Mgbaaka |

APPLICATION (site na Latin applico - m na-etinye, m pịa; English fingering; French doigte; Italian digitazione, diteggiature; German Fingersatz, Applikatur) - ụzọ nhazi na ịgbanwe mkpịsị aka mgbe ị na-egwu egwu. ngwá ọrụ, yana nhazi usoro a na ndetu. Ikike nke ịchọta ụda nke okike na nke ezi uche dị na ya bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke nkà ịrụ ọrụ nke onye na-eji ngwá ọrụ. Uru nke A. bụ n'ihi njikọ dị n'ime ya na oge nke l. usoro nke instr. egwuregwu. Nhọrọ nke ọma A. na-enye aka na nkwupụta ya, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe imeri nkà na ụzụ. ihe isi ike, na-enyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri aka ịmụta egwu. prod., ngwa ngwa kpuchie ya n'ozuzu na n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na-ewusi muses ike. ebe nchekwa, na-eme ka ịgụ ihe site na mpempe akwụkwọ, na-emepụta nnwere onwe nke nhazi n'olu, keyboard, valves, maka ndị na-eme ihe na eriri. ngwá ọrụ na-atụnyekwa aka n'ịdị ọcha nke innation. Nhọrọ nke nkà nke A., nke n'otu oge na-enye sonority dị mkpa na mfe nke ije, na-ekpebi n'ụzọ dị ukwuu àgwà nke arụmọrụ. Na A. nke onye ọ bụla na-eme ihe nkiri, yana ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ nke oge ya, njirimara onye ọ bụla na-apụtakwa. Nhọrọ nke A. ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na-emetụta nhazi nke aka nke onye na-eme ihe (ogologo mkpịsị aka, mgbanwe ha, ogo nke ịgbatị). N'otu oge ahụ, A. na-ekpebi nke ukwuu site na nghọta onye ọ bụla banyere ọrụ ahụ, atụmatụ ime ihe na mmejuputa ya. N'echiche a, anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere aesthetics nke A. Ohere nke A. dabere na ụdị na imewe nke ngwá; ha kacha obosara maka ahụigodo na eriri. Ngwa agbagọ (violin, cello), nwere oke maka eriri. dọpụtara na karịsịa maka mmụọ nsọ. ngwá ọrụ.

A. na ndetu ka e gosiri site na ọnụọgụgụ na-egosi mkpịsị aka nke a ma ọ bụ ụda ahụ ewere. Na egwu mpempe akwụkwọ maka eriri. ngwa eriri, mkpịsị aka nke aka ekpe na-egosi nọmba site na 1 ruo 4 (malite site na mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka ruo obere mkpịsị aka), ntinye nke mkpịsị aka nke cellists na-egosi site na akara . N'ime ndetu maka ngwa ahụigodo, a na-anabata aha mkpịsị aka site na nọmba 1-5 (site na mkpịsị aka ruo obere mkpịsị aka nke aka ọ bụla). Na mbụ, a na-ejikwa aha ndị ọzọ mee ihe. Ụkpụrụ izugbe nke A. gbanwere ka oge na-aga, dabere na evolushọn nke muses. art-va, nakwa site na mma nke muses. ngwá ọrụ na mmepe nke ịrụ usoro.

Ihe atụ mbụ nke A. ewepụtara: maka ngwa ehulata - na "Treatise on Music" ("Tractatus de musica", n'etiti 1272 na 1304) Czech. ice theorist Hieronymus Moravsky (o nwere A. maka 5-ụdọ. fidel viola), maka ngwa ahụigodo – n’akwụkwọ akụkọ “The Art of Performing Fantasies” (“Arte de tair Fantasia…”, 1565) nke onye Spen Thomas si Santa Maria dere na na “Organ or Instrumental Tablature” (“Orgel-oder Instrumenttabulatur) …”, 1571) German. organist E. Ammerbach. Njirimara njirimara nke A. - ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpịsị aka nwere oke: mgbe ị na-egwu egwu ụta, ọ bụ naanị mkpịsị aka abụọ mbụ na eriri mepere emepe ka ejikọtara ọnụ, jiri otu mkpịsị aka were chromatic were were. semitone; na ahụigodo, a na-eji mgbakọ na mwepụ, dabere na ngbanwe nke naanị mkpịsị aka etiti, ebe mkpịsị aka dị oke egwu, na-enweghị ihe dị ụkọ, anaghị arụ ọrụ. A yiri usoro na n'ọdịnihu na-anọgide na-ahụkarị maka kpọọrọ viols na harpsichord. Na narị afọ nke 15, igwu egwu viol, na-ejedebe na ọkara-ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ mbụ, bụ polyphonic, chordal; A malitere iji usoro ntụgharị na viola da gamba mee ihe na narị afọ nke 16, mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ malitere na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 17 na 18. Ọtụtụ ihe mepere emepe bụ A. na ụbọ akwara, nke na narị afọ nke 16-17. ghọrọ ihe eji egwu egwu. E ji usoro dị iche iche mara ya. nkọwapụta a. e kpebisiri ike site n'ụdị ihe osise nka nke egwu harpsichord. Ụdị nke miniature, nke ndị na-akụ ụbọ akwara na-azụlite, chọrọ usoro mkpịsị aka dị mma, ọkachasị ọnọdụ (n'ime “ọnọdụ” nke aka). N'ihi ya, ịzere ịtinye isi mkpịsị aka, mmasị enyere na ntinye na ịtụgharị mkpịsị aka ndị ọzọ (4th n'okpuru 3rd, 3rd site 4th), mgbanwe mkpịsị aka na-agbachi nkịtị n'otu igodo (doigté substituer), mwepu nke mkpịsị aka site na igodo ojii gaa na ọcha. otu (doigté de glissé), wdg. Usoro ndị a A. usoro nke F. Couperin na akwụkwọ akụkọ "The Art of Playing the Harpsichord" ("L'art de toucher le clavecin", 1716). Evolushọn ọzọ a. e jikọtara ya: n'etiti ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-ehulata, bụ ndị na-akụ violin, na mmepe nke egwuregwu ọnọdụ, usoro ntụgharị site n'ọnọdụ gaa n'ọkwa, n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe na keyboard, na iwebata usoro nke itinye isi mkpịsị aka, nke chọrọ ịmụta keyboard. decomp. "Ọnọdụ" nke aka (mmeghe nke usoro a na-ejikọta ya na aha I. C. Baha). Ihe ndabere nke violin A. bụ nkewa nke olu nke ngwá ọrụ n'ime ọnọdụ na iji decomp. ụdị ntinye mkpịsị aka na fretboard. Nkewa nke fretboard n'ime ọnọdụ asaa, dabere na nhazi okike nke mkpịsị aka, yana Krom na eriri ọ bụla, ụda na-ekpuchi olu nke quart, nke M. Corret na "School of Orpheus" ya ("L'école d'Orphée", 1738); A., dabere na mgbasawanye na mbelata nke oke ọnọdụ ahụ, F. Geminiani na The Art of Playing na Violin School, op. 9, 1751). Na aka skr. A. ya na rhythmic. Ngosipụta usoro nke akụkụ na ọrịa strok bụ L. Mozart na ya "ahụmahụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ violin bụ isi" ("Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756). Mgbe e mesịrị III. Berio chepụtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti violin A. nke A. cantilena na A. ebe technician site na ịtọ diff. ụkpụrụ nke nhọrọ ha na "Great violin school" ("Grande mеthode de violon", 1858). Mechanics Percussion, Mechanics Nkuzi na usoro pedal nke hama-action piano, nke dabere na ụkpụrụ dị iche iche kpamkpam ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụbọ akwara, meghere usoro ọhụrụ maka ndị pianist. na nka. Ike. N'oge Y. Haydna, V. A. Mozart na L. Beethoven, a na-eme mgbanwe na FP "mkpịsị aka ise". A. Ụkpụrụ nke a na-akpọ. oge gboo ma ọ bụ omenala fp. A. chịkọtara na usoro dị otú ahụ. na-arụ ọrụ dịka "Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Piano zuru ezu na nke bara uru" ("Voll-ständige theoretisch-praktische Pianoforte-Schule", op. 500, gburugburu 1830) K. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Czerny na Piano. Nkuzi nkuzi zuru oke na nke bara uru gbasara ịkpọ piano” (“Klavierschule: ausführliche theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Pianofortespiel…”, 1828) nke I.

Na narị afọ nke 18 n'okpuru nduzi nke ịkụ violin, a na-emepụta A. nke cello. The nnukwu (tụnyere violin) size nke ngwá na n'ihi na vetikal ụzọ na-ejide ya (na ụkwụ) kpebisiri ike kpọmkwem nke cello violin: a wider ndokwa nke etiti oge na fretboard chọrọ a dị iche iche usoro nke mkpịsị aka mgbe egwu (na-egwu). Na-arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ mbụ nke ụda dum abụghị 1st na 2nd, na 1st na 3rd mkpịsị aka), iji mkpịsị aka na egwuregwu (nke a na-akpọ nnabata nke nzọ). Na nke mbụ, ụkpụrụ nke A. cello ka edobere na cello “School…” (“Mthode … pour apprendre … le violencelle”, op. 24, 1741) nke M. Correta (ch. “On fingering in the ọnọdụ mbụ na nke ọzọ", "Na ntinye nke isi mkpịsị aka - ọnụego"). A na-ejikọta mmepe nke nnabata nke nzọ ahụ na aha L. Boccherini (iji mkpịsị aka nke anọ, iji ọnọdụ dị elu). N'ọdịnihu, usoro J.-L. Duport depụtara ụkpụrụ nke cello acoustics n'ọrụ ya Essai sur le doigté du violencelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, 4, na cello mkpịsị aka na-eduzi ụta. Isi ihe dị mkpa nke ọrụ a na-ejikọta ya na nguzobe nke ụkpụrụ nke piano cello kwesịrị ekwesị, na-ahapụ onwe ya site na gambo (na, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, violin) na-emetụta ma nweta àgwà cello kpọmkwem, na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ piano dịkwuo mma.

Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke ịhụnanya ịhụnanya na narị afọ nke 19 (N. Paganini, F. Liszt, F. Chopin) kwadoro ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke A., dabere na "mma" nke arụmọrụ, ma na ntinye akwụkwọ ozi ya n'ime muses. ọdịnaya, na ikike iji nweta enyemaka nke kwekọrọ. A. ụda ma ọ bụ agba kacha egbuke egbuke. mmetụta. Paganini webatara usoro nke A., osn. na mkpịsị aka na-agbatị ma na-awụli elu dị anya, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo oke nke onye ọ bụla. eriri; N'ime nke a, ọ meriri ọnọdụ n'ịgba violin. Liszt, onye ọrụ nka nke Paganini na-emetụta, kpalitere oke nke FP. A. Tinyere itinye isi mkpịsị aka, ịtụgharị na ịgafe mkpịsị aka nke abụọ, nke atọ na nke ise, ọ na-ejikarị mkpịsị aka na mkpịsị aka nke ise na igodo ojii, na-eji otu mkpịsị aka na-akpọ usoro ụda, wdg.

N'oge mgbasa ozi ịhụnanya K. Yu. Davydov webatara n'omume nke igwu egwu cellists A., osn. ọ bụghị na-agwụ ike ojiji nke mmegharị nke mkpịsị aka na fingerboard na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe ọnọdụ nke aka n'otu ọnọdụ (ụkpụrụ nke a na-akpọ positional parallelism, akọ site German akwụkwọ na onye nke B. Romberg), ma. na ngagharị nke aka na mgbanwe ọnọdụ ugboro ugboro.

Mmepe. na 20th narị afọ na-ekpughe ya organic ọdịdị ọzọ miri emi. njikọ na express. site n'iji nkà na-arụ ọrụ (ụzọ nke mmepụta ụda, nkebi ahịrịokwu, ike, ihe ngosi, nka, maka ndị pianists - pedalization), na-ekpughe ihe A. ka onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ. ihe na-eduga na rationalization nke usoro mkpịsị aka, na iwebata usoro, DOS. na akụ na ụba nke mmegharị, akpaaka ha. Nnukwu onyinye maka mmepe nke oge a. fp. A. wetara F. Busoni, bụ onye mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ụzọ nkọwapụta nke ihe a na-akpọ "nkà na ụzụ" ma ọ bụ "mgbagwoju anya" nke nwere otu ụdị ndetu nke otu A. Ụkpụrụ a, nke na-emepe ohere dị ukwuu maka ịmegharị mmegharị nke mkpịsị aka na, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, jikọtara ya na ụkpụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọ. “rhythmic” A., natara ngwa dị iche iche na A. dr. ngwaọrụ. AP Casals butere usoro ọhụrụ nke A. na cello, osn. na nnukwu ịgbatị mkpịsị aka, nke na-abawanye olu nke ọnọdụ na otu eriri ruo n'etiti nkeji nke quart, na mmegharị aka ekpe nke aka ekpe, yana iji nhazi nhazi mkpịsị aka na fretboard. Echiche Casals bụ onye nwa akwụkwọ ya bụ D. Aleksanyan n'ọrụ ya "Nkụzi Cello" ("L' enseignement de violencelle", 1914), "Theoretical and Practical Guide to Playing the Cello" ("Traité théorétique et pratique du violencelle", 1922) na mbipụta ya nke suites. nke I. C. Bach maka cello solo. Ndị na-eme violin E. Izai, na-eji mgbatị mkpịsị aka na ịgbasa olu nke ọnọdụ ahụ na etiti nke isii na ọbụna nke asaa, webatara ihe a na-akpọ. igwu egwu violin "interpositional"; o tinyekwara usoro nke mgbanwe ọnọdụ "gbachi nkịtị" site n'enyemaka nke eriri na-emeghe na ụda kwekọrọ. Ịzụlite usoro mkpịsị aka Izaya, F. Kreisler mepụtara usoro maka iji eriri violin mepere emepe eme ihe kacha, nke nyere aka n'ịnwuwanye na ike nke ụda akụrụngwa. Nke kacha mkpa bụ ụzọ Kreisler webatara. n'ịgụ abụ, dabere n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ụda na-atọ ụtọ, na-egosipụta nkwupụta (portamento), ngbanwe mkpịsị aka n'otu ụda ahụ, gbanyụọ mkpịsị aka nke anọ na cantilena wee jiri nke atọ dochie ya. Oge a na-eme omume nke violinists dabeere na a ọzọ na-agbanwe na mobile uche nke ọnọdụ, ojiji nke warara na widened ndokwa nke mkpịsị aka na fretboard, ọkara ọnọdụ, ọbụna ọnọdụ. Mn. usoro nke ọgbara ọhụrụ violin A. usoro nke K. Na-egbuke egbuke na "The Art of Violin Playing" ("Kunst des Violinspiels", Teile 1-2, 1923-28). Na mmepe dị iche iche na ngwa nke A. ịrịba rụzuru nke ikwiikwii . ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme egwuregwu: piano - A. B. Goldenweiser, K. N. Igumnova, G. G. Neuhaus na L. AT. Nikolaev; onye violin - L. M. Tseytlina A. NA. Yampolsky, D. F. Oistrakh (atụmatụ na-amị mkpụrụ na mpaghara nke ọnọdụ ọ na-ebute); cello - S. M. Kozolupova, A. Ya Shtrimer, emechaa - M. L. Rostropovich, na A. AP Stogorsky, onye jiri usoro mkpịsị aka nke Casals wee mepụta ọtụtụ usoro ọhụrụ.

References: (fp.) Neuhaus G., Na mkpịsị aka, n'akwụkwọ ya: Na nkà nke ịkpọ piano. Ihe ndetu nke onye nkuzi, M., 1961, p. 167-183, Tinye. ruo IV isi; Kogan GM, Na ederede piano, M., 1961; Ponizovkin Yu. V., Na ụkpụrụ mkpịsị aka nke SV Rakhmaninov, na: Usoro nke State. egwu-agụmagụ. na-ta im. Gnesins, mba. 2, M., 1961; Messner W., Mkpịsị aka na Piano Sonatas nke Beethoven. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ndị nkuzi piano, M., 1962; Barenboim L., Ụkpụrụ mkpịsị aka nke Artur Schnabel, na Sat: Ajụjụ nke egwu egwu na nka, (okwu) 3, M., 1962; Vinogradova O., Uru nke mkpịsị aka maka mmepe nke nkà ịrụ ọrụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ pianist, na: Essays na usoro nkuzi ịkụ egwu piano, M., 1965; Adam L., Méthode ou principe géneral de doigté…, P., 1798; Neate Ch., Edemede nke mkpịsị aka, L., 1855; Kchler L., Der Klavierfingersatz, Lpz., 1862; Clauwell OA, Der Fingersatz des Klavierspiels, Lpz., 1885; Michelsen GA, Der Fingersatz beim Klavierspiel, Lpz., 1896; Babitz S., Na iji mkpịsị aka ahụigodo JS Bach, “ML”, v. XLIII, 1962, Mba 2; (skr.) - Plansin M., Mkpịsị aka na-agbanye dị ka usoro ọhụrụ na usoro violin, "SM", 1933, Mba 2; Yampolsky I., Fundamentals of violin fingering, M., 1955 (na Bekee - ụkpụrụ nke violin mkpịsị aka, L., 1967); Jarosy A., Nouvelle théorie du doigté, Paganini et nwa nzuzo, P., 1924; Anụ C., Violin mkpịsị aka: echiche ya na omume ya, L., 1966; (cello) - Ginzburg SL, K. Yu. Davydov. Isi nke sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala egwu Russia na echiche usoro, (L.), 1936, p. 111-135; Ginzburg L., History of cello art. Akwụkwọ. mbụ. Cello oge ochie, M.-L., 1950, p. 402-404, 425-429, 442-444, 453-473; Gutor VP, K.Yu. Davydov dị ka onye nchoputa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ. Okwu mmalite, ed. na ndetu. LS Ginzburg, M.-L., 1950, p. 10-13; Duport JL, Essai sur Ie doigté du violencelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, P., 1770 (ederede ikpeazụ. 1902); (bass abụọ) - Khomenko V., Mkpịsị aka ọhụrụ maka akpịrịkpa na arpeggios maka bass abụọ, M., 1953; Bezdeliev V., Na iji mkpịsị aka ọhụrụ (mkpịsị aka ise) mgbe ị na-egwu bass abụọ, na: Ihe odide sayensị na usoro nke Saratov State Conservatory, 1957, Saratov, (1957); (balalaika) - Ilyukhin AS, Na mkpịsị aka nke akpịrịkpa na arpeggios na na teknụzụ kacha nta nke onye ọkpụkpọ balalaika, M., 1960; (ọjà) – Mahillon V., Ütude sur le doigté de la flyte, Boechm, Brux., 1882.

IM Yampolsky