Paul Hindemith |

Paul Hindemith

Akara anyi bu egwu nke mmadu kere ma gee egwu nke uwa. Kpọkọtanụ uche nke ọgbọ ndị dị anya Maka nri ime mmụọ ụmụnna. G. Hesse

P. Hindemith bụ onye na-ede egwú German kachasị ukwuu, otu n'ime egwu egwu a ma ama nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. N'ịbụ onye na-akpa àgwà nke eluigwe na ala ọnụ ọgụgụ (nduzi, viola na viola d'amore artist, music theorist, publicist, onye na-ede uri - ode akwụkwọ nke ya onwe ya ọrụ) - Hindemith dị nnọọ ka eluigwe na ala na ya dere ọrụ. Enweghị ụdị egwu dị otú ahụ na ụdị egwu nke ọrụ ya na-agaghị ekpuchi - ma ọ bụ egwu egwu nkà ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ opera maka ndị na-eto eto, egwu maka ngwá electronic na-anwale ma ọ bụ iberibe maka eriri ochie. Ọ dịghị ngwá ọrụ dị otú ahụ nke na-agaghị apụta n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na nke ọ na-enweghị ike igwu onwe ya (n'ihi na, dị ka ndị dịkọrọ ndụ si kwuo, Hindemith bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwú ole na ole nwere ike ịme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile na akara ndị egwú ya, ya mere. - ikenye ya ọrụ nke "onye na-egwu egwu" - All-round-musiker). Asụsụ egwu nke onye na-ede egwú n'onwe ya, bụ́ nke nwetaworo usoro nnwale dị iche iche nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, bụkwa ọchịchọ nke nsonye. na n'otu oge ahụ na-agba ọsọ mgbe niile na mmalite - na JS Bach, mgbe e mesịrị - na J. Brahms, M. Reger na A. Bruckner. Ụzọ okike nke Hindemith bụ ụzọ ọmụmụ nke kpochapụwo ọhụrụ: site na polemical fuse nke ntorobịa ruo nkwuputa siri ike ma na-echebara echiche nke Credo nka ya.

Mmalite ọrụ Hindemith dabara na 20s. – warara nke nyocha kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na nka Europe. Mmetụta ngosipụta nke afọ ndị a (opera The Killer, the Hope of Women, dabere na ederede nke O. Kokoschka) na-enye ohere ngwa ngwa na nkwupụta mgbochi ịhụnanya. Grotesque, parody, caustic ịkwa emo nke pathos niile (opera News of the Day), njikọ aka na jazz, mkpọtụ na ụda nke nnukwu obodo (piano suite 1922) - ihe niile dị n'otu n'okpuru okwu nkịtị - “gbadata na ịhụnanya. ” Ihe omume nke onye na-ede egwú na-eto eto na-egosipụta n'ụzọ doro anya n'okwu onye edemede ya, dị ka nke na-esote njedebe nke viola Sonata op. 21 # 1: "Ije ije na-agwụ ike. Mma nke ụda bụ ihe nke abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna mgbe ahụ neoclassical nghazi na-achị na mgbagwoju ụdịdị dị iche iche nke stylistic searchs. Maka Hindemith, neoclassicism abụghị naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ asụsụ, ma karịa ụkpụrụ okike niile na-eduga, ịchọ "ụdị siri ike ma mara mma" (F. Busoni), ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite ụkpụrụ nke echiche kwụsiri ike na ntụkwasị obi, malite na azụ. nye ndị nna ochie.

Site na ọkara nke abụọ nke 20s. N'ikpeazụ kpụrụ onye style nke onye dere. Okwu ọjọọ nke egwú Hindemith na-enye ihe mere a ga-eji jiri ya tụnyere “asụsụ e ji atụ osisi.” Okwu mmalite nke omenala egwu nke Baroque, bụ nke ghọrọ ebe etiti nke Hindemith's neoclassical passions, gosipụtara n'iji usoro polyphonic eme ihe. Fugues, passacaglia, usoro nke linear polyphony saturate mejupụtara nke ụdị dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ha bụ usoro ụda olu "The Life of Mary" (na ọdụ ụgbọ R. Rilke), yana opera "Cardillac" (dabere na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke TA Hoffmann), bụ ebe uru iwu egwu nke mmepe dị n'ime ya. aghọtara dị ka ihe ngbanwe na "ihe nkiri egwu" nke Wagnerian. Tinyere aha a na-arụ ọrụ na ihe okike kacha mma nke Hindemith nke 20s. (Ee, ikekwe, na n'ozuzu ya kasị mma e kere) na-agụnye cycles nke ụlọ instrumental music - sonatas, ensembles, concertos, ebe onye dere si eke predisposition na-eche na kpere egwu echiche hụrụ kasị tụụrụ ala.

Ọrụ Hindemith na-arụpụta n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ụdị akụrụngwa enweghị atụ na onyonyo ya na-arụ ọrụ. Dị ka onye violist na onye so na L. Amar quartet a ma ama, onye na-ede egwú nyere egwu na mba dị iche iche (gụnyere USSR na 1927). N'afọ ndị ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-ahazi ememe nke egwú ụlọ ọhụrụ na Donaueschingen, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke na-ada ụda n'ebe ahụ ma n'otu oge ahụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ izugbe nke ememe ahụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi nke avant-garde egwu.

N'ime afọ 30. Ọrụ Hindemith na-adọrọ adọrọ na-edo anya na nkwụsi ike ka ukwuu: mmeghachi omume sitere n'okike nke "sludge" nke ikuku nnwale nke na-ekpo ọkụ ruo ugbu a bụ egwu Europe niile nwetara. Maka Hindemith, echiche Gebrauchsmusik, egwu nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị, rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa ebe a. Site n'ụdị dị iche iche nke onye na-amu amu egwu-eme, onye na-ede egwú bu n'obi igbochi ọnwụ nke ndị na-ege ntị nke ukwuu site n'oge a ọkachamara creativity. Otú ọ dị, akara ụfọdụ nke njide onwe onye ugbu a na-akọwa ọ bụghị nanị na nnwale ya etinyere na nke nkuzi. Echiche nke nkwurịta okwu na nghọta na-adabere na egwu egwu anaghị ahapụ onye nwe German mgbe ọ na-emepụta ihe odide nke "ụdị dị elu" - dịka ruo na njedebe ọ na-ejigide okwukwe na ezi uche nke ndị hụrụ nkà n'anya, na "Ndị ajọ omume nwere. enweghị egwu" ("Bose Menschen haben keine Lleder").

The search maka a na nkà mmụta sayensị ebumnobi ndabere maka musical creativity, ọchịchọ nke theoretically ịghọta na ịgba akaebe na ebighị iwu nke music, n'ihi na ya ọdịdị anụ ahụ, na-edugakwa na mma nke a adabako, classically itule okwu site Hindemith. Nke a bụ otú e si mụọ "Nduzi maka ihe mejupụtara" (1936-41) - mkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ Hindemith, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkụzi.

Ma, eleghị anya, ihe kasị mkpa mere onye dere si ọpụpụ si onwe-eju afọ stylistic audacity nke mmalite afọ bụ ọhụrụ kere ibu-ọrụ. Hindemith tozuru oke ime mmụọ sitere na ikuku nke afọ 30 kpaliri. - ọnọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma dị egwu nke ndị fasist Germany, nke chọrọ ka onye na-ese ihe na-achịkọta ikike omume niile. Ọ bụghị ihe ndaba na opera The Painter Mathis (1938) pụtara n'oge ahụ, ihe nkiri mmekọrịta ọha na eze miri emi nke ọtụtụ ndị ghọtara n'ụzọ kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na ihe na-eme (mkpakọrịta ndị na-ekwu okwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na ebe ọkụ nke ọkụ ọkụ). Akwụkwọ Lutheran na square ahịa na Mainz). Isiokwu nke ọrụ ahụ n'onwe ya dara nnọọ mkpa - onye na-ese ihe na ọha mmadụ, mepụtara na ndabere nke akụkọ ifo nke Mathis Grunewald. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ndị ọchịchị Fashist machibidoro opera Hindemith ma n'oge na-adịghị anya malitere ndụ ya n'ụdị egwu egwu nke otu aha (a na-akpọ akụkụ 3 ihe osise nke Isenheim Altarpiece, nke Grunewald na-ese: "Concert of Angels") , “The Entombment”, “Ọnwụnwa nke St. Anthony”) .

Esemokwu na ọchịchị aka ike nke Fasisti bụ ihe mere onye dere ya ji ogologo njem na-enweghị mgbagha. Otú ọ dị, ibi ndụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ site n'ala nna ya (karịsịa na Switzerland na USA), Hindemith nọgidere na-agbaso ọdịnala mbụ nke egwu German, yana ụzọ onye edemede ọ họọrọ. N'ime afọ ndị agha gasịrị, ọ nọgidere na-enye mmasị na ụdị ngwá ọrụ ( Symphonic Metamorphoses nke Weber's Themes, Pittsburgh na Serena symphonies, sonatas ọhụrụ, ensembles, na concertos e kere). Ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke Hindemith n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya bụ egwu egwu "Harmony of the World" (1957), nke bilitere na ihe opera nke otu aha ahụ (nke na-ekwu banyere ọchịchọ ime mmụọ nke onye na-enyocha mbara igwe I. Kepler na akara aka ya siri ike). . Ihe mejupụtara ahụ mechiri na passacaglia dị egwu, na-egosipụta ịgba egwu gburugburu nke anụ ahụ nke eluigwe ma na-egosipụta nkwekọ nke eluigwe na ụwa.

Nkwenye na nkwekọ a—n'agbanyeghị ọgba aghara nke ndụ n'ezie—jupụtara n'ọrụ nile nke onye dere ya mechara. The pathos na-echebe ikwusa ozi ọma na-ada ụda n'ime ya karịa na-esi ọnwụ. Na The Composer's World (1952), Hindemith na-ekwupụta agha na "ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ" nke oge a yana, n'aka nke ọzọ, na nkà na ụzụ elitist nke egwu avant-garde kachasị ọhụrụ, na-emegidekwa, n'echiche ya, na ezi mmụọ nke imepụta ihe. . Nchekwa Hindemith nwere ọnụ ahịa doro anya. Ụdị egwu ya sitere na 50s. mgbe ụfọdụ juputara na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ; na-enwere onwe ya pụọ ​​na dictics na mwakpo dị egwu nke onye dere ya. Ma, ọ bụ kpọmkwem na nke a na-achọsi ike nkwekọ, nke na-enwe - Ọzọkwa, na Hindemith onwe music - a bukwanu ike nke iguzogide, na isi omume na aesthetic "ụkwara" nke kasị mma e kere eke nke German nna ukwu ụgha. N'ebe a, ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye na-eso ụzọ Bach ukwu, na-aza n'otu oge ahụ maka ajụjụ niile "ọrịa" nke ndụ.

T. Aka ekpe

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