Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. “Litany Pụrụ Iche” sitere na “Demesne Liturgy” (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, a na m agbasiwanye ike n'ọmụma nke ezi ọrụ m, na n'ọrụ a, ahụrụ m ọrụ ndụ m… A. Grechaninov

E nwere ihe a na-apụghị ibibi Russian na ọdịdị ya, onye ọ bụla nke mere izute A. Grechaninov kwuru. Ọ bụ ụdị onye nwere ọgụgụ isi n'ezie Russia - mara mma, na-acha odo odo, na-eyi ugogbe anya, na afụ ọnụ "Chekhov"; ma nke kachasị - ịdị ọcha ahụ pụrụ iche nke mkpụrụ obi, ịdị ike nke nkwenye omume nke kpebisiri ike na ndụ ya na ọnọdụ okike ya, iguzosi ike n'ihe na omenala nke omenala egwu Russia, ọdịdị dị ọkụ nke ijere ya ozi. Ihe nketa okike nke Grechaninov buru ibu - ihe ruru. Ọrụ 1000, gụnyere opera 6, ballet ụmụaka, egwu egwu 5, ọrụ symphonic 9, egwu maka ihe ngosi 7 dị egwu, 4 eriri quartets, ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa na ụda olu. Ma akụkụ kachasị ọnụ ahịa nke ihe nketa a bụ egwu egwu, romances, choral na piano na-arụ ọrụ maka ụmụaka. Egwu Grechaninov na-ewu ewu, F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov ji obi ya mee ya. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ndụ okike nke onye na-ede egwú siri ike.

“Esoghị m ná ndị ahụ nwere chi ọma bụ́ ndị ụzọ ndụ ha jupụtara na rose. Nzọụkwụ ọ bụla nke ọrụ nka m emefuola m nnukwu mbọ.” Ezinụlọ nke onye ahịa Moscow Grechaninov buru amụma na nwa nwoke ahụ ga-ere ahịa. "Ọ bụ naanị mgbe m dị afọ 14 ka m hụrụ piano na nke mbụ ya… Kemgbe ahụ, piano aghọwo enyi m mgbe niile." Na-amụsi ike, Grechaninov na 1881, na nzuzo site n'aka nne na nna ya, banyere Moscow Conservatory, bụ ebe ọ na-amụrụ V. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. O weere ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke A. Rubinstein na nkwurịta okwu na egwu P. Tchaikovsky dị ka ihe omume kachasị ukwuu nke ndụ nchekwa ya. "Mgbe m bụ nwata, enwere m ike ịbụ na mbụ Eugene Onegin na The Queen of Spades. N'ime oge ndụ m fọdụrụnụ, m nọgidere na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu nke opera ndị a nwere n'ebe m nọ. N'afọ 1890, n'ihi esemokwu ya na Arensky, bụ onye gọnarịrị ikike ịmepụta Grechaninov, ọ ghaghị ịhapụ Moscow Conservatory wee gaa St. Petersburg. N'ebe a, onye na-ede egwú na-eto eto zutere nghọta zuru oke na nkwado obiọma nke N. Rimsky-Korsakov, gụnyere nkwado ihe onwunwe, nke dị mkpa maka nwa okorobịa nọ ná mkpa. Grechaninov gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Conservatory na 1893, na-enye cantata "Samson" dị ka ọrụ diploma, na otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, e nyere ya ihe nrite na Belyaevsky mpi maka First String Quartet. (E mechara nye ndị Quartets nke abụọ na nke atọ otu ihe nrite.)

Na 1896 Grechaninov laghachiri Moscow dị ka a maara nke ọma dere, onye edemede nke mbụ Symphony, ọtụtụ romances na ukwe. Oge nke ihe okike kachasị arụ ọrụ, nkuzi, ọrụ mmekọrịta malitere. N'ịbụ onye ya na K. Stanislavsky na-akpachi anya, Grechaninov na-emepụta egwu maka ihe ngosi nke Moscow Art Theater. Ihe egwu egwu nke egwuregwu A. Ostrovsky bụ "The Snow Maiden" tụgharịrị bụrụ nke ọma karịsịa. Stanislavsky kpọrọ egwu a magburu onwe ya.

Na 1903, onye na-ede egwú mere mpụta mbụ ya na Bolshoi Theatre na opera Dobrynya Nikitich, na òkè nke F. Chaliapin na A. Nezhdanova. Opera enwetala nkwado nke ọha na eze na ndị nkatọ. "Echere m na ọ bụ onyinye dị mma maka egwu opera Russia," Rimsky-Korsakov dere onye edemede ahụ. N'ime afọ ndị a, Grechaninov rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na ụdị egwu dị nsọ, na-etinye onwe ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ịbịaru ya nso dị ka o kwere mee na "mmụọ ndị mmadụ". Na nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ụmụnna nwanyị Gnessin (kemgbe 1903) jere ozi dị ka ihe mkpali ide egwuregwu ụmụaka. "Ahụrụ m ụmụaka n'anya… Mụ na ụmụaka, ọ na-adị m mgbe niile ka ha hà," Grechaninov kwuru, na-akọwa ịdị mfe o si emepụta egwu ụmụaka. Maka ụmụaka, o dere ọtụtụ usoro egwu egwu, gụnyere "Ai, doo-doo!", "Cockerel", "Brook", "Ladushki", wdg; nchịkọta piano " Album ụmụaka ", "Beads", "Fairy Tales", "Spikers", "Na Green Meadow". operas Elochkin's Dream (1911), Teremok, The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox (1921) bụ nke ahaziri maka mmemme ụmụaka. Ihe egwu ndị a niile na-atọ ụtọ, na-atọ ụtọ n'asụsụ egwu.

Na 1903, Grechaninov sonyere na nzukọ nke Musical Nkebi nke Ethnographic Society na Moscow University, na 1904 o sonyere na e kere nke ndị mmadụ Conservatory. Nke a kpaliri ọrụ na ọmụmụ na nhazi nke egwu ndị mmadụ - Russian, Bashkir, Belarusian.

Grechaninov malitere ọrụ siri ike n'oge mgbanwe nke 1905. Ya na onye nkatọ egwu Y. Engel, ọ bụ onye mmalite nke "Nkwupụta nke ndị na-egwu egwu Moscow", na-anakọta ego maka ezinụlọ nke ndị ọrụ nwụrụ anwụ. Na olili ozu nke E. Bauman, nke mere ka a mara ihe ngosi, o dere "Ozu ozu March". Akwụkwọ ozi nke afọ ndị a juputara na nkatọ na-emebi emebi nke gọọmentị tsarist. “Ala nna adịghị mma! Kedu ntọala siri ike nke ha wulitere onwe ha site n'ọchịchịrị na amaghị nke ndị mmadụ..." Mmeghachi omume ọha na eze nke bịara mgbe e meriri mgbanwe mgbanwe ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ gosipụtara n'ọrụ Grechaninov: na ụda olu "Okooko osisi nke Ọjọọ" (1909) ), “Akwụsị Nwụrụ Anwụ” (1910), na opera “Sister Beatrice” mgbe M. Maeterlinck (1910 gasịrị), a na-enwe mmetụta nke enweghị nchekwube.

N'afọ ndị mbụ nke Soviet ike Grechaninov na-ekere òkè na ndụ egwu: ọ haziri egwu na nkuzi maka ndị ọrụ, na-eduzi ukwe nke ógbè ụmụaka, na-enye nkuzi choral na ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu, na-egwu egwu, na-ahazi egwu ndị mmadụ, na-edekwa egwú. otutu. Otú ọ dị, na 1925 onye na-ede egwú gara mba ọzọ ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya. Ruo 1939, o biri na Paris, ebe o nyere concerts, kere ọtụtụ ọrụ (Fourth, Fifth symphonies, 2 masses, 3 sonatas maka dị iche iche ngwá, ụmụaka ballet "Forest Idyll", wdg), nke ọ nọgidere na ya. kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi na omenala oge ochie nke Russia, na-emegide ọrụ ya na Western musical avant-garde. N'afọ 1929, Grechaninov, na onye na-agụ egwú N. Koshyts, gara New York na mmeri mmeri na 1939 kwagara United States. N'ime afọ niile ọ nọrọ ná mba ọzọ, Grechaninov nwere nnukwu agụụ maka ala nna ya, na-agbalịsi ike mgbe niile maka kọntaktị na Soviet obodo, karịsịa n'oge Great Patriotic War. Ọ raara uri egwu egwu “Iji Mmeri” (1943), ndetu nke o zigara Soviet Union, na “Elegiac Poem in Memory of Heroes” (1944) maka ihe omume agha.

N'October 24, 1944, Grechaninov's 80th birthday e mere n'ụra na nnukwu Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Moscow Conservatory, na-egwu egwu ya. Nke a na-akpali akpali nke ukwuu onye na-ede egwú, mere ka ndị agha okike ọhụrụ pụta.

Ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ, Grechaninov rọrọ nrọ ịlaghachi n'ala nna ya, ma nke a abụghị ihe a kara aka ime. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ogbi na kpuru ìsì, n’oké ịda ogbenye na owu ọmụma, ọ nwụrụ n’ala ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 92.

O. Averyanova