polyphonic. akwụkwọ ozi, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ederede na egwu. Onye iro ya bụ V. Galilei, onye dere polemic. na-edepụta “Mkparịta ụka banyere egwu ochie na nke ọhụrụ” (“Dialogo … della musica antica e della moderna”, 1581). N'ịkwado omenala egwu ochie, Galileo jụrụ polyphony dị ka ihe relic nke "etiti narị afọ. obi ilu” wee gbachitere ụdị wok. monodies na nkwado. Sayensị uru nke ọrụ ya dabeere n'iwepụta ajụjụ nke embodiment nke intonations nke mmadụ okwu na music. Ihe odide Galili jere ozi dị ka ihe nnwapụta echiche nke “ụdị obi ụtọ” ọhụrụ (stile concitato), nke e kwupụtara n'asụsụ Italian mbụ. opera na narị afọ nke 17 Site aesthetics nso ya. ọnọdụ J. Doni dere "Ngwọta na ụdị na ụdị egwu" ("Trattato de' Generi e de' Modi della Musica", 1635).

Na narị afọ nke 17 e kere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma. ụdị, na-ekpuchi nso nke music-theoretical., Acoustic. na aesthetic nsogbu. Ndị a gụnyere “Universal Harmony” (“Harmonie universelle”, v. 1-2, 1636-37) nke M. Mersenne dere na “Universal Musical Creativity” (“Musurgia universalis”, t. 1-2, 1650) nke A. Kircher dere. . Mmetụta nke rationalist nkà ihe ọmụma nke R. Descartes, to-ry n'onwe ya bụ onye dere nke theoretical. etude “The ntọala nke egwu” (“Compendium musicae”, 1618; ewepụtara na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke ụdịdị na etiti oge), jikọtara n'ime ha na ihe ndị Kraịst na-adịtebeghị aka. cosmogony. Ndị dere ọrụ ndị a na-akọwa ike egwu na-eme ka decomp. mmetụta uche site n'echiche nke tiori nke emetụta (lee. Mmetụta tiori). “Ngwaọrụ egwu” (“Syntagma musicum”, t. 1-3, 1615-19) M. Pretorius nwere mmasị dị ka otu n'ime mbọ mbụ ndị e mere iji nye akụkọ ihe mere eme. nkọwa nke mmepe nke osn. ihe nke egwu. Ahụmahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe., Usoro. ngosi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu site n'oge Akwụkwọ Nsọ ruo n'oge. Narị afọ nke 17 bụ "Nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka nka nke ịbụ abụ na egwu" ("Historische Beschreibung der edelen Sing-und Kling-Kunst", 1690) nke VK Prince dere.

Oge kachasị mkpa na nhazi nke M. dị ka nnwere onwe. sayensị bụ Age of Enlightenment. Na narị afọ nke 18 M. na-enwere onwe ya kpam kpam site na njikọ nke nkà mmụta okpukpe, omume nkịtị na echiche ziri ezi. ntule nkà ihe ọmụma, na-aghọ na ndabere nke kpọmkwem sayensị. nyocha. Echiche ga-amụba. nkà ihe ọmụma na aesthetics nwere mmetụta dị mma na mmepe nke sayensị. echiche egwu na atụ aro ụzọ isi dozie okwu dị mkpa nke egwu. tiori na omume. N'akụkụ a, ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma French JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot, M. d'Alembert, bụ ndị weere egwu dị ka ihe nṅomi nke okike, na-atụle ịdị mfe na ọdịdị nke okwu mmadụ dị ka àgwà ya bụ isi. uche. Rousseau bụ onye dere akụkọ banyere egwu na Encyclopedia, nke o mechara jikọta na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke egwu nke onwe ya bipụtara (Dictionnaire de musique, 1768). Ozizi nke nṅomi si n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke echiche na-akọwara na ọrụ nke Morelle "On Expression in Music" ("De l'expression en musique", 1759), M. Chabanon "Nlebanya na Music na Metaphysics nke Arts" (" Observations sur la musique et principalement sur la métaphisique de l'art, 1779), B. Lasepeda “The Poetics of Music” (“La poétique de la musique”, v. 1-2, 1785). Ụdị dị ka echiche ndị French. encyclopedists, pụtara na muses. aesthetics nke England na Germany. Egwu German kasị ukwuu bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye edemede I. Mattheson na-abịaru nso Rousseau n'ịghọta abụ abụ dị ka ihe kachasị mkpa nke egwu; o kenyere ọrụ dị mkpa na ikpe gbasara egwu maka ọdịdị, uto na mmetụta. Onye edemede Bekee D. Brown, na-aga n'ihu na echiche Rousseau nke onye dị mfe, "ihe okike", nke dị nso na okike, hụrụ isi ihe na-eme ka egwu na-eto eto n'ọdịnihu na mweghachi nke mbụ ya. njikọ chiri anya na uri . okwu.

N'ihe gbasara egwu egwu, ọrụ JF Rameau na nkwekọrịta rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa karịsịa (nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ Treatise on Harmony (Traité de l'harmonie, 1722)). N'ịbụ onye guzobe ụkpụrụ nke ntụgharị nke ụdọ na ọnụnọ nke isi atọ. tonal ọrụ (tonic, na-achị na subdominant), Rameau tọrọ ntọala maka kpochapụwo. ozizi nke nkwekọ. E mepụtara echiche ya d'Alembert n'ọrụ ya "Theoretical and bara uru ihe nke egwu dị ka ụkpụrụ nke Rameau" ("Elements de musique théorique et pratique, suivant les principes de m. Rameau", 1752), sụgharịrị na ya. lang. F. Marpurg. Ajụjụ nke nkwekọ dọtara n'ala nke abụọ. Nleba anya narị afọ nke 2 pl. theorists, to-rye chọrọ ịchọta ọkà mmụta sayensị ezi uche. nkọwa nke phenomena hụrụ na ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú nke oge gboo na tupu oge gboo. N'ime akwụkwọ ntuziaka a ma ama nke II Fuchs "The Step to Parnassus" ("Gradus ad Parnassum", 18) na "Treatise on Counterpoint" (1725) nke G. Martini nyere, a na-enye nchịkọta zuru ezu na nhazi nke ozi bụ isi na polyphony. .

Na narị afọ nke 18 ihe mbụ pụtara. na-arụ ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu, na-adabere ọ bụghị na akụkọ ifo na anecdotal. ozi, ma na ọchịchọ nke oké egwu. nyocha na mkpuchi nke ezigbo akwụkwọ akụkọ. " History of Music" Italian. onye nyocha J. Martini (“Storia della musica”, v. 1-3, 1757-81), bụ́ nke e wetara nkwuwapụta ahụ ná mmalite nke Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya, enwebeghịkwa onwe ya pụọ ​​ná mmetụta nke Kraịst.- nkà mmụta okpukpe. ihe nnọchianya. Sayensị na-agbanwe agbanwe karịa. agwa bụ isi obodo ọrụ nke English C. Burney (vols. 1-4, 1776-89) na J. Hawkins (vols. 1-5, 1776), imbued with enlightenment. echiche nke ọganihu; A na-enyocha ihe ndị dị n'oge gara aga site n'aka ndị edemede n'ihe gbasara mma dị elu. echiche nke ugbu a. Onye edemede nke "The General History of Music" na ya. lang. (“Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1-2, 1788-1801) NA Forkel hụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta mmepe nke mose. na-ekwu site na "isi mmalite" gaa na "izu okè kachasị elu". Echiche nke ndị nchọpụta nke narị afọ nke 18. bụ nke kachasị naanị na egwu nke Western Europe. obodo; ezi French. ọkà mmụta sayensị JB Laborde na "Essay on ochie na egwu ọhụrụ" ("Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne", v. 1-4, 1780) na-ezokwa aka na nka ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe. ndị mmadụ. M. Herbert na mbipụta ya nke Middle Ages. treatises (1784) ka akara mmalite nke mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu. Nke mbụ dị njọ na-arụ ọrụ na egwu. lexicographies bụ “Ọkọwa okwu egwu” (“Dictionnaire de musique”, 1703) nke S. Brossard, “Dictionary Music, or Musical Library” (“Musikalisches Lexicon oder Musikalische Bibliothek”, 1732) nke IG Walter dere, “Foundations of the Triumphalations (“Grundlage der Ehrenpforten”, 1740) Matteson.

Na narị afọ nke 19 yana akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ozuzu, ọtụtụ ọrụ monoographic pụtara. nyocha banyere ndị na-ede egwú, bụ nke e jikọtara ya na mmasị na-eto eto na àgwà na ihe okike nke onye ọ bụla. ọdịdị nke ndị okike pụtara ìhè. Ọrụ izizi nke ụdị a bụ N'akwụkwọ Forkel “On Life, Art and Works of JS Bach” (“Lber JS Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke”, 1802). Classic the monographs of J. Baini on Palestrina (vols. 1-2, 1828), O. Jan on Mozart (vols. 1-4, 1856-59), KF Krisander on Handel (vols. 1-3, 1858) nwetara. mkpa -67), F. Spitta na Bach (Mpịakọta 1-2, 1873-80). A na-ekpebi uru ọrụ ndị a bụ isi site n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na ọdịnaya ndụ dị n'ime ha. ihe.

Nchọpụta na nchịkọta nke nnukwu ozi ọhụrụ mere ka o kwe omume n'ụzọ zuru ezu na n'ụzọ sara mbara na-egosipụta n'ozuzu foto nke mmepe nke egwu. AV Ambros dere na 1862, sị: "Mmụọ nke ịnakọta na nlegharị anya nyere aka n'ịchịkọta ihe ọhụrụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ bụkwa ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ nke ukwuu ịgbalị ime ka ihe ndị dị adị n'usoro ma jikọta ya n'ozuzu nke a na-ahụ anya" ("Geschichte der"). Musik”, Bd 1, 1862, 1887). Mgbalị mkpuchi mkpuchi zuru oke muz.-akụkọ ihe mere eme. A na-eme usoro ahụ site na iji decomp. ọnọdụ usoro. Ọ bụrụ na ọrụ RG Kizewetter nwere aha njirimara "History of Western European or Our Present Music" ("Geschichte der europdisch-abendländischen oder unserer heutigen Musik", 1834) nwere ọtụtụ nkwughachi, ọ ga-amụba. echiche banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka usoro nke ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na ịrịgo, mgbe ahụ, isi nke French. na Belg. M. n'etiti. Narị afọ nke 19 FJ Fetis na-ahụ na "ozizi ọganihu" DOS. ihe mgbochi maka nghọta ziri ezi nke nkwupụta ahụ. Ọrụ ya dị egwu The Universal Biography of Musicians and General Bibliography of Music (Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, v. 1-8, 1837-44) na The General History of Music (Histoire générale de la musique depuis les). temps les plus anciens jusqu'а nos jours", v. 1-5, 1869-76) na-anọchi anya nnukwu isi mmalite nke nyocha. uru. N'otu oge ahụ, ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke onye edemede, bụ onye chọtara ihe ịchọ mma nke ya, pụtara n'ime ha. dị mma n'oge gara aga ma tụlee mmepe nke egwu dị ka usoro dị mkpa nke na-agbanwe decomp. ụkpụrụ imewe ụda. A na-egosipụta usoro dị iche na F. Brendel's History of Music in Italy, Germany na France… njikọ na ihe ndị kacha mkpa na ndụ ime mmụọ. Otu echiche nke ọdịbendị na akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ njirimara Ambros, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ egwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ozuzu ya. usoro e weere ya site n'echiche nke ihunanya-idealistic. echiche banyere "mmụọ nke ndị mmadụ". Otutu olu ya "History of Music" ("Geschichte der Musik", Bd 1852-1, 4-1862) bụ otu n'ime ebe a ma ama na egwu. akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 78.

Akwa anya na nsogbu methodological nke egwu-akụkọ ihe mere eme. nnyocha e mere gosiri na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20. G. Kretschmar, G. Adler, X. Riemann. Kretzschmar kwusiri ike mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme egwu dị maka ikpe uru bara uru, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ihe egwu egwu etinyere na-ele anya n'echiche." Ihe achọrọ maka ezi nghọta zuru oke nke nka. phenomena, ọ tụlere ihe ọmụma nke oge na istorich. ọnọdụ nke a akpan akpan onu bilitere. N'adịghị ka ya, Adler kwusiri ike na elucidation nke izugbe evolushọn iwu nke mmepe nke egwu, na-etinye n'ihu dị ka ihe ndabere. egwu-akụkọ ihe mere eme ụdị echiche ụdị. Ma ọ kọwara echiche a n'ụzọ nkịtị. Mgbanwe na mgbanwe dị iche. ụdị bụ, dị ka Adler, organic. usoro na-adabere na ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị ya. Oyiri abstract-eke. nghọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu hụrụ oke okwu ya na Riemann, bụ onye gọnarịrị mmepe nke egwu, na-atụle mmalite nke muses. ikpe dị ka ngosipụta nke iwu izugbe na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe.

Ebe pụrụ iche na ngwa ahụ. egwu akụkọ ihe mere eme mmalite. Narị afọ 20 nwere ọrụ R. Rolland. N'ịtụle egwu dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa ná ndụ ime mmụọ nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, o lere anya na ọ dị mkpa ịmụ ya n'ihe metụtara akụ̀ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. na omenala akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ. "Ihe niile jikọtara ọnụ," Rolland dere, "mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla na-achọpụta na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na mgbanwe nka, na ndụ nke mba bụ ihe dị ndụ ebe ihe niile na-emekọrịta ihe n'etiti onwe ha: ihe omume akụ na ụba na ihe ngosi nka." "Ụdị egwu ọ bụla na-ejikọta ya na otu ụdị ọha mmadụ ma na-enye anyị ohere ịghọta ya nke ọma" (Rollan R., Sobranie musikistoricheskih soobshcheniya, vol. 4, 1938, p. 8, 10). Enwere ike idozi ọrụ ndị Rolland wepụtara maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu naanị na usoro nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya.

N'ala nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 2 na-ekpughe ọrụ na sayensị-dị oke egwu. mbipụta nke ncheta egwu nke oge gara aga. Sh. E. Kusmaker bipụtara na 19-1864 ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Middle Ages. ihe omume na egwu. Na 76-1861, n'okpuru aka nke. F. Krizander, mbipụta nke usoro "Monuments of Musical Art" ("Denkmäler der Tonkunst") malitere, bụ nke gara n'ihu site na 71 n'okpuru aha. "Ihe ncheta nke nka egwu German" ("Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst"). N'afọ 1900, ed. Adler malitere ibipụta nnukwu akwụkwọ akụkọ "Ihe ncheta nke nka egwu na Austria" ("Denkäler der Tonkunst na Österreich"). N'otu afọ ahụ, mbipụta nke usoro mbipụta "Masters of Music of the French Renaissance" ("Les maоtres musiciens de la renaissance française") malitere n'okpuru aka. A. Ọkachamara. O. Chilesotti na Italy e bipụtara na 1894-1883 1915 vol. “Ọbá akwụkwọ nke rarities egwú” (“Biblioteca di rarita musicali”), bụ́ ebe e nyere ihe atụ nke egwú lute nke narị afọ nke 9-16. E hiwere otu akwụkwọ mbipụta n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ. N'akụkụ nke a, a na-eme mbipụta multi-volume nke ọrụ nke nnukwu oge ochie. nna ukwu: Bach (18 vol., 59-1851), Handel (1900 vols., 100-1859), Mozart (94 usoro, 24-1876).

Na mmepe nke music lexicography pụtara. egwu na-ekere òkè. akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu J. Grove (1879-90) na X. Riemann (1882), ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị elu ji mara. ọkwa, obosara na ozi dị iche iche ha na-akọ. E mechara bipụtaghachi ọrụ abụọ a ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụdị agbakwunyere na degharịa. Na 1900-04, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bio-Bibliographic nke isi mmalite nke mpịakọta 10 gbasara ndị egwu na ndị ọkà mmụta egwu… .

N'ihe gbasara mmepe nke egwu egwu. agụmakwụkwọ na narị afọ nke 19. ọtụtụ na-kere. ohere maka iche iche theoretical ọzụzụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ọrụ na nkwekọrịta nke S. Catel (1802), FJ Fetis (1844), FE Richter (1863), M. Hauptmann (1868), na polyphony - L. Cherubini (1835), IGG Bellerman (1868). Nnwere onwe. ozizi nke egwu na-aghọ alaka nke egwu tiori. ụdị. Ọrụ mbụ dị ukwuu n'ịhazi usoro na mpaghara a bụ "ahụmahụ na ntuziaka ihe mejupụtara" nke X. Koch ("Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition", Tl 1-3, 1782-93). Mgbe e mesịrị, ọrụ ndị yiri nke A. Reich na AB Marx pụtara. Inwe Ch. arr. agụmakwụkwọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, ndị a na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị nke sara mbara usoro iwu. generalizations na dabere na stylistic. usoro oge gboo. oge. Dep. echiche na ọnọdụ ọhụrụ metụtara oge ụfọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkpụrụ izizi nke nhazi ọkwa nke Katel).

Ogbo dị mkpa na mmepe nke Europe. theoretical M. jikọtara ya na ọrụ X. Riemann, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oke mmụta na sayensị dị iche iche. mmasị, onye nyere aka na decomp. ngalaba nke egwu tiori. Riemann webatara ma kwado echiche nke harmonics. ọrụ, na-enye nhazi ọkwa ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara nke otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ, kpughere uru nhazi nke modulation. Na ọmụmụ nke music iche-iche, ọ gara n'ihu ọ bụghị nanị site kpere architectonic. oge (ebe akụkụ, mmekọrịta ha dum na onye ọ bụla ọzọ), kamakwa site na ebumnobi-thematic. njikọ. Otú ọ dị, oke categoricalness, nke Riemann gosipụtara nkà mmụta sayensị ya. echiche, na-enye a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya usoro iwu. ndokwa nke ozizi. agwa. Dabere na ụkpụrụ nhazi na iwu nke kpochapụwo. style music, o kwuru na ha ihe zuru oke, eluigwe na ala pụtara, na na njirisi nke ụdị a ọ gakwuuru egwu nke oge niile na ndị mmadụ. Ozizi Riemann nke mita na rhythm dị mfe karịa n'echiche a. Ewebata ụlọ akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20. sitekwa n'ọrụ E. Prout na FO Gevart.

Na narị afọ nke 20 M. n'ikpeazụ na-etolite ma nata nkwanye ùgwù dị ka onye nweere onwe ya. sayensị nke na-edozi nsogbu pụrụ iche ma nwee ụzọ nyocha nke ya. M. gụnyere na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na Humanities, n'ọtụtụ mba Europe na America na akwa ajị anụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-kere pụrụ iche ngalaba ma ọ bụ na-gị M. Activation nke sayensị. na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa egwu na-enye aka n'ọtụtụ. ọkà mmụta egwu. banyere-va na mkpakọrịta, to-rye mgbe ụfọdụ nwere nke ha. akụkụ ndị nta akụkọ, bipụta usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ na nyocha. akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1899, Intern. ọha egwu, nke setịpụrụ ọrụ nke ijikọ ndị ọkà mmụta egwu Dec. mba. Na 1914, n'ihe metụtara ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya. Na 1, e kere International Society for Musicology, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na mba 1927 (gụnyere USSR) nọchitere anya.

N'ozuzu oke nke ọrụ na mpaghara nke M. na narị afọ nke 20. abawanyela nke ukwuu, ụdị nsogbu ya abawanyela, nchọpụta ọhụrụ apụtala. ụlọ ọrụ na ntụziaka. Ihe a na-akpọ. tulee. M., inwe ọrụ ịmụ egwu. omenala ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe. ndị mmadụ. E mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke ntụziaka a na mmalite. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị German nke narị afọ nke 20 K. Stumpf, EM Hornbostel, K. Sachs, R. Lachman, V. Viora bụ ndị nnọchi anya ya kachasị ama. Ụzọ ntụnyere. M., nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'ịchọ ihe ndị yiri ya na suit-ve decomp. ndị mmadụ n'ụwa, e mechara katọọ ya na aha ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụ ezighi ezi. N'ime afọ 40. ewebata echiche nke "ethnomusicology". N'adịghị ka ntụnyere. M., ọzụzụ a na-achọ ịmụ egwu. omenala ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu, na mkpokọta nke akụkụ ya niile.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Zap. Europe na United States nwetara nsonaazụ bara uru na ọmụmụ ihe East. omenala egwu . Ọ bụrụ na na narị afọ nke 19 rụrụ naanị iche iche, karịa ma ọ bụ obere episodic. njem nlegharị anya n'ime mpaghara a (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ RG Kizevetter, yana F. Salvador-Daniel, onye otu Paris Commune na egwu Arabic), mgbe ahụ na narị afọ nke 20. music Orientalism na-aghọ onwe ya. ọzụzụ sayensị. Capital na-arụ ọrụ na egwu nke Arab. G. Farmer kere mba na Iran, dị ka kpochapụwo. Egwu India – A. Daniel, egwu Indonesia – J. Kunst. Ma na ụbara nke ọma sayensị. data, ọrụ ndị a na-adịkarị mfe na ntụziaka na usoro. ụkpụrụ. Ya mere, n'ọrụ Danielou, enwere ọchịchọ ichekwa ọdịnala. omenala ọwụwa anyanwụ na elelị nke oge a. usoro mmepe ha.

Na mmalite. Narị afọ 20 JB Thibaut na O. Fleischer tọrọ ntọala nke oge a. music Byzantine ọmụmụ. Ihe ịga nke ọma pụtara ìhè na mpaghara a jikọtara ya na nchọpụta H. Tilliard, K. Høeg, na E. Welles.

Edemede sara mbara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na-ekpuchi ụdị dị iche iche nke phenomena na decomp. oge - site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ oge ochie. omenala na oge ochie ruo n'oge anyị. Ụdị egwu dị iche iche bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. na-arụ ọrụ: nke a bụ monographic. nyocha raara onwe ya nye ihe okike pụtara ìhè. ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ egwu. ụdị, na nyocha n'ozuzu banyere mmepe nke egwu site na mba, oge, stylistic. oge. Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu, Western-European. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị "ebe ndị ọcha" na lacunae, ndị na-enyo enyo, ndị edere ma kwadoro eziokwu fọdụrụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Nye ndị ọkà mmụta egwu kachasị mkpa-ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 20. nke: G. Abert, A. Shering, A. Einstein na Jamanị; JG Prodomme, A. Prunier, R. Rolland, J. Tiersot na France; OE Deutsch, E. Shenk na Austria; A. Bonaventure, A. Della Corte, F. Torrefranca na Italy; E. Blom, E. Dent na England; P. Lang, G. Rees na USA, na ndị ọzọ. Ọkà mmụta egwu. ụlọ akwụkwọ etolitela na Czechoslovakia, Poland na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Europe. Onye malitere Czech M. nke oge a bụ O. Gostinskiy, ndị nọchiri ya bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama dị ka V. Gelfert, Z. Needly. Onye isi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Polish musicologists bụ A. Khybinsky na Z. Jachymetsky. Ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a tọrọ ntọala maka usoro ọmụmụ ihe omimi nke omenala egwu mba. Akụkọ ifo anakọtara nwere oke na mba ndị a. Job. Onye na-ahụ maka ethnographer nke Poland bụ OG Kolberg mepụtara nnukwu ọrụ na-akọwa akwa akwa. omenala, egwu, egwu egwu (“Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposüb zycia, mowa, podania, przyslowia, obrzedy, gusla, zabawy, piesni, muzyka i tance”, t. 1-33, 1865-90). O nwekwara mkpokọta mpịakọta 23 nke Polish. egwu. Ihe dị mkpa maka egwu. Folkloristics nke South Slavs. ndị mmadụ nwere ọrụ FK Kukhach. A. Pann na T. Brediceanu tọrọ ntọala maka usoro. ịnakọta na nyocha rum. egwu akụkọ ifo. Na mmalite. A na-etinye mkpokọta sayensị na narị afọ nke 20. ihe omume nke B. Bartok, to-ry chọpụtara na mbụ amabeghị n'ígwé nke Hung. na rum. nar. egwu, nyere aka dị ukwuu na mmepe nke methodological. ntọala nke akụkọ ifo egwu.

Ọ ghọrọ ebe nile na narị afọ nke 20. na-arụ ọrụ na mbipụta nke ncheta nke music. omenala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mbipụta akwụkwọ (mbipụta facsimile nke ihe odide ochie, deciphering nke ndekọ na-abụghị nke uche na mensural notation, edezi na nhazi, mere na-eburu n'uche na-emezu nke oge a chọrọ) ọ bụghị nanị na-eme ka o kwe omume ikpuchi ọtụtụ ihe n'ụzọ ọhụrụ. na oke zuru oke na ntụkwasị obi. oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe egwu, ma nyekwara aka na mweghachi nke ọtụtụ ọrụ echefuru echefu na egwu egwu na opera repertoire. Mgbasawanye ebe niile nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a onye na-ege ntị na-ejikọta ya na mmezu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. M. na ọrụ mbipụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'ọhịa egwu.

Nnukwu ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ gbasara akụkọ egwu na narị afọ nke 20, dịka iwu, bụ ndị otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dere. Nke a bụ n'ihi nnukwu uto nke ihe onwunwe, nke otu onye nyocha na-enweghị ike ikpuchi, na ọkachamara na-eto eto. Mgbe Riemann bipụtachara nke Handbuch der Musikgeschichte ya (Bd 1, Tl 1-2, Bd 2, Tl 1-3, 1904-13) na mbipụta nke History of Music (Histoire de la musique”, v. 1- 3, 1913-19) J. Combarier na Zarub. ọkà mmụta egwu. ọnweghị nnukwu ọrụ izizi na akụkọ izugbe nke egwu nke otu onye edemede dere. Site n'ụzọ kachasị. ọrụ mkpokọta na mpaghara a bụ "The Oxford History of Music" ("The Oxford History of Music", v. 1-6, 1 ed. 1901-1905), "Nduzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu" (1924) ed. G. Adler, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru aha izugbe. "Ntuziaka na nkà mmụta egwu" ("Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft"), bipụtara ed. E. Buecken na 1927-34, "The Norton History of Music" ("The Norton History of Music"), nke e bipụtara na USA kemgbe 1940. Na-arụ ọrụ na egwu nke narị afọ nke 20. X. Mersman, G. Werner, P. Koller, X. Stuckenschmidt, W. Austin na ndị ọzọ gbara mbọ ịghọta usoro egwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. mmepe n'oge nke na-akpakọrịta kpọmkwem na ọgbara ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na-ata ahụhụ site na enweghị ezi akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmasị na-adọrọ adọrọ na nhọrọ na mkpuchi nke ihe onwunwe. Na-agbachitere ọnọdụ K.-l. Otu ntụziaka okike, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ha mgbe ụfọdụ na-ewepụ ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa na njirimara nke oge a n'ọhịa nke ọhụụ ha. egwu. Mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ọnụ ọgụgụ zarub. e nyere ndị na-eme nchọpụta site n'echiche nke T. Adorno, bụ ndị n'akwụkwọ Philosophy of New Music (Philosophie der neuen Musik, 1949) na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-akpọsa ụzọ nke ọhụrụ Viennese ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka nanị ezi ụzọ maka mmepe nke muses. ikpe na narị afọ nke 20.

Ọtụtụ ozi na ihe ndị a chịkọbara n'akụkụ niile nke Moscow mere ka o kwe omume ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dị egwu dị otú ahụ. nchịkọta, dị ka “Encyclopedia of Music of the Paris Conservatory” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du conservatoire”, pt. 1, v. 1-5, p.2, v. 1-6, 1913-31) ed. A. Lavignac na L. de La Laurencie na "Egwu n'oge gara aga na ugbu a" ("Musik na Geschichte und Gegenwart", Bd 1-14, 1949-68, ihe mgbakwunye ka ebipụtara kemgbe 1970), ed. P. Blume.

Yana enweghị mgbagha rụzuru na mmepe nke pụrụ iche. nsogbu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu, mgbasawanye nke ọmụmụ ihe. isi, nchọpụta nke ọhụrụ, na mbụ na-amaghị ihe na oge a. zarub. akụkọ. M. na nkọ pụrụ iche e gosiri nwekwara nek-ry agọnahụ. ọchịchọ: adịghị ike nke izugbe, enweghị nnukwu echiche omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta nkịtị na isi mmalite. Ihe ize ndụ nke imeziwanye ihe, kpuru ìsì na nke na-enweghị nku na-egosikwa na ndị nnọchianya nke Western Western na-ahụ anya nke ọma. M. Ọbụna na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. V. Gurlitt kwuru na mmụba nke akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na ihe ọmụmụ isi mmalite na-eto eto. nzukọ apụghị ikpuchi “ ịda ogbenye nke ike iche echiche ihe okike.” Na 10th Congress nke Intern. Society of Musicology (1967) F. Blume welitere ajụjụ nke oke ọkachamara na "neopositivism" dị ka ihe mgbaàmà na-eyi egwu nke oge a. akụkọ ihe mere eme M., gbasara "ichewapụ na-aga n'ihu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu site na akụkọ n'ozuzu." Na mmepe nke usoro nsogbu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu mgbe G. Adler, G. Krechmar, A. Schering, ọ dịghị ịrịba ọhụrụ pụta e nwetara. Nkewa dị ka stylistic oge anabatara na nnukwu arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke music bh bụ a kpere mpụga iwu atụmatụ, nke na-adịghị egosipụta dum di iche iche na mgbagwoju anya nke egwu akụkọ ihe mere eme. usoro. Nchịkọta nke eziokwu na-abụkarị njedebe n'onwe ya, ọ bụghịkwa n'okpuru ọrụ nke sayensị ka ukwuu. ịtụ.

General ntụziaka nke mmepe usoro iwu. M. na narị afọ nke 20. ji àgwà imeri Riemannian dogmatism na ịbịaru nso okike okike. oge a omume. Kere ọtụtụ ọrụ na nkwekọ, nke isi. A na-akọwa ụkpụrụ nke tiori ọrụ n'ụzọ sara mbara na n'efu, iji gosi ụzọ nke harmonics. Akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ na-esetịpụ ihe atụ sitere na egwu egwu. 19 - arịọ arịrịọ. Narị afọ nke 20 Otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke ụdị a bụ "Treatise on Harmony" ("Traité d'harmonie", t. 1-3, 1928-30) nke C. Keklen dere.

Ọhụrụ dị ịrịba ama na mmepe nke theoretical echiche banyere egwu bụ ọrụ E. Kurt, n'etiti nke Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint (Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, 1917) na Romantic Harmony na Ya Crisis na Wagner's Tristan (Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in). Wagner "Tristan", 1920). Kurt na-esi na nghọta nke egwu pụta dị ka ngosipụta nke ụdị "psychic" pụrụ iche. ume", na-emesi ike ike ya, akụkụ usoro. Ọ bụ Kurt bụ onye kacha nwee mmetụta. a igbu na dogmatism na metaphysical classicism. egwu tiori. N'otu oge ahụ nke onwe-idealistic. ọdịdị nke echiche Kurt na-eduga ya n'echiche nkịtị na nke bụ isi nke mmegharị egwu na egwu dị ka ihe nwere onwe ya na nke na-adabereghị na ọdịnaya ihe atụ nke mmetụta uche.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eduzi ndị na-ede egwú nke narị afọ nke 20 bụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ nkà mmụta sayensị, nke na-abụghị nanị ịkọwapụta ma gosipụta ihe okike. na ụkpụrụ ịchọ mma, mana akọwapụtara nke ọma. ajụjụ egwu. teknụzụ. Na "The Doctrine of Harmony" ("Harmonielehre", 1911) nke A. Schoenberg, a na-etinye anya ọhụrụ na ihe echiche nke consonance na dissonance pụtara, uru nke ụkpụrụ nke anọ nke ịmepụta ụdọ n'elu ụkpụrụ nke atọ bụ. gosipụtara, ọ bụ ezie na onye edemede ka na-ahapụghị ala nke nkwekọ tonal ebe a. Ọhụrụ, gbasaa nghọta nke ụda olu ka P. Hindemith kọwara na "Ntuziaka na Nhazi" ("Unterweisung in Tonsatz", 1st, theoretical, part, 1937). Usoro nkuzi sitere n'aka A. Webern, nke ebipụtara n'oge ndụ ya gasịrị n'okpuru aha. "Ụzọ egwu ọhụrụ" ("Wege zur neuen Musik", 1960), nwere usoro iwu na ihe ịchọ mma. nkwado nke ụkpụrụ nke dodecaphony na serialism. Nkwupụta nke teknụzụ. A na-etinye ntọala nke dodecaphony n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na decomp. asụsụ (ọrụ R. Leibovitz, H. Jelinek, H. Eimert na ndị ọzọ).

N'ime afọ 50-70. na Western Europe na Amer. M. usoro nke a na-akpọ. nyocha ihe owuwu. Echiche nke nhazi ụda, nke nwere ike ịpụta ịdị n'otu nke ihe ọ bụla kwụsiri ike, na-anọchi anya muses na usoro a. nyocha nke isi oge gboo edemede. ozizi nke ụdị. N'ihi ya, dị iche. A na-ekpebi "akụkụ" nke oghere ụda na oge (ịdị elu, ogologo oge, ike, agba nke ụda). "structural parameters". Ụdị nyocha a na-ebelata echiche nke ụdị muses. prod. n'usoro nke naanị ọnụọgụ, njikọ ọnụọgụgụ. Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha nhazi bụ nke Ch. arr. egwu theorists. avant-garde dabere na serial na ụfọdụ ụdị post-serial music. Mgbalị itinye usoro a na ngwaahịa ndị dabere na ụkpụrụ nke echiche ụda adịghị enye nsonaazụ dị mma. nsonaazụ. Nyocha ihe owuwu nwere ike inye aka dokwuo anya ụfọdụ iwu na-ewuli elu na egwu egwu, mana ọ na-ewepụ kpamkpam site na nkọwa nkọwa nke akụkụ nke nkà. ụdị na kpọmkwem akụkọ ihe mere eme na stylistic. njikọ.

Na narị afọ nke 20, ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu egwu malitere ịmalite na mba Lat. America, Asia na Africa. Ihe ha lekwasịrị anya bụ ihe gbasara mba. omenala egwu . LE Correa di Azevedo bụ onye odee nke nnukwu ọrụ na br. nar. na prof. egwu, na 1943 o kere Center for Folklore Research na Nat. ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu. Otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya kachasị ama nke Argent. M. – K. Vega, bụ onye bipụtara nchịkọta bunks kacha baa uru. abụ ọma dabere na nke ya. ihe ndekọ. Na Japan, malite na con. Narị afọ nke 19 ọtụtụ nchịkọta ndị sayensị kwuru nke ọma nke Nar. na kpochapụwo. egwu, kere nnukwu nyocha. lita dị iche iche. nsogbu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na tiori nke Japan. egwu. pụtara. ihe ịga nke ọma enwetala ind. M. n'ihe omumu nat. omenala egwu . N'ime ndị nnọchi anya ya a ma ama bụ N. Menon. N'ime afọ 50-60. ọrụ nke njegharị ahụ abawanyela. ndị ọkà mmụta egwu; nnukwu mkpa maka ọmụmụ nke Nar. njegharị. egwu na akụkọ ya. ọrụ AA Saigun na ndị ọzọ nwere n'oge gara aga. Kọmiti egwu. Nnyocha na Council of Arts, Literature and Social Sciences. Ndị isi egwu bịara n'ihu. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na mba ụfọdụ nke Negro Africa: K. Nketiya (Ghana), A. Yuba (Nigeria).

Na Russia, M. malitere inwe ọdịdị na con. Narị afọ nke 17 adịlarị na narị afọ nke 15. ntuziaka maka ọmụmụ nke ide nko, nke a na-akpọ. ABCs (lee Musical ABC), nwere a kpere etinyere uru na-adịghị nwere ozi na tiori nke music kwesịrị ekwesị. Naanị n'ime ọrụ ndị na-akwado akụkụ ndị na-abụ abụ IT Korenev (Musikia, 60s nke narị afọ nke 17) na NP Diletsky (Musikia Grammar, 70s nke narị afọ nke 17) bụ mgbalị e mere iji mepụta ozizi na-ekwekọ n'echiche na nke zuru oke nke egwu. Na narị afọ nke 18 Russian echiche nke egwú nwere onwe ya n'okpukpe. ịdabere na metụ aka n'ụdị okwu dị iche iche metụtara nhazi na mmepe nke ụwa ụwa. omenala egwu. Mana M. enwebeghị onwe ya na narị afọ a. ngalaba nke sayensị nka-ve. Nọmba nwere. nkwupụta banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti egwu na uri, banyere ọdịdị nke muses. ụdị dị na mmepụta. ndị malitere Russian ọkụ. classicism MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov. Lomonosov nwere ihe osise pụrụ iche "Akwụkwọ ozi gbasara ihe egwu na-emepụta n'ime obi mmadụ." Na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị IA Krylov bipụtara na akwụkwọ ya. ndị mmekọ na con. Na narị afọ nke 18, a na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nke classicist aesthetics, echiche nke ohere nke ịmepụta Rus. nka. operas dabere na okike okike. Nkwughachi nke oge ochie bụ “Okwu okwu na uri Lyric ma ọ bụ Ode” GR Derzhavin (1811-15), nke nkọwapụta. A na-etinye ngalaba na opera, ụdị egwu, cantata. All a ma ama nnọchiteanya nke Russian. lit-ry 18 narị afọ. - site na VK Trediakovsky ruo AN Radishchev - gosipụtara mmasị miri emi na Nar. egwu. N'ụbọchị ikpeazụ. Na narị afọ nke 18 nke mbụ e biri ebi mkpokọta nke Russian. nar. egwu nwere ndetu egwu egwu nke VF Trutovsky, NA Lvov na I. Prach. Edemede NA Lvov “Na Russian Folk Singing”, nke e bipụtara dị ka okwu mmalite na 2nd nke mkpokọta ndị a, akara mmalite nke Russian. egwu akụkọ ifo. Site na narị afọ nke 18 na-emetụtakwa ọmụmụ obodo nna. egwu akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ebe bara uru nke ozi gbasara Russian. egwu ndụ mmalite. na ser. Narị afọ nke 18 bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ zuru ezu na akọ na uche nke J. Shtelin "Akụkọ banyere Music na Russia" (1770). Na 1778 e bipụtara ya na French. lang. Akwụkwọ AM Beloselsky "On Music in Italy", nke kpatara ọtụtụ nzaghachi na mba ọzọ. Na Academy of Sciences and Arts, e mepụtara ajụjụ ụfọdụ nke tiori nke egwu na physics na acoustics. na akụkụ mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọrụ European L. Euler “Ahụmahụ nke Ozizi Egwu Ọhụrụ nke Tọrọ na ndabere nke Iwu Na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe” (nke e bipụtara na 1739) nwetara nkwado. J. Sarti tụpụtara ndụdụ ọhụrụ n'iji ya gee ntị, nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Academy of Sciences and Arts kwadoro na 1796 na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpam kpam na nke a nabatara na 1885 dị ka mba ụwa. ọkọlọtọ.

Na narị afọ nke 19 mmepe nke egwu na sayensị. echiche in nwere njikọ chiri anya na mgba maka ụzọ dị elu nke obodo nna. ikpe egwu egwu, nchebe na izi ezi nke okike ya. na aesthetic echiche. N'ihe gbasara oge a, ọ na-esiri ike ịdepụta ahịrị doro anya n'etiti M. na muses. nkatọ. Kacha mkpa isi nsogbu nke theoretical. na aesthetic atụmatụ etinye ma kpebie na ngalaba nke oru nta akuko, mgbe mgbe na nkọ esemokwu nke echiche na polemics. contractions. N'ihe metụtara ọdịdị operas nke MI Glinka na 30s na 40s. na isiokwu nke VF Odoevsky, NA Melgunov, na ndị ọzọ na-akatọ, na nke mbụ, ajụjụ banyere mba nke music, banyere àgwà dị iche iche, na-amalite na-atụle ọtụtụ ebe. atụmatụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu Russia na njikọ ya na ndị ọzọ nat. ụlọ akwụkwọ (Itali, German, French). Sayensị siri ike. Edemede VP Botkin "Egwu Ịtali na German", "Na Mmasị Mma nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Piano Ọhụrụ" (raara onwe ya nye F. Chopin) dị oke mkpa. A na-emepụta ngalaba. nnukwu monographs. ọrụ nyocha. dị ka: "A New Biography of Mozart" (1843) nke AD Ulybyshev, "Beethoven na Ya Ụdị Atọ" (1852) nke V. Lenz. Ọrụ abụọ a enwetala amara na mba ofesi.

A ọhụrụ ogbo na mmepe nke Russian. M. kpebiri ọrụ nke AN Serov, VV Stasov, GA Larosh, nke pụtara na 50s na 60s. Na narị afọ nke 19 Serov mbụ webatara okwu musicology. Na isiokwu mmemme "Music, Musical Science, Musical Pedagogics" (1864), ọ na-akatọ nke ukwuu dogmatism nke mba ọzọ. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ iguzobe iwu egwu egwu na-adịghị emebi emebi, "na-adịgide adịgide", ma na-arụ ụka na ndabere nke nkà mmụta egwu dị ka sayensị kwesịrị ịbụ ọmụmụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. usoro mmepe nke egwu. asụsụ na ụdị egwu. okike. Laroche kwadoro otu echiche ahụ na isiokwu "The Historical Method of Teaching Music Theory" (1872-73), ọ bụ ezie na aesthetic conservatism. Ọnọdụ onye edemede dugara ya na nkọwa nke otu akụkụ nke echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ihe mgbochi maka "echiche na-ezighị ezi" nke oge a. Ihe Serov na Laroche nwekọrọ bụ na ha gbalịsiri ike ịtụle ihe ngosi nka. ihe dị iche iche n'okirikiri akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-eji ụdị dị iche iche ma na mpaghara egwu na mpaghara nka metụtara ya. okike. Ndị nkatọ abụọ ahụ lebara anya pụrụ iche na ajụjụ banyere mmalite na mmepe nke Rus. ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu ("Mermaid" Opera nke AS Dargomyzhsky nke Serov, "Glinka na mkpa ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu" nke Laroche, wdg). Na nyocha sketị "Ahụmahụ nke nkatọ nka nke egwu nke MI Glinka", "Thematism of the overture" Leonore "," Beethoven's Ninth Symphony "Serov chọrọ ịchọpụta ihe atụ nke egwu na ndabere nke isiokwu. nyocha. Stasov, onye pụtara na ndị nta akụkọ dị ka onye na-agbasa echiche nke ọhụrụ Rus. art-va, onye na-alụ ọgụ maka echiche dị elu nke eziokwu na mba, n'otu oge ahụ tọrọ ntọala maka usoro nhazi. na-anakọta na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara Russian. Ndị na-ede ihe, bụ onye dere nkọwa akụkọ ndụ mbụ nke MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin.

Na okike nke isi mmalite. bases maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian. egwu, ọkachasị nke mmalite, tupu oge Glinka, ọrụ HP Findeisen rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ amabeghị na mbụ na Russian. egwu - site na Middle Ages ruo na narị afọ nke 19. – E bipụtara ya n’akwụkwọ akụkọ Musical Russia, osn. Findeisen na 1894, yana na mkpokọta "Musical Antiquity", nke e bipụtara n'okpuru nchịkọta akụkọ ya. n’afọ 1903-11. Findeisen nwere akwụkwọ edemede mbụ nke Glinka, Dargomyzhsky na ndị ọzọ Rus. ndị na-agụ egwú. Ọtụtụ ihe bara uru na ọmụmụ ihe na Russian. E bipụtara egwu na magazin ahụ. "Musical Contemporary", bipụtara n'okpuru nchịkọta akụkọ nke. AN Rimsky-Korsakov na 1915-17; ọkachamara. A raara mbipụta nke magazin a nye Mussorgsky, Scriabin, Taneyev. Site na ọrụ izugbe nke tupu mgbanwe mgbanwe. afọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke music, ndị kasị ibu na olu bụ " History of the Musical Development of Russia" (vols. 1-2, 1910-12) MM Ivanov, ma mmeghachi omume. ajọ mbunobi nke ikpe onye edemede pụtara. ogo na-eweda eziokwu bara uru dị na ọrụ a. ihe. Ọrụ nke AS Famintsyn "Buffoons na Russia" (1889), "Gusli. Ngwá egwu ndị Russia" (1890), "Domra na ihe ndị yiri ya nke ndị Russia" (1891), NI Privalova "Beep, ngwá egwú Russian oge ochie" (1904), "Egwu ikuku nke ndị Russia" (1908). , wdg .Na-enye ihe bara uru maka ikpughe egwu egwu ụwa na Dr. Russia. Akọpụtara ozi ọhụrụ na edemede nke SK Bulich na Russian. wok. egwu 18 na mmalite. Narị afọ 19 N'etiti monographic ọrụ banyere oge gboo nke Russian. A na-amata egwu site na njuju nke ozi na ụbara akwụkwọ akụkọ "The Life of PI Tchaikovsky" (vols. 1-3, 1900-02), nke nwanne onye na-ede egwú MI Tchaikovsky dere. Na 1900 na-aghọ isiokwu nke sayensị. ọmụmụ nke ọrụ nke composers nke tọrọ ọgbọ: AK Lyadov, SI Taneeva, AK Glazunov, AN Skryabin, SV Rakhmaninov, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oké egwu biographical ọrụ na-arara Crimea. na nyocha ọrụ nke VG Karatygin, GP Prokofiev, AV Ossovsky, Yu. D. Engel, onye malitere ọrụ ya dị ka BV Asafiev.

Ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche tupu mgbanwe mgbanwe. akụkọ ihe mere eme M. na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọzọ Russian. egwu ụka. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-akpali echiche na conjectures banyere nke a n'akụkụ nke nna. E gosipụtara ihe nketa egwu site na E. Bolkhovitinov na mmalite. Narị afọ nke 19 na 40s. e nwere akwụkwọ ND Gorchakov, VM Undolsky, IV Sakharov, nwere ihe odide sitere na usoro iwu. akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gbasara ndị na-abụ abụ. na-ekwu - Russia. VF Odoevsky na 60s. bipụtara ọtụtụ. nyocha. sket dị ka Russian ndị ọzọ. egwu, nke ụka. atụnyere ịbụ abụ na Nar. egwu. N'otu oge ahụ, a generalizing ọrụ DV Razumovsky "Church abụ na Russia" e kere (okwu 1-3, 1867-69). Na n'ihu mmepe nke ajụjụ Rus. Ụka SV Smolensky, II Voznesensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky nyere aka bara uru n'ịbụ abụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a, chọọchị. A na-ewere ịbụ abụ dị iche iche, na-ekewapụ site na ụzọ mmepe nke Russian. nka. omenala, nke mgbe ụfọdụ na-eduga n'otu akụkụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme ezughị ezu nkwubi okwu.

A na-elebara anya nke ukwuu na ndị isi nke ndị Russia. egwu nke narị afọ nke 19 ọmụmụ nke egwu ndị mmadụ. Echiche bara uru na nka. Ọdịdị Russian. nar. songs, e ji mara atụmatụ nke ya melodic. ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, mkpa ya maka mmepụta ihe okike bụ nke ndị nna ukwu pụtara ìhè nke obodo nna. egwu oge ochie. VF Odoevsky kwuru na n'ọrụ ya na Nar. Glinka tụrụ aro ọtụtụ ihe na abụ ahụ. Na isiokwu nke Stasov, Laroche na ndị ọzọ a ma ama nnọchiteanya nke Russian. egwu egwu echiche zute nwere . njem nlegharị anya na mpaghara okike. Achịkọbara na ser. Narị afọ nke 19 ịdekọ egwu ihe na ndụ ndụ nke ịdị adị ya chọrọ sayensị. generalizations na systematizations. Serov's isiokwu "Russian folk song dị ka isiokwu nke sayensị" (1869-71) bụ ahụmahụ nke nkatọ. nghota na nleba anya nke ihe a niile nwere nkọwa. ọnọdụ usoro iwu. Onye edemede na-agbalị ịkọwapụta isi okirikiri nke ọrụ na ụzọ mmepe nke muses. akụkọ ifo dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị pụrụ iche. ọzụzụ. Agbanyeghị, n'igosipụta ọtụtụ nleba anya nyocha ziri ezi yana nleba anya nke usoro usoro izugbe. iji, Serov rapara na-ezighị ezi echiche juru ebe nile n'oge ahụ na ndabere nke Russian. abụ ndị mmadụ bụ Grik ọzọ. usoro obi mgbawa. Echiche a, nke malitere na narị afọ nke 18. n'okpuru mmetụta nke echiche nke classicism, natara ya oké okwu na ọrụ Yu. K. Arnold ("Theory of Old Russian Church and Folk Singing", 1880, wdg). Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa nke obodo nna. na egwu. folkloristics na ọkara nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 2 bụ mmalite nke Russian nar. polyphony (Yu. N. Melgunov, HE Palchikov). HM Lopatin na mmalite nke mkpokọta, nke ya na VP Prokunin (19) bipụtara, na-ekpughe ọdịdị dị iche iche nke Nar. egwu egwu . N'ime afọ 1889. Nhazi amalite. Epic ọmụmụ. omenala egwu. Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 60 na nke 19. EE Lineva buru ụzọ malite iji Nar maka ndekọ. phonograph abụ. Nke a mere ka o kwe omume ịmepụta na idozi ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ụda ndụ ha, nke siri ike ịnụ na ntị. Egwu-ethnographic. ọrụ na Moscow. un-te, nke e kere na 20, ghọrọ isi. center maka ọmụmụ na mgbasa ozi nke Nar. abụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 1902; tinyere ndị na-eme nchọpụta akụkọ ifo (AA Maslov, NA Yanchuk na ndị ọzọ), ndị na-ede egwú bụ isi (Rimsky-Korsakov, Taneyev, Lyadov, Grechaninov) na-ekere òkè n'ọrụ ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na elekwasị anya nke ọtụtụ Russian. ndị ọkà mmụta egwu 19 na mmalite. Narị afọ nke 20 e nwere ajụjụ gbasara obodo nna. omenala egwu, Otú ọ dị, ha chọrọ ikpebi àgwà ha na ihe ndị kasị mkpa phenomena nke zarub. egwu nke ugbua. Ọtụtụ nkọ na nghọta. okwu banyere ọrụ Western Europe. ndị na-ede egwú, àgwà otd. prod. hụrụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Serov, Laroche, Tchaikovsky, na ndị nkatọ na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ gbasara egwu. Na ibe nke periodicals. bipụta edemede ebipụtara nke ọdịdị ama ama, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ. ihe, nsụgharị nke ọrụ mba ọzọ. ndị edemede. Site n'etiti ọrụ mbụ bụ ndị nweere onwe ha. akwụkwọ nkà mmụta sayensị nke HP Khristianovich "Akwụkwọ ozi banyere Chopin, Schubert na Schumann" (1876), RV Genika "Shuman na ọrụ piano ya" (1907), VV Paskhalov "Chopin na Polish Folk Music" (1916-17) dị oke mkpa. ). Otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke Russian music AF Khristianovich pụtara na Oriental ọmụmụ, nke na-arụ ọrụ na bonk bụ. egwu nke Algeria, nke e bipụtara na mba ofesi (“Esquisse historique de la musique arabe aux temps anciens…”, 1863). Nyocha izugbe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu nke PD Perepelitsyn, AS Razmadze, na LA Sakketi bụ nke mkpokọta. Na 1908, e hiwere Musical Theoretical Library Society na Moscow, bụ nke setịpụrụ otu n'ime ọrụ ya ịzụlite ajụjụ nke egwu oge ochie. ihe nketa na okike nke sayensi. nchịkọta akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na tiori nke egwu. MV Ivanov-Boretsky na VA Bulychev nyere aka dị ukwuu na mmejuputa ọrụ a.

Peru bụ ndị na-ede egwú Russia kasị ukwuu bụ ndị ọrụ site na diff. egwu-usoro iwu. ọzụzụ: Glinka's "Notes on Instrumentation" nke e dekọrọ n'okpuru ntụziaka ya nke Serov (ed. 1856), Tchaikovsky's na Rimsky-Korsakov's harmony textbooks (1872 na 1885), Rimsky-Korsakov's "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (ed. see na 1913 Stevin1909berg) ). Ọ bụ mkpa nke omume nkuzi kpatara ọrụ ndị a, mana ha chepụtara ụfọdụ ihe ndị bụ isi nke usoro mmụta. na usoro ịchọ mma. Mathematical SI Taneyev's monumental work "Mobile counterpoint of strict writing" (ed. 1929) bụ ihe dị iche site na nkwekọ na izu oke nke echiche. Ihe mgbakwunye na ya bụ nke e bipụtara posthumously (1) "Nkuzi banyere Canon". Taneyev kwupụtakwara echiche miri emi na okwu banyere ajụjụ nke ụdị, modulation, wdg Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị obi ike na mbụ rụzuru nke Rus. music theoretical tupu mgbanwe echiche afọ bụ tiori nke modal rhythm nke BL Yavorsky, DOS. Ndokwa nke mbụ o debere ya na ọrụ "The Structure of Musical Speech" (akụkụ 3-1908, XNUMX).

Na con. 19 - arịọ arịrịọ. Na narị afọ nke 20, ọtụtụ ndị bi na Russia na-azụlite ọrụ ịmụ akwụkwọ ha. omenala egwu, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-adọrọ mmasị na nke mbụ na-abịa n'ihu. Onye nchoputa nke Ukraine M. bụ NV Lysenko, onye kere ọrụ bara uru na Nar. ngwa egwu nke Ukraine, gbasara ndị na-asụ Ukrainian. nar. okike - kobzars na ọrụ ha. N'afọ 1888, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi. Ọrụ PP Sokalsky "Russian Folk Music Great Russian na Little Russian", nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site na ụfọdụ schematism, a na-enye foto nke mmepe nke ụdịdị na nkà egwú nke East. ebube. ndị mmadụ. Na 1900, ọrụ mbụ nke otu n'ime ndị nchọpụta ama ama pụtara. egwu akụkọ ifo FM Kolessa. Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20. Komitas tọrọ ntọala nke ogwe aka. akụkọ ifo sayensị. DI Arakishvili, yana nnukwu nchịkọta akụkọ ifo. E bipụtara ọrụ na 1900s. isi nnyocha banyere ibu . nar. egwu na ịdị adị ya. VD Korganov, onye meriri akụkọ ndụ ama ama. na-arụ ọrụ na Mozart, Beethoven, Verdi, metụkwara aka n'ọrụ ya dec. ajụjụ egwu. omenala nke Caucasus. A. Yuryan na E. Melngailis bụ ndị nnakọta mbụ na ndị nyocha nke Letts. nar. egwu.

Musicology na USSR. Akwa Oct. socialist. mgbanwe ahụ kere ọnọdụ maka mmepe sara mbara nke sayensị. ihe omume na ubi nke music n'etiti ndị niile nke USSR. Maka oge mbụ na mba Soviet M. natara nkwado dị ka onye nweere onwe ya. ịdọ aka ná ntị. E kere ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na-emepụta nsogbu nke Dec. ụdị nka, gụnyere egwu. Na 1921 na Petrograd na ndabere nke sayensị. Ọbá akwụkwọ na nkà nke VP Zubov, nke dị kemgbe 1912, Ụlọ Ọrụ Russia nke History of Art tọrọ ntọala na ngalaba nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu (mgbe usoro nhazigharị, ọ ghọrọ ngalaba nyocha sayensị nke Leningrad Institute of Leningrad). Ụlọ ihe nkiri, Egwu na Cinematography) . N'otu afọ ahụ, e kere Ngalaba Ọchịchị na Moscow. Institute of Music Science (HYMN) na Steeti. ulo akwukwo nka. Sayensị (GAKhN). Nnukwu onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere ụdị mgbagwoju anya - Ying t nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka, H.-i. n'ime gị nwere pụrụ iche Enwere ngalaba egwu na ọtụtụ mba ndị otu. M. dị ka ọpụrụiche gụnyere na usoro egwu dị elu. agụmakwụkwọ, na conservatories, na ndị ọzọ muses. mahadum e nwere ngalaba nke tiori na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke music, to-rye bụ nnyocha. na-arụ ọrụ dabere na mpaghara.

Mgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ Soviet, nke na-etolite na usoro Marxist-Leninist, na-ekere òkè na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'iwu nke òtù ọha mmadụ. omenala egwu, na-enyere aka dozie nsogbu ndị bara uru ngwa ngwa. ọrụ etinyere site na ndụ, na-ekere òkè na ọrụ na aesthetic. agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta egwú ikwiikwii na-azụlite nsogbu ndị dị mkpa kachasị mkpa nke tiori na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu, na-edozi ha n'ụzọ ọhụrụ na ìhè nke isi. ndokwa nke dialectic. na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na ọrụ nke 20s na 30s. emehie ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze rụrụ arụ. n'usoro, sitere na ntughari n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ na schematic nke njikọ nke a na-ekwu-va na socio-economic. ndabere. Imeri mmejọ ndị a na-ewusi ọnọdụ usoro nke ikwiikwii ike. M. nyere aka na ọrụ AV Lunacharsky dị ka onye na-egwu egwu. odee. N'ịkatọ "orthodoxy na-akaghị aka" nke ndị na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ nke Marxism, o nyere na egwu egwu ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. sketị na ihe ngosi bụ ihe atụ nke ntinye aghụghọ n'ime mkpa ọha mmadụ nke Dec. egwu phenomena. Mmemme sara mbara ma dị iche iche maka mmepe nke ikwiikwii. BV Asafiev tinyere M. na akụkọ "Ọgbara egwu Russia nke oge a na ọrụ ya" (1925). N'ikwu okwu banyere mkpa ikpokọta a sara mbara methodological nsogbu na omimi ihe nnyocha, Asafiev karịsịa mesiri ike na sayensị nke music kwesịrị ịdị nro na-achọ nke ndụ na-aghọ a fructifying na-eduzi nke muses. omume. Ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere nnukwu echiche, o mere ka ọ baa ọgaranya site n'ọrụ ya decomp. mpaghara akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro iwu M., na-aga otu n'ime ikwiikwii kasị ukwuu. ọkà mmụta egwu. ụlọ akwụkwọ. O nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ bara uru na Russian. na zarọb. ihe nketa na egwu oge gboo nke narị afọ nke 20, nke a na-ahụ anya site na ịdị ọhụrụ nke nleba anya na aghụghọ nke ịchọ mma. nyocha. Asafiev bụ onye mbụ na-ekpughe n'ụzọ zuru ezu mkpa ọrụ nke Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Stravinsky na ndị ọzọ dere. N'imeri àgwà ndị e ji mara ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata. mmejọ, ọ bịara kee nke ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya. tiori nke intonation, nke na-enyere aka ikpughe otu usoro maka igosipụta eziokwu na egwu. Ozizi a bụ otu n'ime mmezu kacha pụta ìhè nke ozizi egwu Marxist. na aesthetic echiche.

N'ime afọ 20. a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke theoretical echiche na-azọrọ na ọ bụ eluigwe na ala (theory nke metrotectonism site GE Konyus, theory of multi-base modes and consonances site NA Garbuzov), n'agbanyeghị na ha kọwara nanị ụfọdụ akụkụ nke formative na harmonic. ụkpụrụ na egwu . Mkparịta ụka banyere echiche ndị a enyela aka na uto nke ikwiikwii. theoretical M. Mkparịta ụka banyere tiori nke modal rhythm (1930) nwetara nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ukwuu. Ọ katọrọ akụkụ nke echiche a na-emegiderịta onwe ya, nke na-ahụ maka ọdịmma onwe ya ma wepụta ihe ndị na-amịpụta mkpụrụ ya, nke nwere ike ime ka ikwiikwii baa ọgaranya. sayensị nke egwu. Otu n'ime ọrụ kacha mkpa nke ikwiikwii. theoretical M. bụ mmepe nke ụzọ nyocha ọhụrụ, na-enyere aka ikpughe ọdịnaya echiche na ihe atụ nke muses. prod. Ọrụ LA Mazel na VA Zukkerman bụ ihe dị mkpa na mpaghara a. Dabere na ụkpụrụ nke Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, ha mepụtara usoro a na-akpọ. nyocha zuru oke, na-enyocha ụdị muses. prod. dị ka usoro nhazi nke mmadụ niile ga-egosipụta. pụtara na-eje ozi iji mejuputa akọwapụtara. nwere. ebumnobi. Onyinye bara uru maka mmepe nke usoro a bụkwa nke SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov, I. Ya. Ryzhkin, na VP Bobrovsky. N'otu oge na-emepụta site na usoro iwu alaka. M. Ọrụ nke GL Catoire "Theoretical course of nkwekọ" (akụkụ 1-2, 1924-25), dabere na ụkpụrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-enye nkọwa ọhụrụ, nke mbụ nke ụfọdụ akụkụ ya. Dep. A na-emepewanye ndokwa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ a na ọrụ IV Sposobina, SV Evseev na ndị ọzọ. mmepe. Ozizi nke ọrụ mgbanwe nke Yu mepụtara. N. Tyulin na-enye igodo iji ghọta ọtụtụ. ọhụrụ harmonies. phenomena na egwu nke narị afọ nke 20. Ajụjụ nke oge a ọrụ SS Skrebkov, Yu. N. Kholopov na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-etinyekwa aka na nkwekọrịta. Na isi obodo ọrụ LA Mazel "Nsogbu nke oge gboo nkwekọrịta" (1972), ijikọta usoro iwu. akụkụ nke nnyocha na akụkọ ihe mere eme na aesthetic, evolushọn nke harmonics bụ n'ọtụtụ ebe kpuchie. iche echiche kemgbe narị afọ nke 18.

SS Bogatyrev mepụtara ma gbakwụnye akụkụ ụfọdụ nke nkuzi SI Taneyev na ọnụ ụzọ ekwentị.

BV Protopopov kere usoro ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke polyphony. Ajụjụ nke polyphony nwere Dec. akụkụ na-kpuchie na ọrụ nke AN Dmitriev, SV Evseev, SS Skrebkov.

A pụrụ iche ntụziaka na ikwiikwii. M. bụ ọrụ nke NA Garbuzov na nkà mmụta sayensị ya. ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eguzo na njedebe nke tiori nke egwu na acoustics. The tiori nke mpaghara ọdịdị nke ntị mepụtara Garbuzov (lee. Mpaghara) dị mkpa maka idozi ụfọdụ musical-theoretical. nsogbu. Ntuziaka a nwekwara akụkụ ụfọdụ na kọntaktị na mpaghara muses. akparamaagwa, ewepụtara na ikwiikwii. sayensị nke egwu site na ọmụmụ nke EA Maltseva, BM Teplov, EV Nazaykinsky na ndị ọzọ.

Mmepe nke egwu-akụkọ ihe mere eme. sayensị na 20s. bụ mgbagwoju anya na-egbu oge site na Rapmov-proletkult nihilistic. usoro nketa. Ịkatọ echiche ndị a n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na okwu site n'aka ndị isi nke otu na gọọmenti nyere aka ikwiikwii. akụkọ ihe mere eme M. kọwaa nke ọma ọrụ ha na usoro. ụkpụrụ. Mgbe Oct. mgbanwe maka oge mbụ nwetara obosara na nhazi. ọrụ agwa na ọmụmụ nke obodo nna. ihe nketa. Ọrụ Asafiev "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), "Russian Music site na mmalite nke 1930 Century" (18) na monography okirikiri. edemede na nyocha banyere ọrụ nke ndị isi Rus pụtara ìhè. egwu ndị oge ochie kọwapụtara ọkwa ọhụrụ na mpaghara a, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị ihe niile dị n'ime ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha ma ụfọdụ n'ime echiche ndị e gosipụtara mgbe ahụ ka emechara dezie ma degharịa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke onye dere ya. Na ụzọ na n'aka. Asafiev, a na-eme usoro ọmụmụ na Russian. egwu nke narị afọ 1927, gụnyere na Sat. "Egwu na egwu ndụ ochie Russia" (1928). Na 29-1922, HP Findeisen bụ isi ọrụ e bipụtara "Essays on History of Music in Russia from Ancient Times to End of 1th Century". Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nyocha bara uru na akwụkwọ akụkọ-biographical. E bipụtara ihe ndị ahụ na nchịkọta "Orpheus" (3, nke AV Ossovsky deziri), "Egwu Egwu" ( mbipụta 1922-25, nke AN Rimsky-Korsakov deziri, 1-4), " History of Russian Music in Research and Materials" (Mpịakọta 1924-27, nke KA Kuznetsov deziri, XNUMX-XNUMX). Iche akụkụ nke akwụkwọ egwu Russia VV Yakovlev, nke dabeere na nyocha nke ọma nke isi mmalite, na-etinye aka na omenala. N'ihi ederede na-eche echiche na nke na-adịghị mma, ọrụ PA Lamm rụrụ jisiri ike weghachi ihe odide mbụ nke Mussorgsky, na-eme ka ìhè ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke onye edemede a.

Ọmụmụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian. A gara n'ihu na-eduzi egwu egwu n'ime oge sochirinụ. Nkwalite nke sayensị ọhụrụ. ndị agha nyere aka na mgbasawanye nke ihu nyocha, na-ekpuchi decomp. oge na ụdị dị iche iche nke Rus. egwu nke oge gara aga. Emepụtara nnukwu monographs. na-arụ ọrụ na oge ochie nke Russian. egwu (BV Asafiev banyere Glinka, MS Pekelis banyere Dargomyzhsky, NV Tumanina banyere Tchaikovsky, AN Sohora banyere Borodino, GN Khubov banyere Mussorgsky, AA Solovtsov banyere Korsakov, LA Barenboim banyere AG Rubinstein, wdg), mkpokọta (na 2 vols banyere Glazunov. , na 3 vols banyere Balakirev, wdg), akwụkwọ ntụaka dị ka "akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndụ na ọrụ". A gara n'ihu na-achọ ihe ọhụrụ na Russian. egwu nke oge tupu Glinka. Ọrụ nke BV Dobrokhotov, BS Steinpress, AS Rozanov na ndị ọzọ ka ewebatara na sayensị. ojiji nke ọtụtụ ihe ndị a na-amabughị na mbụ nyere aka na nloghachi nke ngwaahịa echefuru echefu. The isi ọrụ nke TN Livanova "Russian music omenala nke narị afọ nke 1" (vols. 2-1952, 53-3), AA Gozenpud "Russian opera ihe nkiri nke 1969 narị afọ" (72 akwụkwọ, 17-1). Ọrụ MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa n'ịmụ egwu ederede. ihe nketa nke oge ochie Russia. Muses. omenala nke narị afọ nke 3 nwetara mkpuchi ọhụrụ na ọrụ TN Livanova, SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov. Akụkọ Ọrụ AD Alekseev na VI Muzalevsky (egwu piano), VA Vasina-Grossman na OE Levasheva (okwu ụda olu ụlọ), AS Rabinovich (opera nke oge Glinka) na-etinye aka na ụdị, AA Gozenpud (usoro nke akwụkwọ). banyere Russian operatic music), IM Yampolsky (violin art), LS Ginzburg (cello art), LN Raaben (chamber instr. mkpokọta), wdg The mmepe nke music-dị oké egwu. na aesthetic echiche na Russia kpuchie na ọrụ nke Yu. A. Kremlev “Ndị Russia na-eche banyere egwú” (vols. 1954-60, 1-1) na TN Livanova “Opera nkatọ na Russia” (vol. 2, mbipụta 2-3; v. 4, mbipụta 1966-73, 1- 1; v. 1, mbipụta 3, jikọtara ya na VV Protopopov). pụtara. enwere mmezu na mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na isi mmalite na Russian. egwu. Ihe odide nke ukwuu Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Russia na ihe atụ egwu egwu (vols. 1-1940, 52st ed., 18-19) na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị a na-amaghị. 1972 na mmalite narị afọ nke 18 kemgbe XNUMX, e bipụtara usoro "Ihe ncheta nke Art Musical Russia", nke ọrụ ya bụ usoro. mmepe na mbipụta nke ihe nketa ihe odide nke Rus. egwu site n'oge ochie ruo ọgwụgwụ. Narị afọ nke XNUMX Nnukwu nyocha. na textological. ọrụ bu ụzọ ebipụta akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. anakọtara ọrụ nke Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky (na egwu akụkụ, ewezuga ndị anakọtara ọrụ nke Mussorgsky, ha niile dechara).

Daalụ maka ọtụtụ ihe ndị achọpụtara ọhụrụ na ndị emepụtara ọhụrụ achịkọbara n'eziokwu. ozi, omimi ọmụmụ na analysis okike phenomena akụkọ ihe mere eme rus. egwu nwetara ìhè ọhụrụ. Akụkọ ifo banyere ógbè ya na azụ azụ, bụ nke malitere n'oge tupu mgbanwe mgbanwe, kagburu. oge. Ndị a rụzuru nke ikwiikwii. akụkọ ihe mere eme M. jere ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka mkpokọta ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian. egwu, ed. MS Pekelis (vol. 1-2, 1940), NV Tumanina (vol. 1-3, 1957-60), AI Kandinsky (vol. 1, 1972), " History of Russian Music" Yu. V. Keldysh (akụkụ 1-3, 1947-54). Ezubere ọrụ ndị edepụtara maka iji na nkuzi nkuzi mahadum. na-eme dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ uch. uru, ma ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere na nyocha. ihe.

N'ime afọ 40. enwere mbọ mbụ iji weta ikwiikwii gafere. egwu bụ ụzọ mmepe na akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru oke. nleba anya, jiri nlezianya nyochaa ma nyochaa mmezu ya na mmejọ ya niile. Na ụfọdụ ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ikwiikwii. mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke nkwenkwe ụgha metụtara egwu egwu. nrụnye, nke butere ụzọ ntule ezighi ezi, gbagọrọ agbagọ. okike phenomena na eleda mkpokọta rụzuru nke ikwiikwii. omenala egwu. N'iburu n'uche mkpebi nke 20th Congress nke CPSU na mkpughe na ọkara nke abụọ. 2s sara mbara creativity. mkparịta ụka, ndị a na-ezighị ezi ikpe e degharịrị, a ọzọ ebumnobi echiche e nwetara na usoro nke guzobe na mmepe nke ikwiikwii. egwu dị ka nka socialist. eziokwu. Na 50-1956, e bipụtara History of Russian Soviet Music (vols. 63-1), nke otu ndị ọrụ nke Institute of the History of Arts kere. Ọ bụ ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ikwiikwii. egwu, nke e ji n'ụba mara, obosara nke mkpuchi ihe na nke ọma nke ngosi. Ụdị ikwiikwii mmepe. egwu Ọrụ VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky (opera), AN Sohor (abụ), na ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na imepụta ihe. Edewo ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke monoographic ọrụ. nnyocha, oké egwu na biographical. na edemede edemede gbasara ọrụ nke ikwiikwii pụtara ìhè. ndị na-agụ egwú. Otu n'ime ha bụ ọrụ nke IV Livanova banyere Myaskovsky, GN Khubov banyere Khachaturian, AN Sohor banyere Sviridov na ndị ọzọ.

N'ọtụtụ mba ndị Union, e hiwere ndị ọkà mmụta egwu, na-emepụta okwu metụtara ọmụmụ nke Dec. nka. omenala. Na 1922, a akụkọ ihe mere eme edemede na mmepe nke Ukraine. egwu nke NA Grinchenko. O nwekwara ọtụtụ monographs. Edemede gbasara ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ochie nke Ukraine. Na 1925, e bipụtara obere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. ibu edemede. egwu nke DI Arakishvili. Nnukwu akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nat. omenala egwu nke USSR, na-ekpuchi decomp. ogbo nke nguzobe na mmepe ha. Nke a bụ ihe si na nchọpụta siri ike pụta. ọrụ pl. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị otu sayensị. Ihe okike. onyinye na-amụ nke music nke ndị dị iche iche nke USSR, ma Soviet na tupu mgbanwe. ewebata oge site na LB Arkhimovich, NM Gordeychuk, VD Dovzhenko, A. Ya. Shreer-Tkachenko (Ukraine), VG Donadze, AG Tsulukidze, GZ Chkhikvadze, G Sh. Ordzhonikidze (Georgia), RA Atayan, G. Sh. Geodakyan, GG Tigranov, AI Shaverdyan (Armenia), EA Abasova, KA Kasimov (Azerbaijan), Ya. Ee. Vitolin (Latvia), Yu. K. Gaudrimas (Lithuania), FM Karomatov, TS Vyzgo (Uzbekistan), AK Zhubanov, BG Erzakovich (Kazakhstan), wdg Site na mgbalị nke ọtụtụ ndị otu ndị edemede, gụnyere musicologists sitere na mba niile nke Union, kere ọrụ bụ isi " The History of Music of the People of the USSR site na 1917 "(5 vols., 1970-74), bụ nke e mere mgbalị iji gosipụta mmepe nke mba ụwa. ikwiikwii . egwu dị ka otu usoro mgbagwoju anya dabere na-aga n'ihu na-etowanye ike na njikọ miri emi n'etiti decomp nka. ndị obodo.

Ikwiikwii. M. nyere aka na mmepe nke ajụjụ ná mba ọzọ. akụkọ egwu. Na mpaghara a arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa na sayensị. na pedagogical omume nke MV Ivanov-Boretsky na KA Kuznetsov, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oké omenala na erudition, bụ ndị kere ọtụtụ. ụlọ akwụkwọ nyocha. Site na con. Edemede 20 na-egbuke egbuke nke II Sollertinsky pụtara, bụ nke a na-esere foto na-egbuke egbuke nke ọtụtụ ndị Western Europe. ndị na-ede egwú - site na oge gboo. Nna-ukwu nke narị afọ nke 18 nye Mahler na R. Strauss. Egwu dị iche iche-akụkọ ihe mere eme. E gosipụtara nsogbu ndị ahụ na ọrụ MS Druskin, VD Konen, TN Livanova, VE Ferman. Creativity nke kasị ukwuu mba ọzọ. ndị na-ede egwú ewepụtala ọtụtụ. nchọpụta monograph, n'etiti to-rykh na ọnụ ọgụgụ na sayensị. Ọrụ AA Alschwang na Beethoven, DV Zhitomirsky na Schumann, VD Konen na Monteverdi, Yu. A. Kremlev na Debussy, OE Levasheva na Grieg, na Ya. I. Milshtein na Liszt, IV Nestyev gbasara Bartok, Yu. N. Khokhlova gbasara Schubert, AA Khokhlovkina gbasara Berlioz. Nnukwu ihe omume sayensị bụ mbipụta nke Beethoven's sketchbook echekwara na Moscow, nke NL Fishman kwadoro ma bipụta ya na nyocha ya zuru oke. nyocha. Mmasị na nsogbu nke egwu nke narị afọ nke 20 na-eto eto, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke collections, ọmụmụ na monographs na-etinye aka na ya, gụnyere ọrụ nke MS Druskin, IV Nestyev, GM Schneerson, BM Yarustovsky. Nlebara anya pụrụ iche na ikwiikwii. ndị ọkà mmụta egwu na-enye egwu. omenala socialist. mba. Ọ BỤRỤ na Belza kere ọrụ isi obodo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Czech na Polish. IM Martynov, LV Polyakova, na ndị ọzọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na mpaghara a. N'etiti ọrụ izugbe na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ọzọ. egwu dị iche iche site na obosara nke echiche ahụ, ụbara na ụdị ihe dị iche iche " History of Musical Culture" nke RI Gruber (vol. 1, akụkụ 1-2, vol. 2, akụkụ 1-2, 1941-59), nke onye edemede ahụ chọrọ igosi usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmepe nke muses. ikpe sitere na ọnọdụ Marxist (ngosipụta ewepụtara na narị afọ nke 16).

Na nnukwu akụkọ ihe mere eme Ihe na-adabere na ọrụ na tiori nke decomp. ụdị. A na-emepụta ajụjụ gbasara ihe nkiri opera n'akwụkwọ na akụkọ sitere n'aka VE Ferman, MS Druskin, BM Yarustovsky. Na ọmụmụ nke VA Vasina-Grossman, a na-atụle nsogbu nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti egwu na uri. okwu na ihe nke ulo wok. okike. N'ime ọrụ nke VD Konen "Theatre and Symphony" (1968), mmetụta nke operatic music guzobe nke thematic na usoro ụkpụrụ nke oge gboo music na-achọpụta. Symphonies.

Mpụta na uto nke mba ọhụrụ. ụlọ akwụkwọ na egwu nke ndị USSR kpebiri inwe mmasị dị ukwuu na akụkọ ifo dị ka otu n'ime isi mmalite na ike ha. Na-arụ ọrụ na ịnakọta na ịmụ bunks. okike ice nwetara nnukwu ohere na ikwiikwii niile. mba. E welitere akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo ọhụrụ, achọpụtara ọdịbendị na nke mbụ, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ amabeghị ruo Ọkt. mgbanwe. A. AT. Zataevich, onye akụkọ ifo. ọrụ to-rogo malitere na 20s., tụgharịrị bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na usoro. na-anakọta na ndekọ Kazakh. Na na egwu. Ọrụ nke V. A. Uspensky na E. E. Romanovskaya bụ isi ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ Uzbek. na Turkmen. akụkọ ifo. C. A. Malikyan, onye bipụtara na 1931 ihe ndekọ kachasị ọnụ ahịa nke ogwe aka. Nar songs mere Komitas na mmalite. narị afọ nke 20, nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara a ma mee ihe karịrị otu puku ndekọ ọhụrụ. E nwetara nsonaazụ dị mma site na nchịkọta akụkọ akụkọ. na nyocha. ọrụ G. Z. Chkhikvadze na Georgia, Ya. Churlyonite na Lithuania, X. Ime ụlọ na Estonia, B. G. Erzakovich na Kazakhstan, G. NA. Tsytovich na Belarus na ndị ọzọ. Na akwụkwọ ọhụrụ kachasị dị ịrịba ama Rus. akụkọ ifo gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta A. M. Listopadov "Abụ nke Don Cossacks" (vol. 1-5, 1949-54). N'otu aka ahụ na nchịkọta nke ihe ọhụrụ, a na-arụ ọrụ na sayensị ha, usoro iwu. nghota. Ihe na-elekwasị anya n'akụkọ ifo ikwiikwii bụ ajụjụ metụtara ọmụmụ ihe ịrịba ama na mmalite nke nat. peculiarities nke music ndị mmadụ, evolushọn nke Genres na ha kpọmkwem na-elekọta mmadụ na kwa ụbọchị conditionality, guzobe ọcha nke muses. asụsụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na nke a. na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Akụkụ. Dị ka otu n'ime isi na nke kachasị mkpa, nsogbu nke mmekọrịta nke decomp. nka. omenala. N'ọrụ nke A. D. Kastalsky "Njirimara nke usoro egwu ndị mmadụ-Russian" (1923) na "Fundamentals of folk polyphony" (nke e bipụtara n'azụ, ed. AT. M. Belyaeva, 1948) chịkọtara nsonaazụ ya ogologo oge nleba anya na harmonics. phenomena na-esi na polygonal. nsi. arụmọrụ nke Russian Nar songs n'ihi na ya pụta ụwa pụrụ iche ụzọ nke olu na-edu. Na ịnyịnya. 20s Russian akụkọ ifo ice mepụtara n'ụzọ nke dị iche iche. ọmụmụ nke mpaghara ụdị. E gosipụtara ntụziaka a na ọrụ nke E. AT. Gippius na Z. AT. Ewald, n'ọdịnihu F. A. Rubtsova A. AT. Rudneva na ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu ọmụmụ pụrụ iche bụ abụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke etinyere na nyocha nke E. AT. Gippius, L. L. Christiansen na ndị ọzọ. Emepụtara ọrụ na oge a. ikwiikwii akụkọ ifo - Russian (T. AT. Popov), Belarusian (L. C. Mukharinskaya) na ndị ọzọ. Ukrainian pụtara ìhè. Ọkachamara egwu egwu-folklorist K. AT. Kvitka laa azụ na 20s. tinye n'ihu ma kwado usoro ntụnyere. ọmụmụ nke akụkọ ifo. ndị dị iche iche. Usoro a dị oke mkpa maka mmepe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. nsogbu ndị metụtara mmepe nke ụdị egwu na ụdị egwu egwu. eche echiche. Na-eso Kvitka, a na-eji ya nke ọma na ọrụ V. L. Goshovsky na Ukraine, F. A. Rubtsov na RSFSR. Nnukwu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị uru na-Generalizing theory. ọrụ nke W. Gadzhibekov "Fundamentals nke Azerbaijan Folk Music" (1945), X. C. Kushnarev "Ajụjụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na tiori nke Armenian monodic music" (1958). N'ọtụtụ ọrụ nke V. M. Nar na-enye Belyaev ìhè. okike Misc. mba nke Soviet Union, mepụtara n'ozuzu usoro iwu. nsogbu egwu. akụkọ ifo; o nyere aka karịsịa n'ịmụ egwú. omenala Wed. Asia Otu n'ime ndị nchọpụta ama ama maka egwu nke ndị Central Asia (isi. arr. Kyrgyz) bụ V. C. Vinogradov, onye nwekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ na egwu zarub. ndị Asia na Africa. Ọkachamara. ọrụ na-etinye aka na Nar. ngwa ice, to-rye mụọ ikwiikwii. ndị na-eme nchọpụta na njikọ chiri anya na ihe okike. ma rụọ ọrụ. omume, nwere omenala na ụzọ ndụ nke obodo dị iche iche. Ọgaranya na ụdị egwu dị iche iche. ngwa ọrụ mba dị iche iche. A na-egosipụta mba ndị Soviet na ọrụ bụ isi "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the People of the USSR" (1963), nke e kere n'okpuru nduzi nke ikwiikwii kasị mara amara. ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa K.

N'ọhịa nke tiori na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu-eme. Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa bụ ọrụ BA Struve (ngwa a na-ehulata) na GM Kogan (fp.). Iche okwu egwu. Ọrụ nke AD Alekseev, LA Barenboim, LS Ginzburg, Ya. I. Milshtein, AA Nikolaev, LN Raaben, SI Savshinsky, IM Yampolsky na ndị ọzọ. Ozizi dị mkpa. A na-egosipụta ndokwa na ọrụ nke ndị ọkachamara pụtara ìhè AB Goldenweiser, GG Neuhaus, SE Feinberg, na-achịkọta ọrụ okike ha. na nkuzi nkuzi.

Nnukwu mkpa na USSR na-etinye aka na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara egwu. akwụkwọ ọgụgụ (lee Egwu Bibliography) na lexicography. Na pre-revolutionary Na Russia, ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ adịghị ọtụtụ na e kere naanị ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu (NM Lisovsky, HP Findeisen). Mgbe Oct. mgbanwe mus.-bibliographic. ọrụ na-aghọwanye usoro. agwa, na-adabere na ego nke akwụkwọ kachasị ukwuu na ebe nchekwa egwu na nchịkọta akụkọ. N'ime afọ 20 na 30. ọtụtụ ọrụ bara uru na mpaghara egwu. E kere akwụkwọ akụkọ ZF Savyolova, AN Rimsky-Korsakov na ndị ọzọ. Mana ọrụ a bụ nke mepere emepe nke ọma malite na 50s. E nwere ọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka "Musical Bibliography of the Russian Periodical Press of 1960 Century" nke TN Livanova (nke e bipụtara na mbipụta dị iche iche kemgbe 1), biobibliographic. akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu "Onye dere banyere egwu" nke GB Bernandt na IM Yampolsky (vols. 2-1971, 74-XNUMX). pụtara. onyinye na mmepe nke ikwiikwii . egwu akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ HH Grigorovich, AN Dolzhansky, GB Koltypina, SL Uspenskaya, BS Steinpress, na ndị ọzọ nyere aka.

N'ime afọ 60-70. anya pl. ikwiikwii . Ndị ọkà mmụta egwú nwere mmasị na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze. nsogbu, ọtụtụ ọrụ na okwu nke music pụtara. sociology (AN Sohora na ndị ọzọ), e mere nnwale na ubi nke kpọmkwem sociological. nyocha.

Sayensị Marxist-Leninist. echiche nke egwu na-emepe emepe nke ọma na socialist niile. mba. Ndị ọkà mmụta egwu nke mba ndị a emepụtala ọrụ bara uru na Dec. ajụjụ nke tiori na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke music, music. aesthetics. N'etiti ndị nnọchiteanya a ma ama nke M. socialist. mba - B. Sabolci, J. Maroti, J. Uyfalushshi (Hungary), Z. Lissa, Y. Khominsky (Poland), A. Sykhra, J. Ratsek (Czechoslovakia), V. Cosma, O. Cosma (Romania), E. Mayer, G. Knepler (GDR), V. Krystev, S. Stoyanov, D. Hristov (Bulgaria), J. Andrejs, S. Djurich-Kline, D. Cvetko (Yugoslavia) na ndị ọzọ. na-enye aka na nkwurịta okwu chiri anya mgbe nile nke ndị ọkà mmụta egwú socialist. mba, mgbanwe nke ahụmahụ mgbe nile, nkwonkwo ogbako na symposia na Topical theoretical. ajụjụ.

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Yu.V. Keldysh