Overture |

Ntugharị French, sitere na lat. apertura - oghere, mmalite

Okwu mmeghe nke ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke nwere egwu (opera, ballet, operetta, drama), na ọrụ ngwa ngwa dị ka cantata na oratori, ma ọ bụ n'usoro ihe eji eme ihe dị ka ụlọ, na narị afọ nke 20. Ọzọkwa maka ihe nkiri. Ụdị pụrụ iche nke U. - conc. egwuregwu nwere ụfọdụ ihe nkiri. prototype. Ụdị abụọ bụ isi U. - egwuregwu nwere okwu mmeghe. ọrụ, ma nweere onwe ya. prod. nwere nkọwa ihe atụ na ihe mejupụtara. Njirimara-ha na-emekọrịta ihe na usoro mmepe ụdị (malite na narị afọ nke 19). Ihe a na-ahụkarị bụ ụlọ ihe nkiri a na-akpọkarị. ọdịdị nke U., "Nchikota nke njirimara njirimara nke atụmatụ ahụ n'ụdị ha kachasị dị egwu" (BV Asafiev, Ọrụ ahọpụtara, vol. 1, p. 352).

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke U. laghachiri na mmalite mmalite nke mmepe nke opera (Italy, ntụgharị nke narị afọ nke 16-17), ọ bụ ezie na e guzobere okwu ahụ n'onwe ya na ọkara nke abụọ. Na narị afọ nke 2 na France wee ghọọ ebe niile. A na-ewere toccata dị na opera Orfeo nke Monteverdi (17) dị ka nke mbụ. Egwu fanfare gosipụtara omenala ochie nke imeghe ihe ngosi na ndị fanfares na-akpọ òkù. Mgbe e mesịrị Italian. mmeghe opera, nke bụ usoro nke ngalaba 1607 - ngwa ngwa, ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa, n'okpuru aha. “Symphonies” (sinfonia) ka edobere na operas nke ụlọ akwụkwọ opera Neapolitan (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Akụkụ dị oke egwu na-agụnyekarị ihe owuwu fugue, mana nke atọ na-enwekarị ịgba egwu ụdị-ụlọ. agwa, ebe etiti dị iche site na ụtọ ụtọ, lyricism. Ọ bụ omenala ịkpọ ụdị operatic symphonies Italian U. N'otu aka ahụ, ụdị dị iche iche nke 3-akụkụ U. mepụtara na France, kpochapụwo. JB Lully kere ihe atụ nke ịkpụ. N'ihi na French U. na-esochi ya site na ngwa ngwa, mmeghe dị mma, akụkụ fugue ngwa ngwa, na ihe owuwu ikpeazụ na-eji nwayọ nwayọ, na-ekwughachi ihe okwu mmalite ma ọ bụ dị ka agwa ya n'ozuzu ya. N'ime ụfọdụ nlele ndị ọzọ, ewepụrụ akụkụ ikpeazụ, na-eji ihe owuwu cadenza dochie ya na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa. Na mgbakwunye na ndị na-ede French, ụdị French. W. ji ya. ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke 3st floor. narị afọ nke 1 (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann na ndị ọzọ), na-atụ anya na ọ bụghị naanị operas, cantatas na oratorios, kamakwa instr. suites (na nke ikpeazụ, aha U. mgbe ụfọdụ gbatịpụrụ dum suite okirikiri). opera U. jigidere onye isi ọrụ, nkọwa ọrụ nke iyi kpatara ọtụtụ echiche na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Ụfọdụ egwu. ọnụ ọgụgụ (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) weputara ọchịchọ maka njikọ echiche na egwu-ihe atụ n'etiti opera na opera; na ngalaba N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị na-ede egwú mere ụdị njikọ a na ngwá ọrụ ha (Handel, karịsịa JF Rameau). Oge ntụgharị pụtara ìhè na mmepe U. bịara n'ala nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 18 ekele maka nkwado nke sonata-symphony. ụkpụrụ nke mmepe, yana ọrụ ndozigharị nke KV Gluck, onye kọwara U. dị ka “tinye. nyochaa nke ọdịnaya nke opera. cyclic. ụdị ahụ nyere ụzọ nke otu akụkụ U. n'ụdị sonata (mgbe ụfọdụ na-eji obere okwu mmeghe ngwa ngwa), nke na-ebutekarị ụda olu nke ihe nkiri ahụ na àgwà nke isi. esemokwu ("Alceste" nke Gluck), nke dị na ngalaba. A na-ejikọta ikpe site na iji egwu na U. kwekọrọ. operas ("Iphigenia na Aulis" nke Gluck, "Ntọhapụ sitere na Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" nke Mozart). pụtara. Ndị dere oge Great French nyere aka dị ukwuu na mmepe nke opera opera. mgbanwe, isi L. Cherubini.

Wepu. Ọrụ L. Beethoven na-ekere òkè na mmepe nke ụdị wu. Na-ewusi ihe egwu egwu ike. njikọ na opera na 2 nke ụdị kachasị dị egwu nke W. na "Fidelio", o gosipụtara na muses ha. mmepe nke oge kachasị mkpa nke dramaturgy (n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ na Leonora Nke 2, na-eburu n'uche nkọwa nke ụdị symphonic - na Leonora Nke 3). Ụdị ihe nkiri dike yiri nke ahụ. Beethoven doziri overture mmemme na egwu maka ihe nkiri (Coriolanus, Egmont). German ihụnanya composers, na-emepe emepe omenala Beethoven, saturate W. na operatic themes. Mgbe ị na-ahọpụta maka U. muses kacha mkpa. onyonyo nke opera (mgbe - leitmotifs) na dabere na egwu egwu ya. Ka usoro izugbe nke atụmatụ operatic na-etolite, W. na-aghọ “ihe nkiri akụrụngwa” nwere onwe ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, W. na operas The Free Gunner nke Weber, The Flying Dutchman, na Tannhäuser nke Wagner). Na Italian. egwu, gụnyere nke G. Rossini, na-ejigide ụdị ochie nke U. - na-enweghị kpọmkwem. njikọ na isiokwu na atụmatụ mmepe nke opera; ewepụrụ bụ ihe mejupụtara opera Rossini William Tell (1829), ya na ihe mejupụtara ya na otu akụkụ ya na mkpokọta oge egwu kachasị mkpa nke opera.

Mmezu nke Europe. Egwu Symphony n'ozuzu ya na, karịsịa, uto nke nnwere onwe na echiche zuru oke nke operatic symphonies nyere aka na mpụta nke ụdị ya dị iche iche, egwu mmemme egwu egwu (ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro a bụ ọrụ nke H. Berlioz na F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). N'ụdị sonata nke U. dị otú ahụ, a na-enwe mmasị n'ebe egwu egwu dị ogologo. mmepe (nke a na-edekarị abụ operatic n'ụdị sonata na-enweghị nkọwa), nke mechara mee ka ọdịdị nke uri symphonic pụta n'ọrụ F. Liszt; emesia a na-ahụ ụdị a na B. Smetana, R. Strauss, na ndị ọzọ. Na narị afọ nke 19. U. nke etinyere n'ọrụ na-enweta ewu ewu - "oke", "nnabata", "ememe ncheta" (otu n'ime ihe atụ mbụ bụ "Ụbọchị Aha" Beethoven, 1815). Genre U. bụ isi iyi egwu egwu kacha mkpa na Russian. egwu na MI Glinka (na narị afọ nke 18, overtures nke DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 - nke OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov) . Onyinye bara uru maka mmepe nke decomp. ụdị U. ewebatara site na MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, na ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị kere ụdị pụrụ iche nke mba e ji mara U., na-ejikarị isiokwu ndị mmadụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Glinka's “Spanish” overtures, “Overture on themes of the themes. atọ Russian songs "nke Balakirev na ndị ọzọ). Nke a dịgasị iche iche na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto na ọrụ nke Soviet composers.

N'ala nke abụọ. Ndị na-ede ihe na narị afọ nke 2 na-atụgharị gaa na ụdị W. obere oge. Na opera, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ya site na mmeghe dị mkpụmkpụ na-adabereghị n'ụkpụrụ sonata. A na-akwadokarị ya n'otu agwa, jikọtara ya na onyinyo nke otu ndị dike nke opera ("Lohengrin" nke Wagner, "Eugene Onegin" site na Tchaikovsky) ma ọ bụ, na atụmatụ ngosipụta nke ọma, na-ewebata ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi na-eduga ("Carmen") nke Wiese); A na-ahụ ihe ndị yiri ya na ballets (Coppelia site Delibes, Swan Lake nke Tchaikovsky). Banye. a na-akpọ mmegharị na opera na ballet nke oge a okwu mmeghe, mmeghe, mmalite, wdg. Echiche nke ịkwadebe maka nghọta nke opera na-anọchi anya echiche nke egwu egwu. N'ịkọghachi ọdịnaya ya, R. Wagner dere ugboro ugboro banyere nke a, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụ n'ọrụ ya site n'ụkpụrụ nke mmemme agbatịkwuru U. Otú ọ dị, tinyere obere mmeghe site na otd. ihe atụ na-egbuke egbuke nke sonata U. na-aga n'ihu na-apụta na muses. Ụlọ ihe nkiri 19nd floor. Narị afọ 2 ("Nurenberg Meistersingers" nke Wagner, "Force of Destiny" nke Verdi, "Pskovite" nke Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" nke Borodin). Dabere na iwu nke sonata ụdị, W. na-atụgharị n'ime a ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị free fantasy na isiokwu nke ihe opera, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka a potpourri (nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe ahụkarị nke operetta; ihe atụ kpochapụwo bụ Strauss' Die Fledermaus). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-enwe U. na nnwere onwe. Thematic ihe (ballet "The Nutcracker" site Tchaikovsky). Na conc. ogbo U. na-enyewanye ohere maka egwu egwu. uri, symphonic picture ma ọ bụ fantasy, ma ọbụna ebe a kpọmkwem atụmatụ nke echiche mgbe ụfọdụ na-eweta ndụ nso ihe nkiri. ụdị ụdị W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo na Juliet na Tchaikovsky's Hamlet).

Na narị afọ nke 20 U. na sonata ụdị dị ụkọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, J. Barber's overture to Sheridan's "School of Scandal"). Conc. ụdị dị iche iche, agbanyeghị, na-aga n'ihu na-atụgharị n'akụkụ sonata. N'ime ha, ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nat.-àgwà. (na isiokwu ndị mmadụ) na solemn U. (ihe atụ nke ikpeazụ bụ Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

References: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, “NZfM”, 1861, Bd 54, Mba 10-13 (Russian translation – Thematism (Thematismus) nke overture na opera “Leonora” Etude banyere Beethoven, n'akwụkwọ: Serov AN, Critical isiokwu, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, otu ahụ, n’akwụkwọ: Serov AN, Isiokwu ndị a họọrọ, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan na Lyudmila" nke Glinka dere, n'akwụkwọ: Musical Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, otu ahụ, n’ime akwụkwọ: Asafiev BV, Izbr. na-arụ ọrụ, vol. 1, M., 1952; nke ya, Na French oge gboo overture na karịsịa na Cherubini overtures, n'akwụkwọ: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, otu, na akwụkwọ: Asafiev BV, Izbr. na-arụ ọrụ, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures nke R. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Mfefe na iwebata ihe nkiri Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 otu, n'ime akwụkwọ: Richard Wagner, Isiokwu na ihe onwunwe, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis