Violin - ngwá egwú

The violin bụ ngwa egwu nwere ụta ụta nke yiri oval nke nwere ebe ezumike nha anya n'akụkụ ahụ. Ụda na-apụta (ike na timbre) mgbe ị na-egwu egwu na-emetụta: ọdịdị nke violin ahụ, ihe eji eme ihe na àgwà na ihe mejupụtara nke varnish nke eji egwu egwu kpuchie ya.

Ụdị violin bụ guzobere na narị afọ nke 16; Ndị na-emepụta violin a ma ama, ezinụlọ Amat, bụ nke narị afọ a na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 17. Ịtali bụ onye a ma ama maka mmepụta violin. Violin abụrụla ngwa solo kemgbe XVII

Design

Violin nwere akụkụ abụọ bụ isi: ahụ na olu , nke a na-agbatị eriri. Ogo nke violin zuru ezu bụ 60 cm, ịdị arọ - 300-400 grams, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere obere violin.

etiti

Ahụ nke violin nwere ọdịdị gbara gburugburu. N'adịghị ka ụdị oge gboo nke ikpe ahụ, ọdịdị nke trapezoidal parallelogram bụ mgbakọ na mwepụ kacha mma na ọkwa gburugburu n'akụkụ, na-eme "úkwù". Mkpọchi nke mpụta mpụta na ahịrị "úkwù" na-eme ka obi dị jụụ nke Play, karịsịa n'ọkwá dị elu. A na-ejikọta ụgbọ elu nke ala na nke elu nke ahụ - oche - jikọtara ibe ha site na ibe osisi - shells. Ha nwere ọdịdị convex, na-akpụ "vaults". Geometry nke vaults, yana ọkpụrụkpụ ha, nkesa ya na otu ogo ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-ekpebi ike na timbre nke ụda. A na-etinye onye hụrụ n'anya n'ime ikpe ahụ, nke na-ekwupụta mkpọtụ site na nkwụnye - site na elu elu - ruo n'ala ala. Na-enweghị ya, timbre nke violin na-efunahụ ndụ ya na afọ ojuju ya.

Ike na timbre nke ụda violin na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu site na ihe eji eme ya, na, n'ókè dị nta, ihe mejupụtara nke varnish. A maara nnwale na mkpochapụ kemịkalụ zuru oke nke varnish na violin Stradivarius, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ụda ya agbanweghị. Lacquer na-echebe violin ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe àgwà nke osisi n'okpuru mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka violin na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ agba aja aja.

The ala oche a na-eme ya site na osisi maple siri ike (osisi ndị ọzọ siri ike), ma ọ bụ site na akụkụ abụọ symmetrical.

Ogbe elu na-mere si resonant spruce. Ọ nwere oghere resonator abụọ - effs (site n'aha mkpụrụedemede Latịn obere F, nke ha dị ka). Nkwụsị na-adabere n'etiti etiti elu elu, nke eriri, nke edoziri na eriri eriri (n'okpuru mkpịsị aka), zuru ike. A na-ejikọta otu mmiri n'elu ụda ụda dị elu n'okpuru ụkwụ nke nkwụnye n'akụkụ eriri G - ogologo osisi plank dị ogologo, nke na-eme ka ike nke ụda ụda dị elu na ihe ndị na-emegharị anya ya.

Egburu jikọọ ọnụ ala na elu elu, na-akpụ akụkụ akụkụ nke ahụ violin. Ogologo ha na-ekpebi olu na timbre nke violin, na-emetụta ọdịdị ụda olu: nke dị elu nke shells, na-eme ka ụda dị nro ma dị nro, nke dị ala, na-awụpụ na nghọta nke elu ndetu. A na-eme mgbọ ndị ahụ, dị ka oche, site na osisi maple.

Nkuku n'akụkụ na-eje ozi idobe ụta mgbe ị na-egwu egwu. Mgbe a tụrụ ụta ụta n'otu akụkụ, a na-emepụta ụda na eriri kwekọrọ. Ọ bụrụ na ụta dị n'etiti akụkụ abụọ, a na-akpọ ụda na eriri abụọ n'otu oge. E nwere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwere ike ịmepụta ụda na eriri atọ n'otu oge, ma maka nke a, ị ga-ahapụrịrị iwu nke itinye ụta na nkuku ma gbanwee nhazi nke stand.ad.

Ezigbo enyi  bụ a gburugburu spacer mere nke spruce osisi na mechanically jikọọ soundboards na-ebufe eriri esemokwu na elu-ugboro vibrations na ala soundboard. A na-achọta ebe dị mma ya na nnwale, dịka iwu, njedebe nke homie dị n'okpuru ụkwụ nke nkwụnye n'akụkụ eriri E, ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ya. A na-ahazi Dushka naanị site na nna ukwu, ebe ọ bụ na obere mmegharị ya na-emetụta ụda nke ngwá ọrụ ahụ.

Olu , ma ọ bụ ọdụ , a na-eji kechie eriri. Nke a na-emebu site na osisi siri ike nke ebony ma ọ bụ mahogany (na-emekarị ebony ma ọ bụ rosewood). N'oge a, a na-ejikarị plastik ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke eme ihe. N'otu aka, olu nwere akaghị aka, n'aka nke ọzọ - oghere anọ nwere splines maka itinye eriri. A na-agbanye njedebe nke eriri na bọtịnụ (mi na la) n'ime oghere gburugburu, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, site na ịdọrọ eriri ahụ n'olu, a na-agbanye ya n'ime oghere. A na-edobe ụdọ D na G n'olu na akaghị aka na-agafe oghere ahụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-etinyekarị ígwè ọrụ lever-screw n'oghere olu, nke na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ngbanwe. Igwe alloy dị ọkụ na igwe eji arụkọ ọrụ arụpụtara n'usoro.

Mbanye mere nke oké eriri eriri ma ọ bụ ígwè waya. Mgbe ị na-edochi eriri eriri nke buru ibu karịa 2.2 mm na dayameta na nke sịntetik (dayameta 2.2 mm), a ghaghị itinye wedge na oghere nwere dayameta nke 2.2 ga-emegharị ọzọ, ma ọ bụghị ya, nrụgide isi nke eriri sịntetik nwere ike imebi. sub-olu osisi.

A bọtịnụ  bụ isi mkpọ osisi etinyere n'ime oghere dị n'ime ahụ, nke dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke olu, nke a na-eji kechie olu. A na-etinye wedge n'ime oghere conical kwekọrọ na nha ya na ọdịdị ya, kpamkpam na nke siri ike, ma ọ bụghị ya, mgbanaka mgbanaka na shei ga-ekwe omume. Ibu dị na bọtịnụ dị oke elu, ihe dị ka kilogram 24.

The guzoro bụ nkwado maka eriri site n'akụkụ ahụ ma na-ebufe vibrations site na ha na ụda ụda, ozugbo n'elu, na n'okpuru ala site na enyi. Ya mere, ọnọdụ nkwụsị na-emetụta timbre nke ngwá ọrụ. Achọpụtala ya na nnwale na ọbụlagodi ntakịrị ngbanwe nke nkwụnye na-eduga na mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ngbanwe nke ngwa n'ihi mgbanwe n'ọtụtụ na mgbanwe ụfọdụ na timbre - mgbe a na-atụgharị ya na fretboard - a na-emegharị ụda ahụ, site na ya - na-egbuke egbuke. Ihe nkwụnye ahụ na-ebuli eriri dị n'elu ụda ụda elu dị elu dị iche iche maka ohere nke igwu egwu na onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na ụta, na-ekesa ha n'ebe dị anya site na ibe ha na arc nke nnukwu radius karịa nut, nke mere na mgbe ị na-egwu egwu. n'otu eriri, ụta agaghị ejide ndị agbata obi.

udele

Olu nke violin  bụ ogologo plank nke siri ike osisi (oji ebony ma ọ bụ rosewood), gbagọrọ agbagọ n'ofe akụkụ nke mere na mgbe a na-egwu n'otu eriri, ụta ghara ịrapara n'akụkụ eriri. A na-ejikọta akụkụ ala nke olu n'olu, nke na-abanye n'ime isi, nke nwere igbe peg na curl.ad.

Akụ ahụ  bụ efere ebony dị n'etiti olu na isi, nwere oghere maka eriri. Oghere dị na nut na-ekesa eriri ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma na-enye ohere n'etiti eriri na olu.

Olu  bụ nkọwa nke ọkara nke onye na-eme ihe na-eji aka ya kpuchie n'oge egwuregwu, na-ejikọta ahụ nke violin, olu na isi. A na-ejikọta olu na nut n'olu si n'elu.

Igbe peg  bụ akụkụ olu nke a na-eme oghere n'ihu, ụzọ abụọ nke nzigharị mkpọ a na-etinye ya n'akụkụ abụọ , site n'enyemaka nke a na-edozi eriri. Mkpọ ndị ahụ bụ mkpanaka conical. A na-etinye mkpanaka ahụ n'ime oghere conical na igbe peg ma gbanwee ya - enweghị ike ime ọnọdụ a nwere ike iduga mbibi nke ihe owuwu ahụ. Maka ntụgharị siri ike ma ọ bụ dị nro karị, a na-apịnye mkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ dọpụta ya n'igbe ahụ, n'otu n'otu, na maka ntụgharị dị nro, a ga-eji paste lapping (ma ọ bụ nzu na ncha tee ya mmanụ). Mkpọ ndị ahụ ekwesịghị ịpụta nke ukwuu na igbe mkpọ. A na-ejikarị ebony eme mkpọ nlegharị anya, a na-ejikwa nne nke pearl ma ọ bụ ọla (ọlaọcha, ọla edo) chọọ ya mma.

The curl na-eje ozi mgbe niile dị ka ihe dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ - ihe akaebe nke uto na nkà nke onye okike. Na mbụ, curl kama yiri ụkwụ nwanyị na akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ka oge na-aga, myirịta ahụ bịara dị ntakịrị - naanị "ikiri ụkwụ" ka a na-amata, "mkpịsị ụkwụ" agbanweela karịa ịmata. Ụfọdụ ndị omenkà ji ihe ọkpụkpụ, dị ka viol, jiri isi ọdụm a pịrị apị dochie curl ahụ, dị ka ihe atụ, dị ka Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632) mere. Nna-ukwu nke narị afọ nke XIX, na-agbatị fretboard nke violin oge ochie, chọrọ ichekwa isi na curl dị ka ihe ùgwù "akwụkwọ ọmụmụ".

Ụdọ, nzigharị na nhazi nke violin

Urụk na-esi n'olu, site na àkwà mmiri, n'elu elu olu, na site na aku na pegs, nke na-emerụ gburugburu headstock. Ngwakọta eriri:

• Nke 1 - Mi nke abụọ octave. Eriri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara ya, timbre na-egbuke egbuke.
• Nke abuo - La nke mbụ octave. Eriri nwere isi na braid, mgbe ụfọdụ otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara ("Thomastik"), timbre matte dị nro.
• Nke atọ - D nke mbụ octave. eriri nwere isi na eriri, ụda matte dị nro.
• 4th - nnu nke obere octave. Eriri nwere isi na eriri, timbre siri ike na nke siri ike.

Ịtọlite ​​​​violin

A A na-eji ndụdụ na-emegharị ihe na-emegharị eriri or piano . A na-edozi eriri ndị fọdụrụ site na ntị na ụzọ ise dị ọcha: nke Mi na Re eriri si na La eriri, na Sol eriri si na Re eriri .

Ihe owuwu violin:

The curl na-eje ozi mgbe niile dị ka ihe dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ - ihe akaebe nke uto na nkà nke onye okike. Na mbido, curl ahụ dị ka ụkwụ nwanyị na akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ka oge na-aga, myirịta ahụ bịara dị ntakịrị.

Ụfọdụ ndị nna ukwu jiri ihe ọkpụkpụ dochie curls, dị ka viola nwere isi ọdụm, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632) mere.

Pegs nzigharị or mekaniki peg bụ akụkụ nke akwa violin, arụnyere iji mee ka eriri ahụ na-emegharị ma na-akụ violin.

Mpempe akwụkwọ - akụkụ osisi elongated, nke a na-agbanye eriri mgbe ị na-egwu egwu iji gbanwee ndetu.

Akụ bụ nkọwa nke ngwa eriri na-egbochi akụkụ ụda nke eriri ahụ wee welie eriri ahụ n'elu fretboard ruo ogo achọrọ. Iji gbochie eriri ndị ahụ ka ọ gbanwee, aku nwere oghere kwekọrọ na ọkpụrụkpụ nke eriri.

Ihe shei bụ akụkụ akụkụ ahụ (ehulata ma ọ bụ ngwakọta) nke egwu. ngwá ọrụ.

Resonator F - oghere n'ụdị mkpụrụedemede Latin "f", nke na-eme ka ụda dịkwuo elu.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke violin

Ndị na-ebu ụzọ violin bụ ndị Arab rebab, Kazakh kobyz, Spanish fidel, British crotta, nke jikọrọ ọnụ nke viola. N'ihi ya aha Ịtali maka violin violin , yana Slavonic ngwá ọrụ eriri anọ nke jig nke ise (ya mere aha German maka violin - violin ).

Mgbalị dị n'etiti viola aristocratic na violin folk, nke dịruru ọtụtụ narị afọ, kwụsịrị na mmeri nke ikpeazụ. Dị ka ngwá ọrụ ndị mmadụ, violin ghọrọ ebe niile na Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Istria na Dalmatia. Kemgbe ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19, ọ na-agbasa ebe niile n'etiti ndị Tatar ^[3] . Kemgbe narị afọ nke 20, a chọtara ya na ndụ egwu nke Bashkirs ^[4] .

N'etiti narị afọ nke 16, e mepụtara violin ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ebe ugwu Italy. Ikike nke a ga-ewere dị ka onye mepụtara violin "aristocratic" nke ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ bụ nke Gasparo da Salo (d. 1609) si n'obodo Bresci na Andrea Amati na-arụrịta ụka. ^[n'ime] (d. 1577) - onye nchoputa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Cremonese ^[5] . A na-amata violin Cremonese Amati, nke echekwara na narị afọ nke 17, site na ọdịdị mara mma na ihe dị mma. Lombardy bụ onye ama ama maka mmepụta nke violin na narị afọ nke 18; violin ndị Stradivari na Guarneri mepụtara na-eji oke akpọrọ ihe. ^[6]Ndị na-emepụta violin na-eme violin.

"Osisi ezinụlọ" sitere na violin nke oge a.

Violin abụrụla ngwa eji eme ihe kemgbe narị afọ nke 17. A na-atụle ọrụ mbụ maka violin: "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" nke Biagio Marini (1620) na "Capriccio stravagante" nke Carlo Farina dịkọrọ ndụ. A na-ewere Arcangelo Corelli dị ka onye malitere ịkụ violin nka; wee soro Torelli na Tartini, yana Locatelli (nwa akwụkwọ Corelli bụ onye mepụtara usoro bravura nke ịkụ violin), nwa akwụkwọ ya Magdalena Laura Sirmen (Lombardini), Nicola Matthijs, onye kere ụlọ akwụkwọ violin na Great Britain, Giovanni Antonio Piani.

Ngwa na ngwa

Ha na-eji ụta na-egwu violin, nke dabeere na okpete osisi, na-esi n'otu akụkụ gaa n'isi, n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, a na-ejikọta ngọngọ. A na-adọta ntutu isi ọdụ n'etiti isi na ngọngọ. Ntutu nwere akpịrịkpa keratin, n'etiti nke, mgbe a na-ete ya, a na-etinye rosin n'ime ya (imeju), ọ na-enye ohere ka ntutu rapara na eriri ahụ wee mepụta ụda.

Enwere ngwa ndị ọzọ, nke na-adịchaghị mkpa:

• The chinrest emebere ya maka ịdị mma nke ịpị violin na agba. A na-ahọrọ ọkwa dị n'akụkụ, etiti na etiti site na mmasị ergonomic nke violin.
• Emebere akwa ahụ maka ịdị mma nke ịtọ violin na ọkpụkpụ olu. Awụkwasịrị n'elu oche ala. Ọ bụ efere, ogologo ma ọ bụ gbagọrọ agbagọ, siri ike ma ọ bụ kpuchie ya na ihe dị nro, osisi, ígwè ma ọ bụ plastik, nke nwere ihe nkwụnye n'akụkụ abụọ.
• Achọrọ ngwaọrụ ndị na-ebupụta iji gbanwee ụda igwe violin ka ọ bụrụ nke eletriki (maka ịdekọ, maka ịkwalite ma ọ bụ ịtụgharị ụda violin site na iji ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche). Ọ bụrụ na a na-emepụta ụda violin n'ihi ụda ụda nke akụkụ ahụ ya, violin na-eme ụda, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-emepụta ụda site na electronic na electromechanical components, ọ bụ violin eletrik, ma ọ bụrụ na ụda abụọ ahụ na-emepụta ụda. n'ogo atụnyere, a na-ekewa violin dị ka ọkara-acoustic.
• Ogbi bụ obere osisi ma ọ bụ rọba "mbo" nwere ezé abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ nwere oghere ogologo. A na-etinye ya n'elu ihe nkwụnye ahụ ma na-ebelata mkpọtụ ya, nke mere na ụda ahụ na-ada ụda, "socky". Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji ogbi eme ihe n'egwú ndị egwu na mkpokọta.
• "Jammer" - rọba dị arọ ma ọ bụ ogbi ígwè a na-eji eme ihe omume ụlọ, yana maka klas na ebe ndị na-adịghị anabata mkpọtụ. Mgbe ị na-eji jammer, ngwa ahụ na-akwụsị ịda ụda ma na-ewepụta ụda ụda dị iche iche, zuru oke maka nghọta na njikwa site n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri.
• Mpempe akwụkwọ  - ngwaọrụ igwe nke nwere ihe nkedo a na-etinye n'ime oghere olu, na lever nwere nko na-eje ozi iji kechie eriri, nke dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Igwe ahụ na-enye ohere ngbanwe nke ọma, nke kachasị mkpa maka eriri mono-metallic nwere ogologo dị ala. Maka nha ọ bụla nke violin, a na-ezube ụfọdụ nha nke igwe, enwerekwa ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ha na-abịakarị na oji, ọla edo, nickel ma ọ bụ chrome, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke mmecha. Ụdị dị kpọmkwem maka eriri eriri afọ, maka eriri E. Ngwa nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe igwe ma ọlị: na nke a, a na-etinye eriri ndị ahụ n'ime oghere olu. Ịwụnye igwe ọ bụghị na eriri niile ga-ekwe omume. Ọtụtụ mgbe na nke a, a na-etinye igwe ahụ na eriri mbụ.
• Ngwa ọzọ maka violin bụ akpa ma ọ bụ uwe mkpuchi nke a na-echekwa ngwá ọrụ, ụta na ngwa ndị ọzọ ma buru ya.

Usoro egwu violin

A na-eji mkpịsị aka ekpe anọ pịa eriri ahụ na fretboard (a na-ewepụ mkpịsị aka ya). A na-eji ụta dị n'aka nri onye ọkpụkpọ na-edu eriri.

Ịpị mkpịsị aka na fretboard na-ebelata eriri ahụ, si otú a na-ebuli ụda nke eriri ahụ. A na-akpọ eriri ndị na-ejighị mkpịsị aka pịa ya eriri mepere emepe ma na-egosi ya site na efu.

The violin akụkụ e dere na treble clef.

Oke nke violin bụ site na nnu nke obere octave ruo octave nke anọ. Ụda dị elu siri ike.

Site na ọkara ịpị eriri eriri n'ebe ụfọdụ, harmonik enwetara . Ụfọdụ ụda kwekọrọ ekwekọ gafere oke violin egosiri n'elu.

A na-akpọ ngwa nke mkpịsị aka aka ekpe emegharị . A na-akpọ mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka nke mbụ, mkpịsị aka etiti bụ nke abụọ, mkpịsị aka mgbanaka bụ nke atọ, obere mkpịsị aka bụ nke anọ. Ọnọdụ bụ mkpịsị aka nke mkpịsị aka anọ dị n'akụkụ gbasapụrụ otu ụda ma ọ bụ semitone iche. Eriri ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe ọnọdụ asaa ma ọ bụ karịa. Ọkwa dị elu, otú ahụ ka ọ na-esikwu ike. Na eriri nke ọ bụla, ewezuga ụzọ ise, ha na-agakarị naanị ruo ọnọdụ nke ise gụnyere; ma na nke ise ma ọ bụ nke mbụ eriri, na mgbe ụfọdụ na nke abụọ, a na-eji ọnọdụ dị elu mee ihe - site na nke isii ruo nke iri na abụọ.

Ụzọ ndị na-eduzi ụta nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na agwa, ike, timbre nke ụda, na n'ezie na nkebiokwu.

Na violin, ị nwere ike were ndetu abụọ n'otu oge na eriri dị n'akụkụ ( eriri abụọ ), n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche - atọ (a na-achọ nrụgide ụta siri ike), ọ bụghị n'otu oge, ma ngwa ngwa - atọ ( eriri atọ ) na anọ. Ngwakọta dị otú ahụ, nke ka ukwuu n'ụzọ kwekọrọ, na-adị mfe iji eriri efu rụọ ọrụ ma sie ike na-enweghị ha, ma na-ejikarị arụ ọrụ solo.

Otu egwu egwu a na-ahụkarị tremolo Usoro bụ mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke ụda abụọ ma ọ bụ ikwughachi otu ụda ahụ, na-emepụta mmetụta nke ịma jijiji, ịma jijiji, ịma jijiji.

The usoro nke col legno, nke pụtara ịkụtu eriri na ogwe ụta, na-ebute ịkụ aka, ụda na-egbu egbu, nke na-ejikwa nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma site n'aka ndị na-ede egwú na egwu egwu.

Na mgbakwunye na igwu egwu na ụta, ha na-eji otu mkpịsị aka aka nri emetụ eriri ahụ aka - pizzicato (pizzicato).

Iji mebie ma ọ bụ mebie ụda, ha na-eji onye ogbi - ígwè, roba, roba, ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ efere osisi nwere nkwụsịtụ na akụkụ nke ala maka eriri, nke a na-ejikọta n'elu ihe nkwụnye ma ọ bụ njupụta.

Violin dị mfe igwu egwu na igodo ndị ahụ na-enye ohere iji eriri efu. Akụkụ ndị kachasị adaba bụ ndị nwere akpịrịkpa ma ọ bụ akụkụ ha, yana arpeggios nke igodo okike.

O siri ike ịghọ onye violin n'oge okenye (ma ọ ga-ekwe omume!), Ebe ọ bụ na uche mkpịsị aka na ebe nchekwa muscle dị ezigbo mkpa maka ndị egwu a. Mmetụta nke mkpịsị aka nke onye toro eto dị obere karịa nke onye na-eto eto, ebe nchekwa ahụ na-ewe ogologo oge iji tolite. Ọ kacha mma ịmụta ịkpọ violin site na afọ ise, isii, asaa, ikekwe ọbụna site na nwata.

10 Ndị ama ama violin

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Bériot
• Henri Vienna

Ndekọ na arụmọrụ

notation

Edere akụkụ violin na mgbawa treble. Ụdị violin ọkọlọtọ sitere na nnu nke obere octave ruo octave nke anọ. Ụda dị elu na-esiri ike ịrụ ma jiri ya mee ihe, dịka iwu, naanị na akwụkwọ edemede solo virtuoso, ma ọ bụghị n'akụkụ ndị orkestral.

Ọnọdụ aka

A na-eji mkpịsị aka ekpe anọ pịa eriri ahụ na fretboard (a na-ewepụ mkpịsị aka ya). A na-eji ụta dị n'aka nri onye ọkpụkpọ na-edu eriri.

Site na ịpị mkpịsị aka, ogologo mpaghara oscillating nke eriri ahụ na-ebelata, n'ihi nke a na-abawanye ugboro ugboro, ya bụ, a na-enweta ụda dị elu. A na-akpọ eriri anaghị eji mkpịsị aka pịa -emeghe eriri ma gosi ya site na efu mgbe ọ na-egosi mkpịsị aka.

Site na imetụ eriri ahụ aka na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nrụgide na isi nke ọtụtụ nkewa, a na-enweta harmonics . Ọtụtụ harmonics dị anya na oke violin ọkọlọtọ na pitch.

A na-akpọ nhazi nke mkpịsị aka aka ekpe na fretboard emegharị . A na-akpọ mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka nke mbụ, mkpịsị aka etiti bụ nke abụọ, mkpịsị aka mgbanaka bụ nke atọ, obere mkpịsị aka bụ nke anọ. Ọnọdụ bụ mkpịsị aka nke mkpịsị aka anọ dị n'akụkụ gbasapụrụ otu ụda ma ọ bụ semitone iche. Eriri ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe ọnọdụ asaa ma ọ bụ karịa. Ọganihu dị elu, otú ahụ ka ọ na-esikwu ike igwu egwu nke ọma na ya. Na eriri nke ọ bụla, ewezuga nke ise (eriri nke mbụ), ha na-agakarị naanị ruo n'ọkwa nke ise gụnyere; ma na eriri nke mbụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ na nke abụọ, ha na-eji ọnọdụ dị elu - ruo nke iri na abụọ.

Enwere opekata mpe ụzọ atọ iji jide ụta ^[7] :

• Ụzọ ochie ("German") , nke mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka na-emetụ mkpanaka ụta ya na elu ala ya, dị ka ọ dị n'etiti mpịachi n'etiti phalanx ntu na etiti; mkpịsị aka mechiri emechi; isi mkpịsị aka na-eche ihu n'etiti; ntutu isi nke ụta na-akpụ akpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.
• Ụzọ ọhụrụ ("Franco-Belgian") , nke mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka na-emetụ okpete ahụ n'akụkụ ya na njedebe nke etiti phalanx; enwere nnukwu oghere n'etiti mkpịsị aka index na etiti; isi mkpịsị aka na-eche ihu n'etiti; tightly taut ụta ntutu; ọchịchọ nke okpete.
• Usoro kachasị ọhụrụ ("Russian") , nke mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka na-emetụ okpete si n'akụkụ ya na mpịachi n'etiti etiti phalanx na metacarpal; miri kpuchie okpete na n'etiti ntu phalanx na-akpụ nnukwu akụkụ na ya, o yiri ka ọ na-eduzi omume nke ụta; enwere nnukwu oghere n'etiti mkpịsị aka index na etiti; isi mkpịsị aka na-eche ihu n'etiti; loosely taut ụta ntutu; ogologo (anaghị achọ) ọnọdụ okpete. Ụzọ a nke ijide ụta bụ ihe kachasị mma iji nweta nsonaazụ ụda kacha mma na obere mmefu nke ike.

Jide ụta nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na agwa, ike, timbre nke ụda, na n'ozuzu na nkebi ahịrịokwu. Na violin, ị nwere ike were ndetu abụọ n'otu oge na eriri ndị agbata obi ( ndetu abụọ ), n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche - atọ (a na-achọ nrụgide ụta siri ike), ọ bụghị n'otu oge, ma ngwa ngwa - atọ ( ndetu atọ ) na anọ. Ngwakọta dị otú ahụ, nke na-abụkarị ihe kwekọrọ, na-adị mfe ime na eriri ndị mepere emepe, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na-arụ ọrụ.

Ọkwa aka ekpe

• "Urụ imeghe" - mkpịsị aka nke aka ekpe adịghị ejide eriri ndị ahụ, ya bụ, violin na-ewepụta ndetu anọ nke kewara n'ụzọ ise: g,d ¹ nwere ¹ , b ² (nnu nke obere octave, re, la nke octave mbụ, mi nke octave nke abụọ).
• Ọnọdụ mbụ - mkpịsị aka nke aka ekpe, ma e wezụga isi mkpịsị aka, nwere ike ịkụnye eriri ahụ na ebe anọ, kewapụrụ onwe ya na eriri oghere site na ụda diatonic. Ha na eriri ndị mepere emepe, ha na-etolite ụda dị 20-ton site na ndetu Sol nke obere octave ruo C nke octave nke abụọ.

Ọnọdụ mbụ

A na-eduzi mkpịsị aka ahụ na onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ, na-emepụta "shelf" nke olu violin na-adabere - ọ na-arụ naanị ọrụ nkwado. Mkpịsị aka ndị ọzọ nke aka ekpe dị n'elu, na-agbanye eriri na-ejighị olu. Aka ekpe nwere ngụkọta nke ọnọdụ “isi” asaa, nke dabere na ndị a:

• Mkpịsị aka dị na ọnọdụ kwekọrọ na igodo ọcha nke piano;
• Mkpịsị aka adịghị aga n'akụkụ olu;
• Ebe dị anya n'etiti mkpịsị aka dị n'akụkụ na otu eriri bụ ụda ma ọ bụ semitone;
• Ebe dị n'etiti mkpịsị aka nke anọ na eriri ka ukwuu na mkpịsị aka mbụ (ndị ọrụ oke) na obere eriri bụ otu ụda.

Kpọmkwem, ọnọdụ mbụ dị ka nke a:

Aghụghọ ndị bụ isi:

• Détaché - ihe ndetu ọ bụla na-egwu site na mmegharị dị iche iche nke ụta, site n'ịgbanwe ntụziaka ya;
• Martelé - ọrịa strok na-eme site na ịkwanye ụta, nke ogologo ụda n'onwe ya dị mkpụmkpụ karịa oge ire ere nke sonority;
• Staccato ala na elu na ụta - mmegharị nke ụta na nkwụsị;
• Staccato volant bụ ụdị staccato. Mgbe ị na-egwu egwu, ụta na-awụli elu, na-apụ na eriri;
• Spiccato - strok na-agbagharị agbagharị, staccato dị arọ na mmegharị ubu ọzọ;
• Sautillé – mmetụ na-eweghachite, nke Spiccato mere ka ọ dị mfe ma mee ngwa ngwa;
• Ricochet-saltato - ọrịa strok a na-eme site n'ịkụ ntutu nke ụta dị elu na eriri, dịka iwu, otu ìgwè na-aga n'ihu na-eme ya;
• Tremolo – otutu nkwughachi ngwa ngwa nke otu ụda ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke ụda abụọ na-abụghị nke dị n'akụkụ, mgbaama abụọ ( nkeji oge, ụdọ), otu ụda na nkwenye.
• Legato – arụmọrụ ejikọrọ nke ụda, nke enwere ngbanwe dị nro site na otu ụda gaa na nke ọzọ, enweghị nkwụsịtụ n'etiti ụda.
• Col legno - na-akụ eriri ahụ na ogwe nke ụta. Na-ebute ụda mkpọtụ, ụda nwụrụ anwụ, nke a na-ejikwa nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma site n'aka ndị na-ede egwú na egwu symphonic.

Na mgbakwunye na igwu egwu na ụta, ha na-eji otu mkpịsị aka aka nri emetụ eriri ahụ aka (pizzicato). Enwekwara pizzicato nke nwere aka ekpe, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na akwụkwọ naanị.

E nwekwara ụzọ pụrụ iche iji kewapụ ụda olu site na nhazi nke timbre nke eriri ụda - harmonica. A na-eme ihe kwekọrọ n'okike site na imetụ eriri ahụ aka na isi ihe nkewa nkewa nke ogologo ya - site na 2 (okirikiri nke eriri ahụ na-ebili site na octave), site na 3, site na 4 (abụọ octaves), wdg. otu ụzọ ahụ, kewaa nke a pịara n'okpuru na mkpịsị aka nke mbụ n'ime eriri ụzọ mbụ. Dabere na ntọala nke mkpịsị aka 1st na 4th nke aka ekpe, flageolets nwere ike ịbụ nke anọ, nke ise.

iche

A na-ekewa violin na oge gboo na ndị mmadụ (dabere na ndị mmadụ na omenala ha na egwu egwu na mmasị). violin oge gboo na nke ndị mmadụ dị iche na ibe ha, ha abụghịkwa ngwa egwu ndị ọbịa. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti violin oge gboo na violin ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'ihe gbasara ngwa (agụmakwụkwọ na akụkọ ifo) yana mmasị na omenala ha na ọdịnala ha.

Ọrụ nke violin dị ka ngwa solo na otu egwu

Oge Baroque bụ oge mmalite nke violin dị ka ngwá ọrụ ọkachamara. N'ihi nso nso nke ụda olu mmadụ na ike ịmepụta mmetụta mmetụta uche siri ike na ndị na-ege ntị, violin ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ na-eduga. Edobere ụda violin dị elu karịa ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịkpọ ụda olu. Mgbe ị na-akpọ violin, onye na-egwu virtuoso nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa na nke siri ike (akụkụ).

Ugbo violin sokwa n'otu akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ndị egwu egwu, nke kewara ndị na-egwu egwu ụzọ abụọ, nke a maara dị ka violin nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-arara ahịrị ụda olu na violin mbụ, ebe otu ìgwè nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na-eso ma ọ bụ na-eṅomi.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-enyefe abụ abụ ọ bụghị n'aka òtù violin dum, kama ọ bụ n'aka violin solo. Mgbe ahụ, onye mbụ violin, onye na-eso ya, na-egwu egwu. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a dị mkpa iji nye egwu egwu agba pụrụ iche, nke siri ike na nke na-emebi emebi. A na-ejikọkarị violin solo na onyonyo egwu.

Ụdọ anọ n'ụdị mbụ ya nwere violin abụọ (ndị na-egwu egwu na-egwu akụkụ violin nke mbụ na nke abụọ), viola na cello. Dị ka ndị na-egwu egwu, ọtụtụ mgbe, violin mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na-eduga, ma n'ozuzu, ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe oge.

Ịkpọ violin bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nhọpụta na mmemme asọmpi nke ndị ntorobịa Delphic Plays nke Russia.

isi mmalite

• Violin // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus na Efron: na mpịakọta 86 (mpịakọta 82 na 4 ọzọ). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• K. Anụ, The Nkà egwu egwu violin (vol. 1)  – Egwu, M., 1964.
• K. Anụ, Nkà nke ịkụ violin (vol. 2)  - Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
• L. Auer, Violin na-egwu egwu ka m na-akụzi ya (1920); na Russian kwa. - Ụlọ akwụkwọ m na-egwu violin , L., 1933;
• V. Mazel, Violinist na aka ya (n'aka nri)  - Onye na-ede egwú, St. Petersburg, 2006.
• V. Mazel, Violinist na aka ya (aka ekpe)  - Onye na-ede egwú, St. Petersburg, 2008.
• A. Tsitsikyan “Armenian bow art”, Yerevan, 2004.
• Banin AA Egwu ngwá ọrụ Russia nke ọdịnala akụkọ ifo . Moscow, 1997.

FAQ banyere violin

Kedu ka violin si emetụta ahụ mmadụ?

Violin na-enye mmadụ ike ichetụ n'echiche na mgbanwe nke uche, na-amụba ikike ịmepụta ihe, na ịzụlite nghọta. Nke a abụghị ihe omimi, a kọwara eziokwu a na sayensị.

Gịnị mere o ji esi ike otú a ịkpọ violin?

Violin enweghị nkụda mmụọ, dị ka ngwaọrụ eriri ndị ọzọ, yabụ ntụkwasị obi onwe onye dị otú ahụ ga-apụ apụ. Aka ekpe ga-arụ ọrụ, na-adabere naanị na onye na-egwu egwu n'onwe ya. Violin anaghị anabata ngwa ngwa, ya mere, tupu arụ ọrụ mbụ nke ọrụ egwu, ọtụtụ oge nwere ike ịgafe.

Ego ole na nkezi na-eri violin?

Ọnụ ahịa dị iche site na 70 USD ruo 15000 USD. Ego ole ka violin maka ndị mbido na-eri ka ọ ghara imebi ịnụ ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gị nke ọma? Nke mbụ, nyochaa mmefu ego gị. Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ike ịzụrụ ngwá ọrụ na ọnụ ahịa 500$.