Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin |
Evstigney Fomin
E. Fomin bụ otu n'ime ndị na-egwu egwú Russia nwere nkà nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, bụ ndị mgbalị ya mere ụlọ akwụkwọ mba nke ndị na-ede egwú na Russia. Ya na ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ - M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich - ọ tọrọ ntọala nke nkà egwú Russia. Na operas ya na na melodrama Orpheus, obosara nke mmasị onye edemede na nhọrọ nke atụmatụ na ụdị, e gosipụtara nkà nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe nkiri opera nke oge ahụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme ezighị ezi nye Fomin, dịka, n'ezie, nye ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ede egwú Russia na narị afọ nke XNUMX. Ọdịnihu nke onye nwere nkà na-akụ egwu siri ike. Ndụ ya kwụsịrị n'oge na-adịghị anya, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e chefuru aha ya ogologo oge. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide Fomin adịbeghị ndụ. Naanị n'oge Soviet nwere mmasị na ọrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú a dị ịrịba ama, otu n'ime ndị malitere opera Russia, mụbara. Site na mgbalị nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Soviet, eweghachiri ọrụ ya na ndụ, a chọtara ntakịrị data sitere na akụkọ ndụ ya.
A mụrụ Fomin n'ime ezinụlọ onye na-agba egbe (onye agha ogbunigwe) nke Tobolsk Infantry Regiment. Ọ nwụrụ nna ya n'oge, na mgbe ọ dị afọ 6, nkuchi nna ya I. Fedotov, onye agha nke Life Guards nke Izmailovsky Rejiment, wetara nwa nwoke na Academy nke Arts. April 21, 1767 Fomin ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ a ma ama, nke Empress Elizaveta Petrovna tọrọ ntọala. Ndị omenkà niile a ma ama nke narị afọ nke XNUMX gụrụ akwụkwọ na Academy. - V. Borovikovsky, D. Levitsky, A. Losenko, F. Rokotov, F. Shchedrin na ndị ọzọ. N'ime mgbidi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a, a na-elebara anya na mmepe egwu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ: ụmụ akwụkwọ mụtara ịkụ egwu dị iche iche, ịgụ abụ. A haziri ìgwè ndị egwú n’Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ, operas, ballet, na ihe nkiri dị egwu.
Ikike egwu egwu Fomin na-egbuke egbuke gosipụtara onwe ya ọbụna na ọkwa elementrị, na 1776 Council of the Academy zigara nwa akwụkwọ nke "Architectural art" Ipatiev (dị ka Fomin na-akpọkarị mgbe ahụ) na Italian M. Buini ịmụta ngwá egwú - egwu egwu. clavichord. Kemgbe 1777, agụmakwụkwọ Fomin gara n'ihu na klas egwu nke mepere na Academy of Arts, nke onye na-ede egwú a ma ama bụ G. Paypakh na-eduzi, onye dere opera a ma ama The Good Soldiers. Fomin mụtara ozizi egwu na isi ihe mejupụtara ya. Kemgbe 1779, onye na-akụ ụbọ akwara na onye na-akụ egwú A. Sartori ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ egwu ya. Na 1782 Fomin gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Academy nke ọma. Ma dị ka nwa akwụkwọ nke klas egwú, a pụghị inye ya ihe nrite ọla edo ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha. Kansụl ahụ kwuru na ọ bụ naanị ihe nrite ego nke 50 rubles.
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Academy, dị ka onye pensioner, Fomin ezigara maka mmelite maka afọ 3 na Ịtali, na Bologna Philharmonic Academy, bụ nke a na-ewere na ọ bụ nnukwu egwu egwu na Europe. N'ebe ahụ, n'okpuru nduzi nke Padre Martini (onye nkụzi nke nnukwu Mozart), na mgbe ahụ S. Mattei (bụ onye G. Rossini na G. Donizetti mesịrị mụọ akwụkwọ), onye na-egwu egwu dị obi umeala si Russia dị anya gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'afọ 1785, a nabatara Fomin na udomo oro maka aha onye mmụta wee gafee ule a nke ọma. N'ịbụ ndị jupụtara n'ike okike, nke nwere aha dị elu nke "nna ukwu nke ihe mejupụtara," Fomin laghachiri na Russia n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1786. Mgbe ọ bịarutere, onye na-ede egwú natara iwu ka o dee opera "Novgorod Bogatyr Boeslaevich" na libretto nke Catherine II n'onwe ya. . Ihe ngosi nke opera na mpụta mbụ Fomin dị ka onye na-ede egwú mere na 27 November 1786 na Hermitage Theatre. Otú ọ dị, eze nwanyị ahụ enweghị mmasị na opera, nke a zuru ezu maka ọrụ onye na-eto eto na-egwu egwu n'ụlọ ikpe na-emezughị. N'oge ọchịchị Catherine II, Fomin enwetaghị ọkwa ọ bụla. Naanị na 1797, afọ 3 tupu ọnwụ ya, e mesịrị nakweere ya na ọrụ nke ụlọ ihe nkiri directorate dị ka onye nkuzi nke opera akụkụ.
A maghị otú ndụ Fomin si gaa n'ihu n'ime afọ iri gara aga. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ okike nke onye na-ede egwú na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Na 1787, o dere opera "Coachmen on a Frame" (na ederede nke N. Lvov), na n'afọ sochirinụ 2 operas pụtara - "Party, ma ọ bụ Guess, Guess the Girl" (egwú na libre echekwabeghị) na "Ndị America". Ha sochiri ha opera The Sorcerer, the Sothsayer and the Matchmaker (1791). Site na 1791-92. Ọrụ kacha mma nke Fomin bụ melodrama Orpheus (ederede Y. Knyaznin). N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, o dere otu egwu maka ọdachi V. Ozerov bụ "Yaropolk and Oleg" (1798), operas "Clorida na Milan" na "The Golden Apple" (c. 1800).
Ngwakọta opera Fomin dị iche na ụdị. Nke a bụ opera na-atọ ọchị nke Rọshịa, opera dị n'ụdị buffa nke Italy, na otu melodrama, bụ ebe onye na-ede Rọshịa tụgharịrị buru ụzọ bụrụ isiokwu dị egwu. Maka ụdị ọ bụla ahọpụtara, Fomin na-achọta ụzọ ọhụrụ, onye ọ bụla. Ya mere, na operas ndị na-atọ ọchị nke Russia, nkọwa nke ihe omimi, usoro nke ịmepụta isiokwu ndị mmadụ, na-adọta isi. A na-egosipụta ụdị opera "choral" nke Russia n'ụzọ doro anya na opera "Coachmen on a Setup". N'ebe a, onye na-ede egwú na-eji ụdị dị iche iche nke egwu ndị Russia eme ihe - ịse, ịgba egwú gburugburu, ịgba egwú, na-eji usoro nke mmepe ụda olu, juxtaposition nke egwu egwu na egwu egwu. E wukwara ihe ngosi ahụ, ihe atụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke mmemme mmemme Rọshịa mbụ, na mmepe nke isiokwu ịgba egwu ọdịnala. Ụkpụrụ nke mmepe nke symphonic, dabere na mgbanwe n'efu nke ebumnobi, ga-ahụ ọganihu dị ukwuu na egwu oge ochie nke Russia, malite na M. Glinka's Kamarinskaya.
Na opera dabere na ederede nke onye ama ama ama I. Krylov "Ndị America" Fomin gosipụtara n'ụzọ mara mma nke ụdị opera-buffa. Ihe kachasị elu nke ọrụ ya bụ melodrama "Orpheus", nke e mere na St. Arụmọrụ a gbadoro ụkwụ na nchikota nke agụmagụ dị egwu na ihe egwu egwu. Fomin mepụtara egwu mara mma, juputara n'ụzọ dị egwu ma na-emewanye echiche dị egwu nke egwuregwu ahụ. A na-aghọta ya dị ka otu ihe omume symphonic, na-enwe ọganihu ime ụlọ na-aga n'ihu, na-eduzi na njedebe nkịtị na njedebe nke melodrama - "Dance of the Furies". Ọnụọgụ symphonic nọọrọ onwe ya (overture na Ịgba egwu nke iwe) kee melodrama ahụ dị ka okwu mmalite na epilogue. Ụkpụrụ nke ịtụnyere egwu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke overture, ihe nkiri lyrical dị n'etiti ihe mejupụtara ya, na njedebe dị ike na-agba akaebe na nghọta dị ịtụnanya nke Fomin, bụ onye meghere ụzọ maka mmepe nke egwu egwu Russia.
E gosila melodrama ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri ma kwesịkwa inwe nnukwu otuto. Maazị Dmitrevsky, n'ọrụ Orpheus, ji omume ya pụrụ iche kpube ya okpueze,” ka anyị na-agụ n'otu edemede banyere Knyaznin, bụ́ nke akwụkwọ ndị ọ chịkọtara bu ụzọ malite. February 5, 1795 mbụ Orpheus mere na Moscow.
Ọmụmụ nke abụọ nke melodrama "Orpheus" merelarị na Soviet ogbo. Na 1947, e mere ya na usoro ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Museum of Musical Culture kwadebere. MI Glinka. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọkà mmụta egwu Soviet a ma ama B. Dobrokhotov weghachiri akara nke Orpheus. Emerekwa melodrama ahụ na ihe nkiri a raara nye ncheta afọ 250 nke Leningrad (1953) na ncheta afọ 200 nke ọmụmụ Fomin (1961). Na 1966 ọ na mbụ rụrụ ná mba ọzọ, na Poland, na nzuko nke mbụ music.
Obosara na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe okike Fomin, ihe na-egbuke egbuke nke talent ya na-enye anyị ohere ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ọ bụ onye na-ede egwú opera kasị ukwuu nke Russia na narị afọ nke XNUMX. Site na ụzọ ọhụrụ ya na akụkọ ifo ndị Russia na opera "Ndị na-enye ọzụzụ na ntọala" na mkpesa mbụ na isiokwu dị egwu na "Orpheus", Fomin kwadoro ụzọ maka opera art nke narị afọ nke XNUMX.
A. Sokolova
