Franz Lehar |

Franz Lehar

Onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nduzi Hungary. Nwa nke onye na-ede egwú na onye na-agụ egwú nke otu ndị agha. Lehar gara (kamgbe 1880) Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Egwu Mba na Budapest dịka nwa akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Na 1882-88 ọ mụtara violin na A. Bennewitz na Prague Conservatory, na usoro ihe ọmụmụ na JB Förster. Ọ malitere ide egwu n'afọ akwụkwọ ya. Ihe odide mbụ nke Lehar nwetara nkwado nke A. Dvorak na I. Brahms. Site na 1888 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-egwu violin na-eso ndị egwu egwu nke otu ihe nkiri dị na Barmen-Elberfeld, mgbe ahụ na Vienna. N'ịlaghachi n'ala nna ya, site na 1890 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na ìgwè ndị agha dị iche iche. O dere ọtụtụ egwu, ịgba egwu na ngagharị (gụnyere njem a ma ama nke a raara nye ịkụ ọkpọ na waltz "Gold and Silver"). Enwetara ama ama mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na Leipzig na 1896 opera "Cuckoo" (aha ya bụ dike; site na ndụ Russia n'oge oge Nicholas I; na mbipụta nke abụọ - "Tatiana"). Site na 2 ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Vienna, site na 1899 ọ bụ onye nduzi nke abụọ nke Ụlọ ihe nkiri an der Wien. Nhazi nke operetta "ụmụ nwanyị Vietnam" na ụlọ ihe nkiri a malitere "Viennese" - oge bụ isi nke ọrụ Lehar.

O dere ihe karịrị 30 operettas, n'ime nke The Merry di ya nwụrụ, The Count of Luxembourg, na Gypsy Love bụ ndị kasị aga nke ọma. Ihe eji mara ọrụ kacha mma nke Lehar site na ijikọ nke ọma nke mba Ọstria, Serbian, Slovak na egwu na egwu ndị ọzọ (“The Basket Weaver” – “Der Rastelbinder”, 1902) na ukwe nke Hungarian szardas, Hungarian na egwu Tyrolean. Ụfọdụ n'ime operettas nke Lehar na-ejikọta egwu America ọgbara ọhụrụ, cancan na waltzes Viennese; n'ọtụtụ operettas, a na-ewu abụ abụ na ntinye nke Romanian, Italian, French, Spanish songs, yana na Polish ịgba egwú rhythms ("Blue Mazurka"); A na-ezutekwa “Slavicisms” ndị ọzọ (na opera “The Cuckoo”, na “Dances of the Blue Marquise”, operettas “The Merry Didow” na “The Tsarevich”).

Agbanyeghị, ọrụ Lehar gbadoro ụkwụ na ntugharị ndị Hungarian na ukwe. Egwu Lehár dị mfe icheta, ha na-abanye n'ime ya, e ji “uche” mara ha, mana ha anaghị agabiga ezigbo ụtọ. Ebe etiti dị na operettas nke Lehar bụ nke waltz nọ, mana n'adịghị ka egwu egwu nke waltzes nke oge gboo Viennese operetta, a na-eji mgbaka ụjọ ji mara Waltze Lehar. Lehar chọtara ụzọ ngosipụta ọhụrụ maka operettas ya, mara ngwa ngwa egwu ọhụrụ (site na ụbọchị operettas mmadụ nwere ike igosipụta ọdịdị nke egwu dị iche iche na Europe). Ọtụtụ operettas Legar gbanwere ugboro ugboro, na-emelite libretto na asụsụ egwu, ha wee gaa n'afọ dị iche iche na ihe nkiri dị iche iche n'okpuru aha dị iche iche.

Lehar tinyere nnukwu mkpa na nhazi egwu, nke ewebatakarị ngwa ọdịnala, gụnyere. balalaika, mandolin, ájà, tarogato iji mesie ụtọ ụtọ mba nke egwu egwu. Ngwá ọrụ ya dị egwu, ọgaranya na agba; mmetụta nke G. Puccini, onye Lehar nwere ezigbo enyi, na-emetụtakarị; Àgwà ndị dị ka verismo, wdg, na-apụtakwa na nkata na agwa ụfọdụ ndị dike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Eve si operetta "Eve" bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mfe nke onye nwe ụlọ mmepụta ihe na-ahụ n'anya).

Ọrụ Lehar kpebisiri ike n'ụdị operetta Viennese ọhụrụ, bụ ebe ihe nkiri egwu kwa ụbọchị na ihe nkiri lyrical na-ewere ebe a na-eme ọmarịcha ihe nkiri. N'ịgbalị ime ka operetta nso na opera, Legar na-eme ka esemokwu dị egwu miri emi, na-emepụta nọmba egwu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị opera, ma na-eji leitmotifs ("N'ikpeazụ, naanị!", wdg). Akụkụ ndị a, bụ ndị e depụtaralarị na ịhụnanya Gypsy, pụtara ìhè karịsịa na operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; Lehar n'onwe ya weere na ọ bụ ịhụnanya), The Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) Ndị nkatọ nke oge a na-akpọ Lehár's lyrical operettas "legariades". Lehar n'onwe ya kpọrọ "Friederike" ya (site na ndụ Goethe, nwere ọnụọgụ egwu ruo na uri ya) singspiel.

Sh. Kallosh

Ferenc (Franz) Lehar mụrụ na April 30, 1870 na Hungarian obodo Kommorne n'ime ezinụlọ nke ndị agha bandmaster. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Conservatory na Prague na ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri violin na ndị agha egwu, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Vienna Ụlọ ihe nkiri An der Wien (1902). Site na nwata akwụkwọ ya, Legar anaghị ahapụ echiche nke ubi onye na-ede egwú. Ọ na-ede waltzes, njem, egwu, sonatas, violin concertos, mana nke kacha amasị ya na ihe nkiri egwu. Ọrụ egwu mbụ ya na nke dị egwu bụ opera Cuckoo (1896) dabere na akụkọ sitere na ndụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Russia, nke mepụtara na mmụọ nke ihe nkiri veristic. Egwú nke "Cuckoo" na mmalite ya dị ụtọ na ụda Slavic melancholic dọtara mmasị V. Leon, onye na-ede ihe nkiri a ma ama na onye nduzi nke Vienna Karl-Theater. Ọrụ nkwonkwo mbụ nke Lehar na Leon - operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) na ọdịdị nke ihe nkiri ndị Slovak na operetta "Viennese Women" mere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu oge na ya, wetara onye na-ede egwú dị ka onye nketa nke Johann Strauss.

Dị ka Legar si kwuo, ọ bịara na ụdị ọhụrụ maka onwe ya, na-amaghị ya nke ọma. Ma amaghị ama ghọrọ uru: "Enwere m ike ịmepụta ụdị operetta nke m," onye na-ede egwú kwuru. Achọtara ụdị a na The Merry di ya nwụrụ (1905) na libretto nke V. Leon na L. Stein dabeere na egwuregwu nke A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Ejikọtara ihe ọhụrụ nke nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na-atọ ụtọ na nkọwa egwu na egwu dị egwu nke ụdị ahụ, ime omimi nke ndị odide ahụ, na mkpali uche nke omume ahụ. Legar na-ekwupụta: "Echere m na operetta na-egwu egwu enweghị mmasị na ọha taa… <...> Ebumnuche m bụ ime ka operetta ahụ dị mma." A na-enweta ọrụ ọhụrụ na ihe nkiri egwu site na ịgba egwu, nke nwere ike dochie nkwupụta solo ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri duet. N'ikpeazụ, stylistic ọhụrụ pụtara ịdọrọ uche - mmasị anụ ahụ nke melos, mmetụta egwu egwu na-adọrọ adọrọ (dị ka glissando nke ụbọ akwara na-agbatị ahịrị ọjà n'ime nke atọ), nke, dịka ndị nkatọ si kwuo, bụ njirimara nke opera na egwu egwu nke oge a, ma na enweghị ụzọ operetta asụsụ egwu.

Ụkpụrụ ndị malitere n'ime nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke ọma bụ Lehar mepụtara n'ọrụ ndị sochirinụ. Site na 1909 ruo 1914, o kere ọrụ ndị mebere oge ochie nke ụdị. Ndị kacha pụta ìhè bụ The Princely Child (1909), The Count of Luxembourg (1909), Gypsy Love (1910), Eva (1911), Naanị na Ikpeazụ! (1914). N'ime atọ mbụ n'ime ha, a na-edozi ụdị operetta neo-Viennese nke Lehar mepụtara. Malite na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Luxembourg, arụ ọrụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eguzobe, a na-emepụta usoro njirimara nke ọdịiche nke atụmatụ nke atụmatụ egwu egwu - lyrical-dramatic, cascading na farcical. Isiokwu a na-agbasawanye, ya na palette innational na-eme ka ọ baa ọgaranya: "Princely Child", ebe, dị ka atụmatụ ahụ si dị, a na-akọwapụta ụtọ Balkan, ọ na-agụnyekwa akụkụ nke egwu America; na Viennese-Parisian ikuku nke Count nke Luxembourg absorbs Slavic agba (n'ime ndị odide bụ Russian aristocrats); Ịhụnanya Gypsy bụ operetta “Hungarian” nke mbụ Lehar.

N'ime ọrụ abụọ n'ime afọ ndị a, a kọwapụtara àgwà ndị egosipụtara nke ọma ma emechaa, n'oge ikpeazụ nke ọrụ Lehar. "Ịhụnanya Gypsy", maka ụdị egwu egwu egwu ya niile, na-enye nkọwa doro anya nke agwa agwa agwa na ihe nkata na ogo nke ụkpụrụ dị na operetta na-agbanwe ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Lehar na-emesi nke a ike site n'inye akara ya aha ụdị pụrụ iche - "operetta romantic". Mmekọrịta na ihe ịchọ mma nke opera ihunanya bụ nke a na-ahụ anya na operetta "N'ikpeazụ naanị!". Ngbanwe sitere na canons ụdị na-eduga ebe a na mgbanwe a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na usoro iwu: ọrụ nke abụọ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe nkiri duet, nke na-enweghị ihe omume, na-akwụsịlata n'ike n'ike nke mmepe, jupụtara n'echiche egwu-atụgharị uche. Ihe omume a na-egosi n'okirikiri ala ugwu ugwu, ugwu ugwu snow kpuchiri ya, na n'usoro ihe omume ahụ, akụkụ ụda olu na-eji ibe ya mara mma na nkọwa. Ndị nkatọ Lehar nke oge a kpọrọ ọrụ a “Tristan” nke operetta.

N'etiti afọ 1920, oge ikpeazụ nke ọrụ onye na-ede egwú malitere, na-ejedebe na Giuditta, bụ nke e mere na 1934. (N'ezie, ọrụ egwu na ogbo ikpeazụ nke Lehar bụ opera The Wandering Singer, arụgharịgharị nke operetta Gypsy Love, nke emere na 1943 site n'iwu Budapest Opera House.)

Lehár nwụrụ na Ọktoba 20, 1948.

operettas ikpeazụ nke Lehar na-eduga n'ebe dị anya site n'ụdị nke ya onwe ya kere. Enwekwaghị njedebe obi ụtọ, mmalite egwuregwu na-atọ ọchị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị. Site n'ụdị ha dị mkpa, ndị a abụghị ihe ọchị, kama ọ bụ ihe nkiri egwu egwu. Na egwu, ha na-atụgharị gaa na egwu nke atụmatụ operatic. Mmalite nke ọrụ ndị a dị oke egwu na ha nwetara aha ụdị pụrụ iche na akwụkwọ - "legariads". Ndị a na-agụnye "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - operetta nke na-ekwu banyere ọdachi nke nwa Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - na obi nke atụmatụ ya bụ ịhụnanya. nke Goethe na-eto eto maka ada Sesenheim pastọ Friederike Brion , "Chinese" operetta "The Land of Smiles" (1929) dabere na mbụ Leharov's "Yellow Jacket", "Spanish" "Giuditta", ihe atụ nke anya. nke nwere ike ịbụ "Carmen". Ma ọ bụrụ na usoro dị egwu nke The Merry di ya nwụrụ na ọrụ Lehar sochirinụ nke 1910 ghọrọ, n'okwu nke onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ụdị B. Grun, "ntụziaka maka ịga nke ọma nke omenala ogbo dum", mgbe ahụ, nnwale Lehar mechara achọtaghị n'ihu. . Ha tụgharịrị bụrụ ụdị nnwale; ha enweghị na aesthetic itule na Nchikota heterogeneous ọcha na ya oge gboo kere e nyere.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Ngwakọta:

opera - Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; n'okpuru aha Tatiana, 1905, Brno), operetta – Ụmụ nwanyị Viennese (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), agbamakwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Nwanyị di ya nwụrụ (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Di nwere nwunye atọ ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Ọnụọgụ nke Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Ịhụnanya Gypsy (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), ezigbo nwunye (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), N’ikpeazụ, naanị ya! (Endlich allein, 1923, mbipụta nke abụọ Lee ka ụwa si maa mma! – Schön ist die Welt!, 1914, Vienna), Ebe lark na-abụ abụ (Wo die Lerche singt, 2, Vienna na Budapest, 1930, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Die). blaue Mazur, 1918, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad), Tango Queen (Die Tangokönigin, 1920, Vienna), Frasquita (1925, Vienna), Yellow jaket (Die gelbe Jacke, 1921, Vienna, 1922, Leningrad, na a ọhụrụ libre Land). nke Smiles - Das Land des Lächelns, 1923, Berlin), wdg, singshpils, operettas maka ụmụaka; maka orchestra - ịgba egwu, ngagharị iwe, egwu egwu 2 maka violin na ndị egwu egwu, uri egwu maka olu na ahụ ọkụ ndị egwu (Fieber, 1917), maka piano - ejije, songs, egwu maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri.