Ikpeazụ |

ital. ikpeazụ, site na lat. finis - njedebe, njedebe

1) Na instr. egwu - akụkụ ikpeazụ nke cyclic. prod. - sonata-symphony, suite, mgbe ụfọdụ nakwa akụkụ ikpeazụ nke okirikiri mgbanwe. Na niile iche iche nke kpọmkwem ọdịnaya na egwu. ụdị nke ikpeazụ akụkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwekwara ụfọdụ a na-ahụkarị atụmatụ, dị ka ihe atụ, ngwa ngwa ijeụkwụ (na-abụkarị ndị kasị na okirikiri), ngwa ngwa nke ije, ndiife-genre agwa, mfe na generalization nke abụ olu ụtọ na uda (tụnyere gara aga). akụkụ), rondality nke nhazi (opekata mpe n'ụdị atụmatụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ n'ụdị "ọchịchọ" na rondo, na okwu okwu nke VV Protopopov), ya bụ, ihe bụ nke muses mepụtara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. usoro na-eme ka mmetụta nke njedebe nke nnukwu cyclic. na-arụ ọrụ.

Na sonata-symphony. okirikiri, akụkụ nke bụ nkebi nke otu echiche nka. echiche, F., ịbụ ihe na-esi na ya pụta, na-enye ya pụrụ iche, na-arụ ọrụ n'ime usoro nke usoro ahụ dum, ọrụ semantic nke mmecha, nke na-ekpebi mkpebi nke ihe nkiri dị ka isi ọrụ bara uru nke F.. collisions, na kpọmkwem. . ụkpụrụ nke egwu ya. òtù dị iche iche iji chịkọta egwu ahụ. thematics na egwu. mmepe nke okirikiri dum. Ọrụ onye na-ede egwuregwu na-eme sonata-symphony. F. njikọ dị oke mkpa na okirikiri. prod. - njikọ nke na-ekpughe omimi na ọdịdị organic nke sonata-symphony dum. echiche.

Nsogbu nke sonata-symphony. F. na-adọta uche ndị egwu mgbe niile. Mkpa maka organic F. maka dum okirikiri e ugboro ugboro mesiri AN Serov, bụ onye ukwuu kpọrọ Beethoven's finales. BV Asafiev kwuru na nsogbu nke F. na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị kasị mkpa na symphony. art-ve, karịsịa na-akọwapụta ihe dị ịrịba ama na-ewuli elu akụkụ na ya ("nke mbụ ... otú e si elekwasị anya na njedebe, na ikpeazụ ogbo nke symphony, organic N'ihi ihe e kwuru, na, nke abụọ, otú mezue na-emechi na na-agba ọsọ nke echiche ma kwụsị mmegharị ahụ na ọsọ ọsọ ya na-abawanye).

Sonata-symphony. F. na onye edemede ya bụ isi. E hiwere ọrụ na ọrụ nke oge ochie nke Viennese. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị e ji mara ya na-egbuke egbuke n'egwú nke oge mbụ. Ya mere, ugbua na sonata cycles nke JS Bach, a njirimara ụdị ihe atụ, thematic. na njikọ ụda nke F. na akụkụ ndị gara aga, karịsịa na akụkụ mbụ nke okirikiri: na-agbaso ngwa ngwa lyric. akụkụ, F. na-eweghachi irè nke akụkụ mbụ ("etiti ike ndọda" nke okirikiri). E jiri ya tụnyere akụkụ nke mbụ, Bach's motor F. bụ ihe dị iche iche site na isiokwu dị mfe; na F. a na-eweghachi ụda nke akụkụ 1st (mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na ya n'etiti etiti okirikiri); F. nwekwara ike ịnwe njikọ mba na akụkụ nke mbụ. N'oge Bach (na mgbe e mesịrị, ruo n'oge Viennese classicism), sonata-cyclic. F. na-enwekarị mmetụta nke okirikiri F. suite - gigi.

Na symphonies nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Mannheim, bụ nke a na-ejikọta na akụkọ ihe mere eme na operatic symphonies nke rụrụ ọrụ nke overture, F. maka oge mbụ nwetara nkọwa pụrụ iche nke akụkụ pụrụ iche nke okirikiri, nke nwere ihe atụ nke ya. ọdịnaya (onyinyo nke ọgba aghara, wdg) na egwu egwu. thematicism nso nso thematicism nke wok. F. opera buffa na gigi. Mannheim F., dị ka symphonies nke oge ahụ, na-adịkarị nso na ụdị kwa ụbọchị, nke metụtara mfe nke ọdịnaya ha na muses. ụdị. Echiche nke egwu egwu Mannheim. okirikiri, nke kachasi mkpa bụ generalize isi muses. steeti-onyinyo achọtara na nkà nke oge ahụ, kpebisiri ike ma ụdị nke F. na ọdịdị nke njikọ semantic ya na akụkụ ndị gara aga, nso nso ụlọ ahụ.

F. Viennese oge ochie gosipụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu mgbanwe ndị mere na muses. art-ve, - ọchịchọ nke individualization nke sonata-symphony. echiche, na-agafe agafe mmepe na dramaturgy. ịdị n'otu nke okirikiri, na mmepe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na mgbasawanye nke ngwa agha nke muses. ego. Na ngwụcha J. Haydn na-aghọwanye ihe doro anya na agwa, jikọtara ya na ọdịdị nke izugbe, mmegharị uka (ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ama ama nke Mannheim F.), isi mmalite ya dị na njedebe ikpeazụ nke opera buffa. N'ịgbalị ime ka egwu dị egwu. onyonyo, Haydn malitere ime mmemme (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "The Tempest" na F. Symphony No 8), ji ihe nkiri. egwu (F. Symphony No 77, nke bụbu foto nke ichu nta na omume nke atọ. opera ya "Nkwụsị ntụkwasị obi akwụghachi ụgwọ"), mepụtara Nar. gburugburu – Croatian, Serbian (F. symphonies NoNo 103, 104, 97), mgbe ụfọdụ na-eme ka ndị na-ege ntị mara nke ọma. njikọ foto (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na F. Symphony No. 82 - "anụ ọhịa bea, nke a na-edu ma na-egosi na gburugburu obodo nta", nke mere na egwu egwu niile nwetara aha "Bear"). Agba ikpeazụ Haydn na-agbasawanye iji weghara ụwa ebumnobi n'ụzọ zuru oke nke ụkpụrụ ọdịnala-ụdị. Ụdị kachasị nke Haydnian F. na-aghọ rondo (nakwa rondo-sonata), na-arịgoro na Nar. ịgba egwu gburugburu na-ekwupụta echiche nke mmegharị okirikiri. Rịba ama. Otu akụkụ nke rondo sonata nke bu ụzọ kristalize kpọmkwem na ngwụcha Haydn bụ ntọhapụ. ihe jikọrọ ya na ngalaba ndị mejupụtara ya (mgbe ụfọdụ nke a na-akpọ. Mr. monothematic ma ọ bụ otu mmụọ ọjọọ rondo sonata; lee, ọmụmaatụ, symphonies No99, 103). Rondo-ọdịdị pụtakwara n'ụdị abụọ nke Haydn ji mee ihe na F. (fp. sonata na E small, Hob. XVI, Mba 34). Mkpesa na ụdị dị iche iche bụ eziokwu dị ịrịba ama site n'echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sonata-symphony. F., t. n'ihi na ụdị a, dị ka Asafiev si kwuo, ọ dịghị obere ihe ịga nke ọma karịa rondo, na-ekpughe njedebe dị ka mgbanwe nke "ntụgharị uche" nke otu echiche ma ọ bụ mmetụta (n'ụdị preclassical music variational forms na F. cycles bụ njirimara G. F. Handel; cm. Concerto grosso op. 6 Mba 5). Ojiji Haydn na F. fugue (quartet ma ọ bụ. 20 Mba 2, 5, 6, op. 50 Mba 4), nwere ihe nke rondality (ihe atụ pụtara ìhè bụ fugue sitere na quartet op. 20 Mba 5) na mgbanwe, na-atụgharị ọdịnala nke F. old sonatas da chiesa. Ụfọdụ mmalite nke ụdị ikpeazụ Haydn bụ nke e nyere site na usoro mmepe nke imeghe ihe ngosi nka. ihe, ihe odide mbụ. na-achọta (dịka 3 reprises na fugue nke quartet op. 20 Mba 5, "ịkwado" Adagio na Symphony No 45, ebe ngwa egwu egwu na-ada jụụ n'aka nke ya), ga-egosipụta. ojiji nke polyphony, ch. arr., Dị ka ụzọ isi kee “ihe efu” ikpeazụ a na-ahụkarị, mweghachi obi ụtọ (Symphony No. 103), mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpalite echiche nke ihe nkiri kwa ụbọchị (ihe dị ka "mgba aghara n'okporo ámá" ma ọ bụ "esemokwu dị egwu" na mmepe nke F. Symphony No99). T. o., n'ọrụ Haydn F. ya kpọmkwem thematic mmepe ụzọ. ihe na-ebili n'ọkwa nke sonata allegro nke 1st ije, na-eke sonata-symphony. nhazi itule. Nsogbu eserese-okwu. Ịdị n'otu nke okirikiri bụ Haydn na-ekpebi tumadi na ọdịnala nke ndị bu ya ụzọ. Okwu ọhụrụ dị na mpaghara a bụ nke V. A. Mozart. Mozart F. chọpụta ịdị n'otu nke semantic sonatas na symphonies, obere maka oge ha. echiche, ihe atụ ọdịnaya nke okirikiri - obi ụtọ na-agụ egwu, ọmụmaatụ. na g-moll symphony (Mba 41), iru uju na d-moll quartet (K.-V. 421), dike na egwu egwu "Jupiter". Isiokwu ikpeazụ nke Mozart na-achịkọta ma na-ahazi ntinye nke mmegharị ndị gara aga. The peculiarity nke Mozart si Usoro nke intonation. mkpokọta bụ na F. A na-anakọta iberibe abụ dị iche iche gbasasịrị n'akụkụ ndị gara aga. ịbụ abụ, ụda olu, na-emesi usoro ụfọdụ nke ọnọdụ ahụ ike, rhythmic. na harmonic. ntụgharị, nke na-abụghị nanị na mbụ, mfe recognizable ngalaba nke themes, kamakwa na ha n'ihu, ọ bụghị nanị na isi melodic. olu, kamakwa na ndị na-eso ya - na okwu, mgbagwoju anya ahụ bụ isiokwu. ọcha, to-ry, na-agafe site na akụkụ gaa n'akụkụ, na-ekpebi ntọhapụ àgwà. Ọdịdị nke ọrụ a, ịdị n'otu nke "ikuku ụda" ya (dị ka akọwapụtara V.

Na njedebe sonata-symphony. cycles nke Mozart F. bụ ihe pụrụ iche dị ka nkọwa nke izugbe echiche nke cycles, nke ha bụ (n'ihe metụtara symphonies na g-moll na C-dur, ihe atụ, TN Livanova na-achọpụta na ha bụ ndị ọzọ n'otu n'otu na ha. atụmatụ karịa ihe egwu ndị ọzọ niile nke narị afọ nke 18). Echiche nke mmepe ihe atụ, nke kpebiri ihe ọhụrụ nke echiche Mozartian nke okirikiri, gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na nhazi nke F. Ha ga-ahụta. njirimara bụ mmasị na sonata, nke a na-egosipụta ma n'iji ụdị sonata n'ezie (symphony na g-moll), rondo-sonata (fp. concerto A-dur, K.-V. 488), na na “ọnọdụ sonata” pụrụ iche n'ụdị nke na-abụghị sonata, dịka. na rondo (ọjà quartet, K.-V. 285). Na mmepụta F., metụtara oge ikpeazụ nke imepụta ihe, nnukwu ebe a na-eji akụkụ mmepe, na ụzọ kachasị mkpa nke egwu egwu-thematic. mmepe na-aghọ polyphony, nke Mozart na-eji ya na omume ọma pụrụ iche (string quintet na g-moll, K.-V. 516, egwu egwu na g-moll, quartet Nke 21). Ọ bụ ezie na fugue nọọrọ onwe ya. Ụdị ahụ anaghị ahụkarị maka njedebe nke Mozart (quartet F-dur, K.-V. 168), kpọmkwem ha. njirimara bụ ntinye nke fugue (dịka iwu, n'ụdị gbasasịrị) na nhazi nke ụdị homophonic - sonata, rondo sonata (string quintets D-dur, K.-V. 593, Es-dur, K.- V. 164) ruo n'ichebe music a ụdị synthesizing atụmatụ nke a fugue na a sonata (string quartet G-dur No1, K.-V. 387), ụdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme tụgharịrị dị nnọọ na-ekwe nkwa (F. fp. Schumann quartet Es-dur op. 47, Reger's string quartet G-dur op.54 No 1). Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụdị sịntetik dị otú ahụ na Op. Mozart - njikọ nke polyphonic gbasasịrị. ngosipụta site n'otu ahịrị mmepe, na-agba mbọ maka njedebe (“ụdị polyphonic buru ibu”, okwu VV Protopopov). Ihe atụ kachasị elu nke ụdị a bụ F. Symphony "Jupiter", nke ụdị sonata (na-eme atụmatụ nke ya nke mmekọrịta n'etiti ngalaba) gụnyere usoro mgbagwoju anya nke njikọ dị n'ime n'etiti polyphonic gbasasịrị. ngosipụta na-ebili dị ka mmepe nke DOS. sonata ụdị gburugburu. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ahịrị thematic (nke 1st na 2nd themes of the main part, connecting and secondary) na-enweta ya polyphonic. mmepe-emere site na nṅomi-canonical. polyphony. Usoro nhazi usoro nke thematism site na polyphony dị iche na-ejedebe na coda, ebe a na-ejikọta isi okwu dum na fugato gbara ọchịchịrị ise. ihe na usoro polyphonic zuru oke. mmepe (nchikota nke nṅomi na iche-thematic polyphony).

N'ọrụ Beethoven, onye na-ede egwuregwu. ọrụ nke F. mụbara nke ukwuu; Ọ bụ na egwu ya ka na musicology maara mkpa F. maka sonata-symphony. okirikiri dịka “okpueze”, ebumnuche, nsonaazụ (A. N. Serov), ọrụ nke F. n'ime usoro okike nke imepụta okirikiri (N. L. Fishman, n'ihi na-amụ sketị nke 3rd symphony, bịara ná nkwubi okwu na "ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mbụ nke Eroica ji mmalite ya n'ikpeazụ"), nakwa dị ka mkpa usoro. mmepe nke ụkpụrụ nke holistic symphony. ihe mejupụtara. Na tozuru okè Op. Beethoven F. nke nta nke nta na-aghọ "etiti nke ike ndọda" nke okirikiri, ya ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu, nke niile gara aga mmepe na-eduzi, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ na-ejikọta ya na nke gara aga akụkụ (dị ka ụkpụrụ nke attacca), na-akpụkọ ọnụ na ya na 2nd ọkara. nke okirikiri a iche-mkpokọta ụdị. Ọchịchọ nke ịbawanye ọdịiche na-eduga na nhazigharị nke ejiri na F. ụdị, ka-rye na-aghọ thematically na structurally karịa monolithic. Ya mere, ka ihe atụ, sonata ụdị nke Beethoven's finales bịara ji fluidity, ihichapụ nke cadence ókè n'etiti isi na akụkụ akụkụ na ha intonation. nso (feat. sonata No. 23 “Appassionata”), na nke ikpeazụ rondo ụkpụrụ nke ihe owuwu ochie nke gbara ọchịchịrị nwere ihe jikọrọ ọnụ na-emepe emepe (fp. Sonata No. 22), na mgbanwe dị iche iche e nwere predominance nke na-aga n'ihu ụdị, structurally free mgbanwe pụtara, ndị na-abụghị mgbanwe ụkpụrụ nke mmepe banye n'ime ha - mmepe, fugue (3rd symphony), na rondo sonatas predominance nke ụdị na mmepe bịara pụta ìhè. , ọchịchọ kwupụta ngwakọta nke ngalaba ( 6th symphony). N'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ nke Beethoven, otu n'ime ụdị njirimara F. na-aghọ fugue (cello sonata op. 102 Mba 2). Intonac. na-akwado F. na mmepụta Beethoven a rụrụ ma site n'enyemaka nke melodic-harmonic. njikọ, na ihe ncheta isiokwu (fp. sonata No 13), monothematism (5th symphony). Nke dị oke mkpa bụ njikọ ụda ụda na ụda (ụkpụrụ nke "ụda ụda", okwu nke V. AT. Protopov). organic F. na okirikiri, ọdịdị ya pụtara. opekempe n'ihi nchịkọta na akụkụ ndị gara aga nke ihe dị iche iche nke mgbanwe, rondo-yiri, iji polyphonic mee ihe nke ọma. usoro na-ekpebi ihe pụrụ iche nke a akpan akpan Ọdịdị nke a nkà ihe ọmụma, ya bụ, e. ọnụnọ n'ime ya nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke atụmatụ 2nd, otu ma ọ bụ njikọ ọzọ nke usoro iwu ụlọ dị iche iche, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ - na nhọrọ nke isi. ụdị (iche dị na 3rd na 9th symphonies). Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na a na-egosipụta egwu egwu nke ogo mmepe na Beethoven ọ bụghị naanị na F. symphonies, ma na F. okirikiri "ụlọ" - quartets, sonatas (dịka ọmụmaatụ, F. fp. sonatas No 21 – nnukwu rondo nwere mmepe na coda, F. fp. sonatas No. 29 - fugue okpukpu abụọ nwere isiokwu kacha kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. mmepe - "eze nwanyị fugues", n'okwu nke F. Buzoni). Otu n'ime mmezu kachasị elu nke Beethoven - F. Symphony nke 9. Ụdị na ụzọ nke muses ewepụtara ebe a n'ụdị etinyere. embodiments nke ebube eserese. jubilation - undulation nke ike nke e guzobere, na-emepụta mmụba na otu mmetụta, ọ na-agbago na apotheosis - fugato abụọ, na-egosipụta ch. echiche na njikọ (ya na mgbanwe ụdị) 2 isi isiokwu - "isiokwu nke ọṅụ" na "Mkụkọ, nde mmadụ"; mgbanwe, na-arịgo na couplet na jikọtara ya na mmejuputa atumatu nke abụ ukwe, na-ekpughe nke ukwuu n'efu, emejupụtara site ụkpụrụ nke fugue, rondo-dị ka, mgbagwoju atọ akụkụ; mmeghe nke ukwe, nke mere ka egwu egwu na-abawanye ụba. ụdị site n'iwu nke oratori mejupụtara; pụrụ iche dramaturgy. echiche nke F., nwere ọ bụghị naanị nkwupụta nke mmeri nke dike. àgwà (dị ka ọ dị na mbụ), kamakwa ọkwa nke nyocha dị egwu nke na-ebute ya ụzọ na inweta "ụkwụ ụkwụ" - isi muses. Isiokwu; izu okè nke usoro nke mejupụtara. generalizations nke F., onye tightly jikọọ intonational, harmonic, mgbanwe, polyphonic, ndinyanade kwupụta ya site dum symphony. eri - ihe a niile kpebiri mkpa mmetụta nke F. 9th Symphony ka emechara egwu ma ndị na-ede egwú nke ọgbọ na-abịa zụlitere ya. Kacha kpọmkwem. mmetụta nke P. Symphony nke 9 - na egwu egwu nke G. Berlioz, F. Ndepụta, A. Bruckner, G.

Na post-Bethoven art, e nwere ọchịchọ kwupụta njikọ nke music na akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, nkà ihe ọmụma, kwupụta àgwà nke muses. oyiyi, ka individualization nke echiche kpebisiri ike a ukwuu dịgasị iche iche nke kpọmkwem ọdịnaya na Ọdịdị nke F. Na ijikọta F. na aga akụkụ, yana thematic. reminiscences, ụkpụrụ nke Liszt monothematism na operatic leitmotivity malitere ịrụ ọrụ na-eduga. N'ime egwu mmemme nke ndị na-ede egwú Romantic, ngwá ọrụ egwu nke ọdịdị ihe nkiri pụtara, yiri nke opera, nke na-enyekwa ohere ịme egwuregwu. incarnation ("Romeo na Julia" site na Berlioz), ụdị "ndị mmụọ ọjọọ" F.-grotesque mepụtara ("Faust" bụ egwu egwu nke Liszt). Mmepe nke uche mmalite wetara ndụ F. - "okwu ikpeazụ" na FP. sonata b-moll Chopin, dị mwute. F. Adagio lamentoso na egwu egwu nke isii nke Tchaikovsky. Ụdị nke nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị dị otú ahụ n'otu n'otu bụ, dị ka a na-achị, na-enweghị omenala (na Tchaikovsky's 6th symphony, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmegharị atọ dị mfe na coda nke na-ewebata ihe nke sonata); Nhazi nke ngwanrọ F. na-abụkarị n'okpuru ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ. ibé, na-akpụ ụdị n'efu na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ (Manfred site Tchaikovsky). Nkọwa nke F. dị ka semantic na intonational. etiti okirikiri ahụ, nke a na-adọta ma njedebe izugbe na mkpebi nke ihe nkiri. esemokwu, njirimara nke symphonies nke G. Mahler, nke a na-akpọ " Symphonies of the finals "(P. Becker). Nhazi nke Mahler's F., na-egosipụta "oke nguzobe" (n'okwu Mahler n'onwe ya) nke usoro okirikiri dum, bụ "atụmatụ" ahaziri n'ime egwu nke na-agụnye egwu egwu. echiche nke Mahler, ma na-etolitekarị ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu variant-strophic. ụdị.

Ihe akụkụ isi nke okirikiri ahụ pụtara F. na op. DD Shostakovich. Dị iche iche na ọdịnaya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwenye nke ọchịchọ ịlụ ọgụ na F. 1st symphony, njem olili ozu na F. 4th, nkwenye nke nchekwube ụwa na F. 5th), n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ndị gara aga. (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ F., ịbanye na-enweghị nkwụsịtụ, dị ka ọ dị na 11th symphony, yiri ka ọ na-eso site na dum gara aga N'ezie nke ihe omume, na ndị ọzọ na-egosi ike dị iche iche, dị ka na 6th symphony), na-ekpughe a obere obosara nke gburugburu nke gburugburu. eji muses. pụtara (monothematism - ma nke Beethoven's (5th symphony) na ụdị Liszt (1st symphony), usoro nke thematic reminiscence - gụnyere na ya "Russian iche iche", dị ka e ji mee ihe na PI Tchaikovsky, SI Taneyev, AN Scriabin (coda-apotheosis). na gbanwere isi isiokwu nke 1st ije na F. 7th symphony), a e ji mara intonation epulite, synthesizing ụkpụrụ nke JS Bach na Mahler, n'ụdị, ụzọ nke ma oge gboo mejupụtara (F. nke 6th symphony) na mmemme ibé ( F., ọmụmaatụ, nke 4th symphony, "na-abụghị mmemme"), Shostakovich's finals bụ okwu nke Ch. edemede echiche.

2) Na opera music, a nnukwu ensemble ogbo nke na-agụnye ma dum opera na ya onye omume. Opera F. dị ka egwu na-eto ngwa ngwa. mkpokọta nke na-egosipụta nhụsianya niile nke ihe nkiri. omume, mepụtara na narị afọ nke 18. na ital. opera buffa; A na-akpọ F ya "bọọlụ", n'ihi na ha na-etinye uche na isi ọdịnaya nke ịkpa ọchị. Na F. dị otú ahụ, esemokwu nọgidere na-amụba n'ihi na nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụta na ogbo nke mgbe ọhụrụ odide, na-eme ka ihe mgbagwoju anya, wee bịa ma n'ozuzu oké ifufe na iwe (na F. 1st omume - njedebe nke dum opera, omenala. omume abuo), ma ọ bụ ikwusa ozi (na F. ikpeazụ). N'ihi ya, dram. Oge ọhụrụ ọ bụla nke atụmatụ F. nwetara oge ọhụrụ, ụda ụda, na akụkụ isiokwu. ihe; Otu n'ime ihe eji eme ka F. dị n'otu bụ mmechi ụda na usoro rondo. Ihe atụ mbụ nke mgbagwoju anya F. - na opera "Onye Ọchịchị" nke N. Logroshino (1747); n'ihu mmepe nke operatic nkebi okwu pụtara na N. Piccinni (The Good Daughter, 1760), Paisiello (The Miller's Woman, 1788), na D. Cimarosa (The Secret Marriage, 1792). Omuma F. zuru oke na-enweta na opera Mozart, muses. mmepe to-rykh, na-agbanwe agbanwe na-eso ihe nkiri ahụ. edinam, n'otu oge ahụ na-ewe ụdị zuru ezu muses kwesịrị ekwesị. ihe owuwu. Ihe kachasị mgbagwoju anya na "symphonic" na muses nke ha. mmepe ejedebe. F. operas nke Mozart – 2nd d. "Alụmdi na nwunye nke Figaro" na 1st d. "Don Giovanni".

Ụdị nkebi okwu operatic ọhụrụ bụ nke MI Glinka kere na epilogue nke Ivan Susanin; ọ bụ ihe ngosi dị egwu nke ndị mmadụ, na nhazi nke ụkpụrụ mgbanwe bụ nke kachasị; A na-ejikọta usoro mmepe nke symphonic n'ime ya na usoro njirimara nke ngosi na ntinye mba nke Russian. nar. egwu.

References: Serov AN, Nkọwa nke isiokwu bụ "Ihe ndetu nke onye na-eche echiche nke oge a ma ama (nke sitere na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-egwu egwu) na egwu egwu Beethoven nke itoolu", "Era", 1864, No 7, degharịrị. na mgbakwunye na nka. TN Livanova "Beethoven na nkatọ egwu egwu Russia nke narị afọ nke XIX", n'akwụkwọ: Beethoven, Sat. st., mbipụta. 2, M., 1972; nke ya, Symphony nke itoolu nke Beethoven, nhazi ya na ihe ọ pụtara, "Modern Chronicle", 1868, May 12, Ọ dịghị 16, otu, n'ime akwụkwọ: AN Serov, Selected Articles, vol. 1, M.-L. , 1950; Asafiev BV, Ụdị egwu dị ka usoro, akwụkwọ. 1, M., 1930, (akwụkwọ nke 1-2), L., 1971; nke ya, Symphony, n'akwụkwọ: Essays on Soviet musical creativity, vol. 1, M.-L., 1947; Livanova T., History of Western Europe music ruo 1789, M.-L., 1940; nke ya, egwu Western Europe nke narị afọ XVII-XVIII n'ọtụtụ nka, M., 1977; Akwụkwọ nke Beethoven nke sketches maka 1802-1803, nyocha na nkọwa nke NL Fishman, M., 1962; Protopov Vl., Testament nke Beethoven, “SM”, 1963, Mba 7; ya, History of polyphony na ya kacha mkpa phenomena, (okwu 2), M., 1965; nke ya, Ụkpụrụ Egwu nke Beethoven, M., 1970; ya, Na ụdị sonata-cyclic n'ọrụ nke Chopin, na Sat: Ajụjụ nke ụdị egwu, vol. 2, M., 1972; ya, Rondo Form na Mozart's Instrumental Works, M., 1978; ya, Eserese sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụdị ngwá ọrụ nke 1979th - mmalite narị afọ 1975, M., 130; Barsova I., Symphonies nke Gustav Mahler, M., 3; Tsakher I., Nsogbu nke ikpeazụ na B-dur quartet op. 1975 Beethoven, na Sat: Nsogbu nke Sayensị Egwu, vol. 1976, M., XNUMX; Sabinina M., Shostakovich-symphonist, M., XNUMX.

TN Dubrovskaya