Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky |
Serge Koussevitzky
Onye na-ese foto Russia G. Pyatigorsky hapụrụ ihe osise na-egbuke egbuke nke nna ukwu: "Ebe Sergei Alexandrovich Koussevitzky bi, ọ dịghị iwu ọ bụla. Ihe niile na-egbochi mmezu nke atụmatụ ya bụ nke a kpochapụrụ n'ụzọ wee ghọọ onye na-enweghị ike tupu ọchịchọ ya na-egwepịa ya ịmepụta ihe ncheta egwu ... Ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na enweghị uche ya meghere ụzọ maka ntorobịa, gbaa ndị ọkachamara nwere ahụmahụ ume bụ ndị chọrọ ya, kpasuru ndị na-ege ntị ọkụ, nke. N'aka nke ya, kpaliri ya n'ihu creativity ... Ọ hụrụ na a ọnụma na a obi ọnọdụ, na a kwesịrị ekwesị nke ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, obi ụtọ, na anya mmiri, ma ọ dịghị onye hụrụ ya indifferent. Ihe niile gbara ya gburugburu dị ka ihe mara mma ma dị ịrịba ama, ụbọchị ya ọ bụla ghọrọ ezumike. Nkwurịta okwu bụụrụ ya mkpa na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe nile. Omume ọ bụla bụ eziokwu dị oke mkpa. O nwere onyinye anwansi iji gbanwee ọbụna obere ihe ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa ngwa ngwa, n'ihi na n'ihe gbasara nkà, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla maka ya.
Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky mụrụ July 14, 1874 na Vyshny Volochek, Tver n'ógbè. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere echiche nke "music wilderness", mgbe ahụ, Vyshny Volochek, ebe ọmụmụ nke Sergei Koussevitzky, kwekọrọ na ya dị ka o kwere mee. Ọbụna Tver mpaghara dị ka "isi obodo" nke ógbè ahụ si ebe ahụ. Nna ahụ, bụ́ obere omenkà, bufere ụmụ ya anọ n’anya n’ịkụ egwú. Ugbua mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, Sergei nọ na-eduzi ìgwè ndị egwú, nke jupụtara intermissions na arụmọrụ nke nleta ógbè kpakpando site na Tver n'onwe ya (!), Ma ọ nwere ike igwu egwu niile, ma ọ dị ka ihe ọ bụla karịa egwuregwu ụmụaka ma wetara ya. otu penny. Nna ahụ chọrọ nwa ya ka ọ bụrụ akara ọzọ. Ọ bụ ya mere Sergey na nne na nna ya adịghị enwe mmekọrịta, na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ na nzuzo na rubles atọ n'akpa ya wee gaa Moscow.
Na Moscow, na-enweghị ndị enyi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ozi nkwado, o si n'okporo ámá bịa ozugbo gaa n'ihu onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, Safonov, ma rịọ ka ọ nabata ya ka ọ mụọ ihe. Safonov kọwara nwa nwoke ahụ na ọmụmụ ihe amalitelarị, na ọ nwere ike ịdabere na ihe naanị maka afọ ọzọ. Onye nduzi nke Philharmonic Society, Shestakovsky, bịarutere okwu ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche: n'ịbụ onye kwenyesiri ike na ntị zuru oke nke nwa nwoke na ebe nchekwa egwu egwu na-enweghị atụ, ma na-ahụkwa ogologo ogologo ya, o kpebiri na ya ga-eme ezigbo onye ọkpụkpọ bass abụọ. A na-enwekarị ụkọ ezigbo ndị egwuregwu bass okpukpu abụọ na ndị egwu egwu. A na-ewere ngwá ọrụ a dị ka onye inyeaka, na-emepụta ihe ndabere na ụda ya, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa mgbalị ọ bụla iji mara onwe ya karịa violin Chineke. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị na-achụ nta ya ji dị ole na ole - ìgwè mmadụ gbagara na klas violin. Ee, ọ chọkwara mgbalị ka ukwuu maka igwuri egwu ma n'ibu. Bass abụọ nke Koussevitzky gara nke ukwuu. Naanị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a nabatara ya na opera nzuzo nke Moscow.
Double-bass virtuoso Player dị nnọọ obere, ha pụtara otu ugboro na ọkara narị afọ, nke mere na ọha na eze nwere oge iji chefuo banyere ịdị adị ha. Ọ dị ka na Russia ọ dịghị otu tupu Koussevitzky, na Europe afọ iri ise tupu mgbe ahụ e nwere Bottesini, na iri ise tupu ya, e nwere Dragonetti, onye Beethoven dere karịsịa akụkụ na 5th na 9 symphonies. Mana ọha mmadụ ahụghị ha abụọ ogologo oge na bass abụọ: n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha abụọ gbanwere bass okpukpu abụọ ka ọ bụrụ ogwe ndị na-eduzi ọkụ ọkụ. Ee, na Koussevitzky weghaara ngwá ọrụ a n'ihi na ọ nweghị nhọrọ ọzọ: ịhapụ baton onye nduzi na Vyshny Volochek, ọ nọgidere na-arọ nrọ banyere ya.
Mgbe afọ isii nke ọrụ na Bolshoi Ụlọ ihe nkiri, Koussevitzky ghọrọ concertmaster nke abụọ bass otu, na 1902 e nyere ya aha nke soloist nke alaeze ukwu ihe nkiri. N'oge a niile, Koussevitzky rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe dị ka onye na-agụ egwú soloist-instrumentalist. A na-egosipụta ogo nke ewu ewu ya site na akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù isonye na ihe nkiri Chaliapin, Rachmaninov, Zbrueva, ụmụnna nwanyị Christman. Na ebe ọ bụla ọ rụrụ - ma ọ bụ njem nleta nke Russia ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri na Prague, Dresden, Berlin ma ọ bụ London - n'ebe nile ihe ngosi ya mere ka ọ nwee mmetụta na mmetụta, na-amanye mmadụ icheta ndị ọkachamara dị egwu n'oge gara aga. Koussevitzky rụrụ ọ bụghị naanị virtuoso double-bass repertoire, kamakwa o dere ma mee ọtụtụ mmegharị nke egwuregwu dị iche iche na ọbụna concertos - Handel, Mozart, Saint-Saens. Onye nkatọ a ma ama bụ́ onye Russia bụ́ V. Kolomiytsov dere, sị: “Onye ọ bụla na-anụtụbeghị ka ọ na-akụ bass abụọ apụghịdị ichetụ n’echiche ụda olu dị nro na nke na-egbuke egbuke ọ na-ewepụta n’ụdị ngwá ọrụ dị otú ahụ yiri nke na-adịghị akwụghachi ụgwọ, bụ́ nke na-abụkarị nanị nnukwu ntọala maka ngwá ọrụ dị otú ahụ. mkpokọta orchestral. Ọ bụ naanị ndị na-egwu sel na ndị na-akụ violin ole na ole nwere ịma mma nke ụda olu na ikike nke eriri anọ ha.
Ọrụ na Bolshoi Ụlọ ihe nkiri emeghị ka Koussevitzky afọ ojuju. Ya mere, mgbe ịlụ onye pianist nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Philharmonic School N. Ushkova, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa tii, onye na-ese ihe hapụrụ òtù egwú ahụ. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1905, na-ekwu okwu na-agbachitere ndị na-ese egwú egwú, o dere, sị: "Mmụọ nwụrụ anwụ nke ndị uwe ojii bureaucracy, nke banyere n'ime ebe o yiri ka o kwesịghị inwe ebe, n'ime ebe uXNUMXbuXNUMXbpure art, tụgharịa. ndị na-ese ihe n'ime ndị omenkà, na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi n'ime ọrụ mmanye. ọrụ ohu.” Akwụkwọ ozi a, nke e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Russia Musical, kpatara oké mkpesa ọha na eze ma manye ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri ka ha mee ihe iji meziwanye ọnọdụ ego nke ndị na-ese ihe nke Bolshoi Theater Orchestra.
Kemgbe 1905, di na nwunye na-eto eto bi na Berlin. Koussevitzky gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri egwu. Mgbe arụmọrụ nke cello concerto nke Saint-Saens na Germany (1905), e nwere arụmọrụ na A. Goldenweiser na Berlin na Leipzig (1906), na N. Medtner na A. Casadesus na Berlin (1907). Otú ọ dị, onye na-achọgharị egwu, onye na-egwu egwu na-achọghị afọ ojuju na ọrụ egwu nke abụọ-bass virtuoso: dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ dịla anya "tolitere" site na obere akụkọ. Na January 23, 1908 Koussevitzky mere ya na-eduzi mpụta mbụ na Berlin Philharmonic, mgbe nke a mere na Vienna na London. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke mbụ kpaliri onye nduzi na-eto eto, di na nwunye ahụ mechara kpebie itinye ndụ ha n'ụwa nke egwu. Otu akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke nnukwu akụ nke Ushkovs, na nkwenye nke nna ya, onye na-ahụ maka ego nde mmadụ, na-eduzi ya na ebumnuche egwu na agụmakwụkwọ na Russia. Na mpaghara a, na mgbakwunye na nka, pụtara ìhè nhazi na ikike nhazi nke Koussevitzky, onye tọrọ ntọala ọhụrụ Russian Musical Publishing House na 1909, gosipụtara onwe ha. Ọrụ bụ́ isi nke ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ egwu ọhụrụ ahụ setịpụrụ bụ ime ka ọrụ ndị na-eto eto na-ede egwú Rọshịa gbasaa. Na ntinye nke Koussevitzky, e bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky ("Petrushka", "The Rite of Spring"), N. Medtner, S. Prokofiev, S. Rachmaninov, G. Catoire na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. maka oge mbụ.
N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ kpọkọtara ndị egwú 75 nke ya na Moscow ma malite oge egwu egwu n'ebe ahụ na St. Nke a bụ ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ka ego si amalite ijere nka. Ọrụ dị otú ahụ ewetaghị ego. Mana ewu ewu nke onye egwu egwu abawanyela nke ukwuu.
Otu n'ime ihe e ji mara ihe oyiyi okike nke Koussevitzky bụ echiche dị elu nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, mgbasawanye oge niile nke ọhụụ ọhụụ. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ọ bụ onye nyere aka na ọganihu nke ọrụ Scriabin, bụ onye e jikọtara ha na ọbụbụenyi okike. Ọ rụrụ abụ Ecstasy na Symphony mbụ na London na 1909 na oge na-esote na Berlin, na Russia amatakwara ya dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ Scriabin kacha mma. Ngwucha nke ọrụ nkwonkwo ha bụ mmalite nke Prometheus na 1911. Koussevitzky bụkwa onye mbụ na-eme Symphony nke Abụọ nke R. Gliere (1908), uri "Alastor" nke N. Myaskovsky (1914). Site na nnukwu egwu egwu ya na ọrụ mbipụta ya, onye na-egwu egwu meghere ụzọ maka nnabata Stravinsky na Prokofiev. Na 1914 e nwere premieres nke Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring na Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, ebe Koussevitzky bụ onye na-agụ egwú.
Mgbe Mgbanwe nke Ọktọba gasịrị, onye na-egwu egwu tụfuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile - ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ya, egwu egwu egwu egwu, mkpokọta nka, na akụ na ụba nke nde mmadụ bụ mba ma wepụ ya. Ma, na-arọ nrọ banyere ọdịnihu nke Russia, onye na-ese ihe nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ okike ya n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara na mbibi. N'ịbụ onye na-adọrọ mmasị site na okwu mkparị na-adọrọ adọrọ "nkà nye ọha mmadụ", kwenye n'echiche nke nghọta ya, ọ sonye na ọtụtụ "ihe nkiri ndị mmadụ" maka ndị na-ege ntị proletarian, ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị ọrụ agha. N'ịbụ onye a ma ama na ụwa egwu, Koussevitzky, tinyere Medtner, Nezhdanova, Goldenweiser, Engel, sonyere na ọrụ nke kansụl nka na ngalaba egwu egwu nke ngalaba egwu nke People's Commissariat of Education. Dị ka onye so n'òtù nhazi dị iche iche, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere ọtụtụ usoro omenala na agụmakwụkwọ (gụnyere mgbanwe nke agụmakwụkwọ egwu, nwebisiinka, nhazi nke ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ egwu nke steeti, ịmepụta nke State Symphony Orchestra, wdg). . Ọ na-edu ndị egwú nke Moscow Union of Musicians, nke e kere site na ndị fọdụrụ artists nke mbụ ya, na e zigara Petrograd na-edu State (mbụ Court) Symphony Orchestra na mbụ Mariinsky Opera.
Koussevitzky kpaliri ya ịpụ ná mba ọzọ na 1920 site n'ọchịchọ ịhazi ọrụ nke alaka mba ọzọ nke ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ya. Ke adianade do, ọ dị mkpa na-eduzi azụmahịa na jikwaa isi obodo nke Ushkov-Kusevitsky ezinụlọ, nke nọgidere na mba ọzọ akụ. N'ịbụ onye haziri azụmahịa na Berlin, Koussevitzky laghachiri na mmepụta ihe. N'afọ 1921, na Paris, o mekwara otu egwu egwu, Koussevitzky Symphony Concerts Society, wee gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ mbipụta ya.
N'afọ 1924, Koussevitzky nwetara akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù ka ọ were ọkwa onye isi nduzi nke òtù egwú Symphony Boston. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Boston Symphony ghọrọ ndị na-edu egwú, nke mbụ na America, na mgbe ahụ dum ụwa. Mgbe ọ kwagara America na-adịgide adịgide, Koussevitzky akwụsịghị njikọ na Europe. Ya mere, ruo n'afọ 1930, oge egwu egwu mmiri nke Koussevitzky kwa afọ na Paris gara n'ihu.
Dị nnọọ ka ọ dị na Russia Koussevitzky nyeere Prokofiev na Stravinsky aka, na France na America ọ gbalịrị n'ụzọ ọ bụla o kwere mee iji kpalie okike nke ndị na-egwu egwu kachasị ukwuu n'oge anyị. Ya mere, ka ihe atụ, maka iri ise ncheta nke Boston Symphony Orchestra, nke e mere na 1931, ọrụ Stravinsky, Hindemith, Honegger, Prokofiev, Roussel, Ravel, Copland, Gershwin e kere site pụrụ iche iji nke onye nduzi. Na 1942, obere oge ka nwunye ya nwụsịrị, na ebe nchekwa ya onye nduzi tọrọ ntọala Musical Association (Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ) na Foundation. Koussevitskaya.
Laa azụ na Russia, Koussevitzky gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye isi egwu na ọha na eze na onye nhazi nkà. Nanị ịgụpụta ihe ndị o mere pụrụ ime ka e nwee obi abụọ na ikike nke otu onye ga-emezu ihe a nile. Ọzọkwa, nke ọ bụla n’ime ọrụ ndị a mere ka e nwee mmetụta miri emi n’ọdịnala egwú nke Russia, France, na United States. Ekwesịrị imesi ya ike na echiche na atụmatụ niile Sergei Alexandrovich mere n'oge ndụ ya sitere na Russia. Ya mere, na 1911, Koussevitzky kpebiri ịchọta Academy nke Music na Moscow. Mana echiche a mezuru naanị na USA afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Berkshire Music Center, nke ghọrọ ụdị mecca egwu America. Kemgbe 1938, a na-eme ememme okpomọkụ mgbe niile na Tanglewood (Lennox County, Massachusetts), nke na-adọta ihe ruru otu narị puku mmadụ. Na 1940, Koussevitzky tọrọ ntọala Tanglewood Performance Training School na Berkshire, ebe o duuru klas na-eduzi ya na onye inyeaka ya, A. Copland. Hindemith, Honegger, Messiaen, Dalla Piccolo, B. Martin sokwa n'ọrụ ahụ. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Sergei Alexandrovich duziri ego maka Red Army, ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii maka Enyemaka Russia na Agha, bụ onyeisi oche nke music ngalaba nke National Council of American-Soviet enyi, na na 1946 weghaara dị ka dị ka. Onye isi oche nke American-Soviet Musical Society.
N'ịkọba uru nke Koussevitzky na egwu egwu na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke France na 1920-1924, ndị ọchịchị France nyere ya Order of the Legion of Honor (1925). Na United States, ọtụtụ mahadum nyere ya utu aha nsọpụrụ nke prọfesọ. Mahadum Harvard na 1929 na Mahadum Princeton na 1947 nyere ya nzere Dọkịta nke Arts nsọpụrụ.
Ike na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke Koussevitzky tụrụ ọtụtụ ndị egwu egwu bụ́ ndị ha na ya bụ ezigbo enyi n'anya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na March 1945, o mere ihe nkiri itoolu n'ime ụbọchị iri. Na 1950, Koussevitzky mere njem buru ibu na Rio de Janeiro, na obodo ndị dị na Europe.
Sergei Alexandrovich nwụrụ na June 4, 1951 na Boston.
