Aram Khachaturian |

Aram Khachaturian

… Onyinye Aram Khachaturian na egwu nke ụbọchị anyị dị ukwuu. Ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa mkpa nkà ya maka omenala Soviet na ụwa egwu. Aha ya enwetala nkwanye ugwu kachasị na mba anyị ma na mba ofesi; o nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-eso ụzọ na-azụlite ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ nke ya onwe ya na-anọgide na-abụ eziokwu mgbe niile. D. Shostakovich

Ọrụ nke A. Khachaturian na-adọrọ mmasị na ụba nke ọdịnaya ihe atụ, obosara nke ojiji nke ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche. Egwú ya na-agụnye echiche dị elu nke humanistic nke mgbanwe, ịhụ mba n'anya Soviet na mba ụwa, isiokwu na atụmatụ ndị na-egosi ihe omume dị egwu na nke dị egwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị anya na oge a; Onyonyo mara mma nke ebipụtara nke ọma na ihe ngosi nke ndụ ndị mmadụ, ụwa echiche, mmetụta na ahụmịhe nke oge anyị kachasị baa ọgaranya. N'iji nkà ya, Khachaturian bụrụ abụ site n'ike mmụọ nsọ ndụ nke obodo ya na nso ya Armenia.

Ihe okike biography nke Khachaturian abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. N'agbanyeghị nkà egwu egwu na-egbuke egbuke, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ natara ọzụzụ egwu pụrụ iche nke mbụ na ọkachamara sonye na egwu naanị mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. Afọ ndị a na-eji na Tiflis ochie, ihe egwu egwu nke nwata hapụrụ ihe na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'uche nke onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu ma kpebie ntọala nke echiche egwu ya.

Ọnọdụ kachasị baa ọgaranya nke ndụ egwu nke obodo a nwere mmetụta siri ike na ọrụ onye na-ede egwú, bụ nke ndị Georgian, Armenian na Azerbaijani na-ada ụda n'oge ọ bụla, nkwalite nke ndị na-agụ egwú na-agụ egwú - ashugs na sazandars, omenala nke egwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ. .

Na 1921, Khachaturian kwagara Moscow wee biri na nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ Suren, onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nhazi na onye isi nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Armenia. Ndụ nka nka nke Moscow na-eju nwa okorobịa ahụ anya.

Ọ na-eleta ụlọ ihe nkiri, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, mgbede akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri opera na ballet, na-eji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-enwetakwu ihe ngosi nka, na-amata ọrụ nke oge gboo egwu ụwa. Ọrụ nke M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, yana A. Spendiarov, R. Melikyan, wdg. ruo n'otu ogo ma ọ bụ ọzọ metụtara nguzobe nke ụdị mbụ nke Khachaturian.

Na ndụmọdụ nke nwanne ya nwoke, na ọdịda nke 1922, Khachaturian banyere biological ngalaba nke Moscow University, na obere ka e mesịrị - na Music College. Gnesins na klas cello. Mgbe afọ 3 gachara, ọ hapụrụ akwụkwọ ya na mahadum wee tinye onwe ya kpamkpam na egwu.

N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị igwu egwu cello ma nyefee ya na klas nke onye nkụzi Soviet a ma ama na onye na-ede egwú bụ M. Gnesin. N'ịgbalị imezi oge furu efu n'oge ọ bụ nwata, Khachaturian na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, mejupụta ihe ọmụma ya. Na 1929 Khachaturian banyere Moscow Conservatory. N'afọ 1st nke ọmụmụ ya na ihe mejupụtara, ọ gara n'ihu na Gnesin, na site n'afọ nke abụọ N. Myaskovsky, bụ onye na-ekere òkè dị oke mkpa na mmepe nke àgwà okike nke Khachaturian, ghọrọ onye ndú ya. Na 2, Khachaturian gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ site na ụlọ akwụkwọ nchekwa wee nọgide na-emeziwanye na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Edere ya dị ka ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ, Symphony Mbụ na-emecha oge ụmụ akwụkwọ nke akụkọ ndụ okike nke onye dere ya. Ọganihu okike kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nyere nsonaazụ dị mma - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile mejupụtara nke oge ụmụ akwụkwọ ghọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ndị a bụ, nke mbụ, Symphony mbụ, piano Toccata, Trio maka clarinet, violin na piano, abụ abụ (na nsọpụrụ nke ashugs) maka violin na piano, wdg.

Ihe okike zuru oke nke Khachaturian bụ Piano Concerto (1936), nke emepụtara n'oge ọmụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee weta onye na-ede egwú ama ama n'ụwa niile. Na-arụ ọrụ na ubi nke song, ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri music anaghị akwụsị. N'afọ nke mmepụta ihe nkiri ahụ, a na-egosi ihe nkiri "Pepo" na egwu Khachaturian na ihuenyo nke obodo obodo. Egwu Pepo na-aghọ abụ ndị ọkacha mmasị na Armenia.

N'ime afọ nke ọmụmụ na music College na Conservatory, Khachaturian mgbe niile na-eleta House of Culture nke Soviet Armenia, nke a na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na ya biography. N'ebe a, ọ na-abịaru nso onye na-ede egwú A. Spendiarov, onye na-ese ihe M. Saryan, onye nduzi K. Saradzhev, onye na-agụ egwú Sh. Talyan, omee na director R. Simonov. N'otu afọ ahụ, Khachaturian kwurịtara okwu na ndị pụtara ihe nkiri (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), pianists (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), composers (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky). Nkwurịta okwu na ndị na-egbuke egbuke nke nkà egwú Soviet mere ka ụwa ime mmụọ nke onye na-ede egwú na-eto eto dịkwuo ukwuu. N'ikpeazụ 30s - mmalite 40s. akara site n'ichepụta ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama nke onye na-ede egwú, gụnyere na ego ọla edo nke egwu Soviet. Otu n'ime ha bụ abụ Symphonic (1938), Violin Concerto (1940), egwu maka ihe nkiri Lope de Vega The di ya nwụrụ nke Valencia (1940) na ihe nkiri M. Lermontov Masquerade. Ihe ngosi nke ikpeazụ mere na mgbede mmalite nke Great Patriotic War na June 21, 1941 na Ụlọ ihe nkiri. E. Vakhtangov.

Site na ụbọchị mbụ nke agha ahụ, olu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe okike nke Khachaturian mụbara nke ukwuu. Dị ka onye osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nhazi nke Union of Composers nke USSR, ọ na-achọpụta na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke nzukọ a na-emepụta ihe iji dozie ọrụ ndị dị mkpa nke oge agha, na-eme ihe ngosi nke ihe odide ya na nkeji na ụlọ ọgwụ, ma na-ekere òkè na pụrụ iche. mgbasa ozi nke Kọmitii Redio maka ihu. Ọrụ ọha na eze egbochighị onye na-ede egwú na-emepụta n'ime afọ ndị a dị egwu ọrụ nke ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha gosipụtara isiokwu agha.

N'ime afọ 4 nke agha ahụ, o kere ballet "Gayane" (1942), Symphony nke abụọ (1943), egwu maka ihe ngosi atọ dị egwu ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1942, "Deep Intelligence" - 1943, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ" "- 1945), maka ihe nkiri "Man No. 217" na ihe onwunwe ya Suite maka abụọ pianos (1945), suites e dere si music maka "Masquerade" na ballet "Gayane" (1943), 9 songs e dere. , ngagharị maka otu egwu ọla “To Heroes of the Patriotic War” (1942), Anthem of the Armenian SSR (1944). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọrụ malitere na Cello Concerto na egwu egwu atọ arias (1944), e dechara na 1946. N'oge agha ahụ, echiche nke "dike choreodrama”—bụ́ ballet Spartacus—malitere itozuo okè.

Khachaturian kwukwara isiokwu nke agha na post-agha afọ: music maka fim The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), The Russian Ajụjụ (1947), Ha nwere a n'ala nna (1949), Secret Mission (1950), na play. Ebe ndịda (1947). N'ikpeazụ, n'ememe nke 30th ncheta nke Mmeri na Great Patriotic War (1975), otu n'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ nke onye dere, Solemn Fanfares maka opi na ịgbà, ka e kere. Ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke oge agha bụ ballet "Gayane" na Symphony nke abụọ. Ihe ngosi nke ballet mere na December 3, 1942 na Perm site n'aka ndị agha nke Leningrad Opera na Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov. Dị ka onye na-ede egwú si kwuo, "echiche nke Symphony nke Abụọ sitere na ihe omume nke Agha Patriotic. Achọrọ m igosipụta mmetụta iwe, ịbọ ọbọ maka ihe ọjọọ niile ndị fasizim German kpatara anyị. N'aka nke ọzọ, egwu egwu ahụ na-egosipụta mmetụta nke iru újú na mmetụta nke okwukwe miri emi ná mmeri ikpeazụ anyị.” Khachaturian raara onwe ya nye Symphony nke atọ maka mmeri nke ndị Soviet na Great Patriotic War, nke oge na-adaba na ememe nke 30th ncheta nke Great October Socialist Revolution. Dị ka atụmatụ ahụ si dị - abụ na-abụ abụ nye ndị mmeri - ihe ọzọ 15 ọkpọkọ na otu akụkụ na-agụnye na symphony.

N'ime afọ ndị agha gasịrị, Khachaturian nọgidere na-edepụta n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ọrụ kachasị mkpa bụ ballet "Spartacus" (1954). "Ekepụtara m egwu n'otu ụzọ ahụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ n'oge gara aga si mepụta ya mgbe ha tụgharịrị na isiokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme: idebe ụdị nke ha, ụdị ederede ha, ha na-akọ banyere ihe omume site na priism nke nghọta nkà ha. Ballet “Spartacus” pụtara n'anya m dị ka ọrụ nwere egwu egwu dị nkọ, nwere onyonyo nka mepere emepe yana okwu mba ụwa na-akpasu iwe. Echere m na ọ dị mkpa itinye aka na mmezu niile nke omenala egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ iji kpughee isiokwu dị elu nke Spartacus. Ya mere, a na-ede ballet n'asụsụ nke oge a, na nghọta nke oge a banyere nsogbu nke ụdị egwu na ihe nkiri, "Khachaturian dere banyere ọrụ ya na ballet.

Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ e kere na post-agha afọ bụ "Ode ka ebe nchekwa nke VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode ka ọṅụ" (1956), dere maka nke abụọ nke afọ iri nke Armenian art na Moscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959). ) maka mmeghe nke XXI Congress nke CPSU. Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, onye na-ede egwú na-egosi mmasị dị egwu na fim na egwu ihe nkiri, na-emepụta egwu. N'ime afọ 50. Khachaturian na-ede egwu maka egwu B. Lavrenev "Lermontov", maka ọdachi Shakespeare "Macbeth" na "King Lear", egwu maka ihe nkiri "Admiral Ushakov", "Ụgbọ mmiri na-agba ọsọ na bastions", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire". anwụghị anwụ", "Duel". Abụ "Amenian ọṅụṅụ. Abụ gbasara Yerevan", "March Peace", "Ihe ụmụaka na-arọ nrọ banyere ya".

Akara afọ ndị agha gara aga abụghị naanị site na ịmepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ na-egbuke egbuke na ụdị dị iche iche, kamakwa site na ihe omume dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe okike nke Khachaturian. Na 1950, a kpọrọ ya dị ka prọfesọ nke mejupụtara n'otu oge na Moscow Conservatory na Musical na Pedagogical Institute. Gnesins. N'ime afọ 27 nke ọrụ nkuzi ya, Khachaturian ewepụtala ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov na ndị ọzọ.

Mmalite nke pedagogical ọrụ dakọtara na mbụ nnwale na-eduzi nke ya mejupụtara. Kwa afọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe nkiri odee na-eto eto. Njem ndị a na-aga n'obodo ndị dị na Soviet Union na-eme njem nlegharị anya n'ọtụtụ mba dị na Europe, Eshia, na America. N'ebe a, ọ na-ezute ndị nnọchiteanya kasị ukwuu nke ụwa nka: ndị na-ede egwú I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, ndị nduzi L. Stokowecki, G. Karajan, J. Georgescu, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, ndị edemede E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren na ndị ọzọ.

Oge ikpeazụ nke ọrụ Khachaturian bụ akara site na okike nke "Ballad nke Motherland" (1961) maka bass na orchestra, triads ngwá ọrụ abụọ: rhapsodic concertos maka cello (1961), violin (1963), piano (1968) na solo sonatas. maka cello (1974), violin (1975) na viola (1976); Sonata (1961), raara nye onye nkuzi ya N. Myaskovsky, yana olu nke abụọ nke " Album ụmụaka " (2, 1965st volume - 1) ka edere maka piano.

Ihe akaebe nke nkwanye ugwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrụ Khachaturian bụ inye ya iwu na nrite akpọrọ aha ndị na-ede egwú si mba ọzọ, yana nhọpụta ya dị ka onye nsọpụrụ ma ọ bụ onye zuru oke nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche nke ụwa.

Ihe dị mkpa nke nkà Khachaturian bụ n'eziokwu na o jisiri ike kpughee ohere ndị kasị baa ọgaranya nke symphonizing oriental monodic thematics, iji gbakwunye, ya na ndị na-ede egwú nke mba ndị ọzọ, omenala monodic nke Soviet East ka polyphony, na ụdị na ụdị na. emebebula na egwu Europe, iji gosi ụzọ isi mee ka asụsụ egwu obodo baa ọgaranya . N'otu oge ahụ, usoro nke improvisation, timbre-harmonic brilliance nke Oriental musical art, site na ọrụ nke Khachaturian, nwere mmetụta pụtara ìhè na ndị na-agụ egwú - ndị nnọchianya nke omenala egwú Europe. Ọrụ Khachaturian bụ ngosipụta pụtara ìhè nke mkpụrụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịnala nke omenala egwu nke East na West.

D. Arutynov