Bedrich Smetana |

Bedrich Smetana

Kriim gbara ụka. “The Bartered Bride” Polka (ndị egwú T. Beecham duziri)

Ọrụ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke B. Smetana na-edobere n'okpuru otu ihe mgbaru ọsọ - ịmepụta egwu Czech ọkachamara. Onye na-ede egwú pụtara ìhè, onye nduzi, onye nkụzi, pianist, onye nkatọ, egwu na ọha mmadụ, Smetana rụrụ n'oge mgbe ndị Czechs ghọtara onwe ha dị ka mba nwere omenala nke mbụ, na-emegide ọchịchị Austrian na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ime mmụọ.

Amara ịhụnanya nke Czechs maka egwu kemgbe oge ochie. Mmegharị nnwere onwe Hussite nke narị afọ nke ise. akpụru lẹ mgboko-o; na narị afọ nke isii, ndị na-ede egwú Czech nyere aka dị ukwuu na mmepe nke egwu oge ochie na Western Europe. Ịme egwu n'ụlọ - violin solo na ensemble - aghọwo ihe e ji mara ndụ nke ndị nkịtị. Ha na-enwekwa mmasị n'egwú n'ime ezinụlọ nna Smetana, onye na-emepụta ihe n'ọrụ. Site na afọ 5, onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu na-akpọ violin, na na 6 ọ rụrụ n'ihu ọha dị ka onye pianist. N'afọ akwụkwọ ya, nwa nwoke ahụ ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-egwu egwu na egwu egwu, na-amalite ide. Smetana gụchara akwụkwọ egwu na usoro mmụta ya na Prague Conservatory n'okpuru nduzi nke I. Proksh, n'otu oge ahụ ọ na-eme ka ịkpọ piano ya dịkwuo mma.

N'otu oge ahụ (40s), Smetana zutere R. Schumann, G. Berlioz na F. Liszt, bụ ndị na-eme njem na Prague. N'ikpeazụ, Liszt ga-enwe ekele dị ukwuu maka ọrụ nke onye na-ede egwú Czech ma kwado ya. N'ịbụ ndị na mmalite nke ọrụ ya n'okpuru mmetụta nke romantics (Schumann na F. Chopin), Smetana dere ọtụtụ egwu piano, karịsịa na ụdị miniature: polkas, bagatelles, impromptu.

Ihe omume nke mgbanwe nke 1848, nke Smetana mere na-ekere òkè, chọtara nzaghachi na-ekpo ọkụ na egwu egwu ya ("Song of Freedom") na njem. N'otu oge ahụ, pedagogical ọrụ Smetana malitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ meghere. Otú ọ dị, mmeri nke mgbanwe ahụ mere ka mmeghachi omume na-abawanye na amụma nke Alaeze Ukwu Austria, nke gbochiri ihe niile Czech. Mkpagbu nke ndị isi na-akpata kpatara nnukwu nsogbu n'ụzọ nke ọrụ ịhụ mba n'anya Smetana wee manye ya ịkwaga Sweden. O biri na Göteborg (1856-61).

Dị ka Chopin, bụ onye weghaara onyinyo nke ala nna dị anya na mazurkas ya, Smetana na-ede "Memories of the Czech Republic n'ụdị okporo osisi" maka piano. Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị gaa na ụdị nke uri symphonic. Na-eso Liszt, Smetana na-eji nkata sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala Europe - W. Shakespeare ("Richard III"), F. Schiller ("Ogige Wallenstein"), onye edemede Danish A. Helenschleger ("Hakon Jarl"). Na Gothenburg, Smetana na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nduzi nke Society of Classical Music, onye pianist, ma na-arụ ọrụ nkuzi.

60s - oge nkwalite ọhụrụ nke mba na Czech Republic, na onye na-ede egwú nke laghachiri n'ala nna ya na-etinye aka na ndụ ọha na eze. Smetana ghọrọ onye guzobere opera oge gboo Czech. Ọbụna maka mmeghe nke ụlọ ihe nkiri bụ́ ebe ndị na-agụ egwú pụrụ ịbụ abụ n’asụsụ obodo ha, a ghaghị idi mgba siri ike. Na 1862, na ntinye nke Smetana, e meghere Ụlọ ihe nkiri Provisional, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ dịka onye nduzi (1866-74) ma mee ihe nkiri ya.

Ọrụ operatic Smetana dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara isiokwu na ụdị. The mbụ opera, The Brandenburgers na Czech Republic (1863), na-akọ banyere mgba megide German meriri na narị afọ 1866, ihe omume nke oge ochie ebe a kpọmkwem na ugbu a. Na-eso opera akụkọ ihe mere eme-dike, Smetana dere ihe ọchị ọchị The Bartered Bride (1868), ọrụ ya kachasị ama na nke ama ama. Ihe ọchị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, ịhụnanya nke ndụ, ọdịdị egwu na egwu egwu egwu na-amata ya ọbụna n'etiti ihe nkiri egwu egwu nke ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. Opera na-esote, Dalibor (XNUMX), bụ ọdachi dị egwu nke edere na ndabere nke akụkọ ochie banyere otu knight a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ụlọ elu maka ọmịiko na nkwado nke ndị nnupụisi ahụ, na Milada ọ hụrụ n'anya, bụ onye nwụrụ anwụ na-agbalị ịzọpụta Dalibor.

Na mbido Smetana, a na-enwe nkwado ego mba niile maka owuwu nke National Theatre, nke meghere na 1881 site na mmalite nke opera Libuse ọhụrụ ya (1872). Nke a bụ akụkọ gbasara akụkọ ifo onye guzobere Prague, Libuse, gbasara ndị Czech. Onye dere ya kpọrọ ya “ihe osise dị nsọ.” Ma ugbu a na Czechoslovakia, e nwere ọdịnala nke ịme opera a na ezumike mba, karịsịa ihe omume dị ịrịba ama. Mgbe "Libushe" Smetana dechara egwu egwu egwu egwu: "Nwanyị di ha nwụrụ abụọ", "Kiss", "Mystery". Dị ka onye na-eduzi opera, ọ na-akwalite ọ bụghị naanị Czech kamakwa egwu mba ọzọ, karịsịa ụlọ akwụkwọ Slavic ọhụrụ (M. Glinka, S. Moniuszko). E si Rọshịa kpọba M. Balakirev ka ọ bịa mee ihe nkiri Glinka na Prague.

Smetana ghọrọ onye okike nke ọ bụghị naanị opera oge gboo nke mba, kamakwa egwu egwu. Karia egwu egwu, egwu egwu mmemme na-adọta ya. Emepụtara Smetana kachasị na egwu egwu egwu na 70s. okirikiri nke symphonic poems "My Motherland" - ihe epic banyere Czech ala, ndị ya, akụkọ ihe mere eme. Abụ "Vysehrad" (Vysehrad bụ akụkụ ochie nke Prague, "isi obodo nke ndị isi na ndị eze nke Czech Republic") bụ akụkọ banyere dike n'oge gara aga na ịdị ukwuu n'oge gara aga nke ala nne.

Egwu mara mma na-adọrọ adọrọ na uri "Vltava, Site na mpaghara Czech na oke ohia" na-ese foto nke okike, mgbasa ozi n'efu nke ala nna, nke a na-ebu ụda egwu na egwu egwu. Na "Sharka" omenala ochie na akụkọ ifo na-abịa ndụ. "Tabor" na "Blanik" na-ekwu banyere ndị dike Hussite, na-abụ abụ "ebube nke ala Czech."

A na-etinyekwa isiokwu nke ala nna na egwu piano ụlọ: "Czech Dances" bụ nchịkọta foto nke ndụ ndị mmadụ, nke nwere ụdị egwu egwu dị iche iche na Czech Republic (polka, skochna, furant, coysedka, wdg).

A na-ejikọta egwu Smetana na-edepụta oge niile yana mmemme mmekọrịta ọha na eze siri ike na nke dịgasị iche - karịsịa n'oge ndụ ya na Prague (60s - ọkara mbụ nke 70s). Ya mere, ndu nke Verb of Prague Choral Society nyere aka n'ịmepụta ọtụtụ ọrụ maka ndị ukwe (gụnyere uri dị egwu gbasara Jan Hus, Ndị Ịnyịnya Atọ). Smetana bụ onye otu Association of Prominent Figures of Czech Culture "Handy Beseda" ma na-eduzi ngalaba egwu ya.

Onye na-ede egwú bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere Philharmonic Society, bụ nke nyere aka n'ịmụ egwú nke ndị mmadụ, ịmara ihe ochie na ihe ọhụrụ nke egwu ụlọ, yana ụlọ akwụkwọ vocal Czech, bụ nke ya onwe ya na ndị na-agụ egwú na-amụ ihe. N'ikpeazụ, Smetana na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkatọ egwu ma na-aga n'ihu na-eme dị ka onye pianist virtuoso. Naanị ọrịa ụjọ siri ike na ụda ntị (1874) manyere onye na-ede egwú ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ na ụlọ opera ma kpachie oke ọrụ mmekọrịta ya.

Smetana hapụrụ Prague ma biri n'ime obodo Jabkenice. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-edepụta ọtụtụ (mezue okirikiri "My Motherland", dere operas kacha ọhụrụ). Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ (la azụ n'afọ nke mbata na ọpụpụ Sweden, iru újú nke ọnwụ nwunye ya na nwa ya nwanyị kpatara piano trio), Smetana na-egosipụta ahụmahụ nke onwe ya na ụdị ụlọ. Emepụtara quartet "Site na Ndụ M" (1876) - akụkọ gbasara ọdịnihu nke onwe, nke na-enweghị ike kewapụ na ọdịnihu nke nkà Czech. Akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke quartet nwere nkọwa mmemme site n'aka onye edemede. Ndị ntorobịa nwere olile anya, ịdị njikere "ịlụ ọgụ na ndụ", ncheta nke ụbọchị ọchị, ịgba egwu na nkwalite egwu na salons, mmetụta uri nke ịhụnanya mbụ na, n'ikpeazụ, "ọṅụ n'ile anya n'ụzọ a na-aga na nka mba". Ma ihe niile na-erikpu site na ụda dị elu dị elu - dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị jọgburu onwe ya.

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'ime afọ iri gara aga, Smetana na-ede opera The Devil's Wall, the symphonic suite The Prague Carnival, wee malite ọrụ na opera Viola (dabere na Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night), nke gbochiri imecha site na opera. ọrịa na-eto eto. Ọnọdụ siri ike nke onye na-ede egwú n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya mere ka ọ dịkwuo mma site n'ịkwado ọrụ ya site n'aka ndị Czech, bụ ndị ọ raara ọrụ ya.

K. Zenkin

Smetana kwuputara ma jiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi gbachitere echiche nka nka dị elu nke mba na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta siri ike, na ndụ jupụtara na ihe nkiri. Dị ka onye na-ede egwú na-egbuke egbuke, onye na-egwu pian, onye nduzi na egwu egwu na ọha na eze, o tinyere ọrụ ike ya niile iji nye ndị obodo ya otuto.

Ndụ Smetana bụ ihe okike. O nwere ọchịchọ na nnọgidesi ike na-enweghị ike imezu ebumnuche ya, na n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nile nke ndụ, o jisiri ike mezuo atụmatụ ya. Na atụmatụ ndị a na-edobere otu isi echiche - iji nyere ndị Czech aka egwu na mgba ha siri ike maka nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe, ịkụnye n'ime ha mmetụta nke ume na nchekwube, okwukwe na mmeri ikpeazụ nke ezi ihe kpatara ya.

Smetana nagidere ọrụ a siri ike, nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, n'ihi na ọ nọ n'oké ndụ, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-anabata mkpa mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge anyị. Site na ọrụ ya, yana ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, o nyere aka mee ka ọganihu na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya ọ bụghị nanị na egwu egwu, kamakwa n'ụzọ sara mbara - nke omenala nka nile nke ala nne. Ọ bụ ya mere aha Smetana ji dị nsọ nye ndị Czechs, na egwu ya, dị ka ọkọlọtọ agha, na-akpalite echiche ziri ezi nke mpako mba.

Ekpugheghị amamihe nke Smetana ozugbo, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ too. Mgbanwe nke 1848 nyeere ya aka ịghọta echiche mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nka. Malite n'afọ ndị 1860, n'ọnụ ọnụ ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke iri anọ nke Smetana, ihe omume ya nwere nnukwu ohere: ọ duru ihe nkiri egwu egwu na Prague dịka onye nduzi, na-eduzi ụlọ opera, rụrụ dị ka onye pianist, ma dee akụkọ dị egwu. Mana nke kachasị mkpa, site na okike ya, ọ na-emepe ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya maka mmepe nka egwu ụlọ. Ọrụ ya gosipụtara ọkwa dị ukwuu karịa n'ọtụtụ, enweghị ike ịgbagha, n'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi niile, agụụ maka nnwere onwe nke ndị Czech gbara ohu.

N'etiti agha kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ndị agha nke mmeghachi omume ọha na eze, Smetana tara ahụhụ, nke ka njọ karịa nke ọ dịghị njọ maka onye na-egwu egwú: ọ ghọrọ onye ntị chiri na mberede. Ọ dị afọ iri ise mgbe ahụ. N'ịbụ onye nwere nhụjuanya anụ ahụ siri ike, Smetana dịrị ndụ ọzọ afọ iri, bụ nke ọ nọrọ n'ọrụ okike siri ike.

Ịrụ ọrụ kwụsịrị, mana ọrụ okike gara n'ihu n'otu ike ahụ. Kedu ka ị ga-esi ghara icheta Beethoven na njikọ a - ka emechara, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu amaghị ihe atụ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama na ngosipụta nke ịdị ukwuu nke mmụọ nke onye na-ese ihe, nwere obi ike na ihe ndabara! ..

Mmezu kachasị elu nke Smetana jikọtara ya na mpaghara opera na egwu mmemme.

Dị ka onye na-enwe mmetụta ọmịiko-nwa amaala, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ mgbanwe ya na 1860s, Smetana mbụ tụgharịrị gaa na opera, n'ihi na ọ bụ na mpaghara a ka edoziri nsogbu kachasị ngwa ngwa, isiokwu nke nhazi nke omenala nka nke mba. "Ọrụ bụ isi na nke kachasị mma nke ụlọ opera anyị bụ ịzụlite nkà ụlọ," ka o kwuru. Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ na-egosipụta na opera asatọ ya, a na-edozi ụdị dị iche iche nke opera art. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere njirimara pụrụ iche nke n'otu n'otu, ma ha niile nwere otu njirimara - na opera Smetana, ihe oyiyi nke ndị nkịtị nke Czech Republic na ndị dike ya dị ebube, ndị echiche na mmetụta ha dị nso na ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị. bịara ndụ.

Smetana tụgharịrị gaa na ngalaba nke mmemme mmemme. Ọ bụ ihe oyiyi nke egwu mmemme na-enweghị ederede mere ka onye na-ede egwú nwee ike ikwupụta echiche ịhụ mba n'anya ya n'ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị. Nke kachasị n'ime ha bụ okirikiri nke symphonic "My Motherland". Ọrụ a rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mmepe nke egwu egwu Czech.

Smetana hapụkwara ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ - maka ukwe na-esoghị ya, piano, string quartet, wdg. N'agbanyeghị ụdị nka egwu ọ tụgharịrị, ihe niile aka nna ukwu ahụ metụrụ na-eto eto dị ka ihe ngosi nka nke mba mbụ, guzo n'ogo dị elu. Mmezu nke omenala egwu ụwa nke narị afọ XIX.

Ọ na-arịọ ka e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ Smetana na akụkọ ihe mere eme na okike nke egwu egwu Czech na ihe Glinka mere maka egwu Russia. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na a na-akpọ Smetana "Czech Glinka".

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Bedrich Smetana mụrụ na March 2, 1824 n'obodo ochie nke Litomysl, nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Bohemia. Nna ya jere ozi dị ka onye na-eme mmanya n'ụlọ akụ. N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ezinụlọ ahụ toro, nna ahụ aghaghị ịchọ ọnọdụ ndị ka mma maka ọrụ, ọ na-esikwa n'otu ebe gaa n'ebe ọzọ kwaga mgbe mgbe. Ihe ndị a niile bụkwa obere obodo, obodo nta na obodo nta gbara ya gburugburu, nke Bedrich na-eto eto na-eletakarị; ndụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, abụ ha na egwu ha mara ya nke ọma site na nwata. Ọ nọgidere na-ahụ ndị nkịtị na Czech Republic n'anya ruo oge ndụ ya niile.

Nna nke onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu bụ onye a ma ama: ọ na-agụ ọtụtụ ihe, na-enwe mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-enwe mmasị na echiche nke ndị edemede. A na-akpọkarị egwu n'ụlọ, ya onwe ya na-akpọ violin. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na nwa okoro ahụ gosikwara mmasị n'oge mbụ n'egwú, na echiche nna ya na-aga n'ihu na-arụpụta ihe magburu onwe ya na afọ ndị tozuru okè nke ọrụ Smetana.

Site na afọ anọ, Bedřich na-amụta ịkụ violin, na nke ọma na otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-ekere òkè na arụmọrụ nke Haydn's quartets. Ruo afọ isii ọ na-eme n'ihu ọha dị ka onye pianist ma n'otu oge ahụ na-agbalị ịmepụta egwu. Mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe na mgbatị ahụ, na ebe enyi na enyi, ọ na-emekarị ka ịgba egwú na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma (a na-echekwa Louisina Polka nke mara mma na egwu egwu, 1840); na-akpọ piano nke ọma. Na 1843, Bedrich dere okwu mpako n’akwụkwọ ndekọta ya, sị: “Site n’enyemaka Chineke na ebere, m ga-abụ Liszt n’usoro ihe omume, bụ́ Mozart n’ime ya.” Mkpebi ahụ chara acha: ọ ghaghị itinye onwe ya kpamkpam na egwu.

Nwa nwoke dị afọ iri na asaa kwagara Prague, na-ebi ndụ aka na ọnụ - nna ya enweghị afọ ojuju na nwa ya nwoke, jụ inyere ya aka. Mana Bedrich chọtara onwe ya onye ndu tozuru oke - onye nkuzi ama ama Josef Proksh, onye o nyere akara aka ya. Afọ anọ nke ọmụmụ (1844-1847) nwere nnukwu mkpụrụ. Nhazi nke Smetana dị ka onye na-egwu egwu na-akwadokwa eziokwu na na Prague o jisiri ike gee Liszt (1840), Berlioz (1846), Clara Schumann (1847).

Ka ọ na-erule 1848, afọ ọmụmụ ihe agwụla. Gịnị si na ha pụta?

Ọbụna n'oge ntorobịa ya, Smetana nwere mmasị na egwu nke ụlọ ịgba egwu na egwu ndị mmadụ - o dere waltzes, quadrilles, gallops, polkas. Ọ bụ, ọ ga-adị ka, kwekọrọ na omenala nke fashionable Ụlọ Mmanya na-ede akwụkwọ. Mmetụta nke Chopin, na ikike ọgụgụ isi ya nke ịsụgharị ihe onyonyo egwu n'ụzọ abụ, metụtakwara. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, onye na-egwu egwu Czech na-eto eto chọsiri ike.

O dekwara ihe nkiri ịhụnanya - ụdị "ọdịdị ọnọdụ ọnọdụ", na-adaba n'okpuru mmetụta nke Schumann, akụkụ ụfọdụ Mendelssohn. Agbanyeghị, Smetana nwere “mgwakota agwa” siri ike. Ọ na-enwe mmasị na Mozart, na n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ ya (piano sonatas, orchestral overtures) na-adabere na Beethoven. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Chopin kacha nso ya. Na dị ka onye pianist, ọ na-egwukarị ọrụ ya, dịka Hans Bülow si kwuo, otu n'ime "Chopinists" kacha mma n'oge ya. Na mgbe e mesịrị, na 1879, Smetana rụtụrụ aka, sị: "Nye Chopin, n'ọrụ ya, enwere m ụgwọ ihe ịga nke ọma nke egwu egwu m nwere, na site na mgbe m mụtara ma ghọta ihe ndị o dere, ọrụ m kere eke n'ọdịnihu doro m anya."

Ya mere, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, Smetana amụtalarị usoro edemede na pianistic. Ọ chọrọ naanị ịchọta ngwa maka ike ya, maka nke a ọ ka mma ịmara onwe ya.

N'oge ahụ, Smetana mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu, nke nyere ya ohere ịdị adị n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Ọ nọ na njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye (mere na 1849) - ịkwesịrị iche echiche banyere otu esi elekọta ezinụlọ gị n'ọdịnihu. N'afọ 1847, Smetana mere njem nleta egwu na mba ahụ, nke, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị n'ụzọ anụ ahụ kwadoro onwe ya. N'ezie, na Prague n'onwe ya a maara ya ma nwee ekele dị ka onye pianist na onye nkụzi. Ma Smetana onye dere ya fọrọ nke nta ka amabeghị. N'ime obi nkoropụ, ọ tụgharịrị na Liszt maka enyemaka n'ide ihe, na-ajụ n'ụzọ dị mwute, sị: "Ònye nwere ike ịtụkwasị obi ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị otu onye na-ese ihe ka ya onwe ya bụ? Ndị ọgaranya - ndị aristocrats - na-ele ndị ogbenye anya n'enweghị ọmịiko: ka ọ nwụọ n'agụụ! ..." Smetana jikọtara "iberibe njirimara isii" ya maka piano na leta ahụ.

Onye na-agbasa ozi ọma nke ihe niile dị elu na nka, na-emesapụ aka site n'enyemaka, Liszt zara onye na-eto eto na-egwu egwu ozugbo ọ na-amaghị, sị: "Ana m ewere egwuregwu gị dị ka ihe kacha mma, nke nwere mmetụta miri emi na nke mepere emepe n'etiti ihe niile m jisiri ike mata na ya. oge na-adịbeghị anya.” Liszt nyere aka na eziokwu ahụ bụ na e bipụtara egwuregwu ndị a (a na-ebipụta ha na 1851 na akara op. 1). Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, nkwado omume ya sonyeere ọrụ okike niile nke Smetana. Ọ sịrị, “Ibé akwụkwọ ahụ mere ka m mata ụwa nka.” Mana ọtụtụ afọ ga-agafe ruo mgbe Smetana jisiri ike nweta amara n'ụwa a. Ihe omume mgbanwe nke 1848 jere ozi dị ka ihe mkpali.

Mgbanwe ahụ nyere onye na-ede egwú Czech na-ahụ n'anya nku, nye ya ike, nyere ya aka ịghọta ọrụ echiche na nka nke eziokwu nke oge a nọgidere na-etinye n'ihu. Onye akaebe na onye so ya kpọmkwem na ọgbaghara ihe ike nke kpochapụrụ Prague, Smetana n'oge na-adịghị anya dere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama: "March Revolutionary Marches" maka piano, "March of the Student Legion", "March of the National Guard", "Abụ" nke nnwere onwe” maka ukwe na piano, overture” D-dur (E mere overture n'okpuru nduzi nke F. Shkroup na April 1849. "Nke a bụ m mbụ orchestral mejupụtara," Smetana rụtụrụ aka na 1883; wee degharịa ya.) .

Site na ọrụ ndị a, a na-eguzobe pathos na egwu Smetana, nke ga-abụ n'oge na-adịghị anya maka nkọwa ya nke ihe oyiyi ịhụ mba n'anya nke nnwere onwe. Njem na ukwe nke mgbanwe mgbanwe French na njedebe nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, yana dike nke Beethoven, nwere mmetụta pụtara ìhè na nguzobe ya. Enwere mmetụta, n'agbanyeghị na ụjọ, nke mmetụta nke egwu egwu Czech, nke a mụrụ site na mmegharị Hussite. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke mba nke pathos dị egwu, Otú ọ dị, ga-egosipụta n'ụzọ doro anya naanị na oge tozuru okè nke ọrụ Smetana.

Isi ọrụ ya ọzọ bụ Solemn Symphony in E major, nke edere na 1853 ma buru ụzọ rụọ afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị n'okpuru nduzi nke onye edemede. (Nke a bụ ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye nduzi). Ma mgbe ọ na-ekesa echiche ndị buru ibu, onye na-ede egwú enwebeghị ike ikpughe ụdị onye okike ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Usoro nke atọ tụgharịrị bụrụ nke mbụ - scherzo na mmụọ nke polka; A na-emecha ya mgbe mgbe dịka akụkụ egwu egwu nọọrọ onwe ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya Smetana n'onwe ya ghọtara na ọ dị ala nke egwu egwu ya ma gharazi ịtụgharị n'ụdị a. Onye ọrụ ibe ya nke nta, Dvořák, ghọrọ onye mepụtara egwu egwu Czech mba.

Ndị a bụ afọ nyocha ihe okike kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. Ha kụziiri Smetana ọtụtụ ihe. N'ihe niile, ọ na-ebokwa ya ibu site n'akụkụ dị warara nke nkuzi. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, obi ụtọ onwe onye kpuchiri: ọ ghọworị nna nke ụmụ anọ, ma atọ n'ime ha nwụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Onye na-ede egwú weghaara echiche mwute ya kpatara ọnwụ ha n'ime g-moll piano trio, onye egwu ya ji nnupụisi na-enupụ isi, ihe nkiri na n'otu oge ahụ dị nro, nke nwere agba agba nke mba.

Ndụ na Prague nwetara ọrịa Smetana. Ọ pụkwaghị ịnọrọ n'ime ya mgbe ọchịchịrị nke mmeghachi omume batara ọbụna karị na Czech Republic. Na ndụmọdụ ndị enyi, Smetana hapụrụ Sweden. Tupu ọ pụọ, o mesịrị mee ka ọ mara Liszt n'onwe ya; mgbe ahụ, na 1857 na 1859, ọ gara leta ya na Weimar, na 1865 - na Budapest, na Liszt, n'aka nke ya, mgbe ọ bịara Prague na 60-70s, na-eleta Smetana mgbe niile. Ya mere, ọbụbụenyi dị n'etiti nnukwu onye na-egwu egwu Hungary na onye na-ede egwú Czech na-ama ama na-esiwanye ike. Ejikọtara ha ọ bụghị nanị site n'echiche nka: ndị Hungary na Czech Republic nwere otu onye iro - ọchịchị eze Austria nke Habsburgs kpọrọ asị.

Ruo afọ ise (1856-1861) Smetana nọ n'ala ọzọ, na-ebikarị n'ime oke osimiri Sweden obodo Gothenburg. N'ebe a, ọ malitere ọrụ siri ike: ọ haziri otu egwu egwu egwu, bụ nke ọ rụrụ dị ka onye nduzi, na-enye ihe nkiri nke ọma dị ka onye pianist (na Sweden, Germany, Denmark, Holland), ma nwee ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ. Na n'echiche okike, oge a na-amị mkpụrụ: ọ bụrụ na 1848 kpatara mgbanwe dị mkpa na echiche ụwa nke Smetana, na-ewusi atụmatụ ndị na-aga n'ihu na ya ike, mgbe ahụ, afọ ndị ọ nọrọ ná mba ọzọ nyere aka n'iwusi echiche mba ya ike na, n'otu oge ahụ, uto nke nka. Enwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ n'ime afọ ndị a, na-achọsi ike maka ala nna ya, na Smetana mesịrị ghọta ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe Czech mba.

Ọrụ nhazi ya mepụtara n'akụkụ abụọ.

N'otu aka ahụ, nnwale ndị ahụ malitere na mbụ na ịmepụta piano iberibe, kpuchie ya na uri nke egwu Czech, gara n'ihu. Ya mere, laa azụ na 1849, e dere okirikiri ahụ bụ "Ihe ngosi Wedding", bụ nke ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị Smetana n'onwe ya kọwara dị ka a tụrụ ime na "ezigbo ụdị Czech." A gara n'ihu na nnwale ndị ahụ na okirikiri piano ọzọ - "Ncheta nke Czech Republic, nke edere n'ụdị polka" (1859). N'ebe a ka tọrọ ntọala mba nke egwu Smetana, mana ọ kachasị na nkọwa nke lyrical na kwa ụbọchị.

N'aka nke ọzọ, uri symphonic atọ dị mkpa maka evolushọn nka ya: Richard III (1858, dabere na ọdachi Shakespeare), Wallenstein's Camp (1859, dabere na ihe nkiri nke Schiller), Jarl Hakon (1861, dabere na ọdachi ahụ). nke onye na-ede uri Danish - ịhụnanya nke Helenschläger). Ha kwalitere pathos dị egwu nke ọrụ Smetana, jikọtara ya na ngosipụta nke ihe onyonyo dị egwu na nke dị egwu.

Nke mbụ, isiokwu nke ọrụ ndị a bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama: Smetana nwere mmasị na echiche nke uXNUMXbuXNUMXb mgba megide ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ edemede ndị na-adabere na uri ya (n'agbanyeghị, atụmatụ na onyonyo nke ọdachi nke Dane Elenschleger echo Shakespeare's Macbeth), na ihe nkiri na-atọ ụtọ site na ndụ ndị mmadụ, karịsịa na Schiller's "Wallenstein Camp", nke, dị ka onye na-ede egwú si kwuo, nwere ike ịda ụda dị mkpa n'oge afọ nke mmegbu obi ọjọọ nke ala nna ya.

Echiche egwu nke ihe egwu ọhụrụ Smetana bụkwa ihe ọhụrụ: ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'ụdị "abụ uri Symphonic", nke Liszt mepụtara obere oge gara aga. Ihe ndị a bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ nke nna ukwu Czech n'ịghọta ohere nkwuwapụta nke meghere ya na ngalaba egwu egwu mmemme. Ọzọkwa, Smetana abụghị onye kpuru ìsì nke na-eṅomi echiche Liszt - ọ chepụtara ụzọ nke onwe ya, echiche nke juxtaposition na mmepe nke ihe oyiyi egwu, bụ nke o mesịrị jiri izu okè dị ịrịba ama na usoro symphonic "My Motherland".

Na n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ, abụ "Gothenburg" bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji dozie ọrụ okike ọhụrụ nke Smetana setịpụrụ onwe ya. Ụzọ egwu dị elu na ihe nkiri nke egwu ha na-atụ anya ụdị nke operas Dalibor na Libuše, ebe ihe nkiri na-enye obi ụtọ sitere na Ogige Wallenstein, na-egbuke egbuke, na-acha ụtọ na Czech ekpomeekpo, yiri ka ọ bụ ihe atụ nke overture nye The Bartered Bride. Ya mere, akụkụ abụọ kachasị mkpa nke ọrụ Smetana a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, ndị mmadụ-ụbọchị ọ bụla na ọmịiko, bịara nso, na-eme ka ibe ha baa ọgaranya.

Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, ọ dịla njikere maka mmezu nke ọrụ ọhụrụ, ọbụnadị nwere ibu ọrụ nke echiche na nka. Mana enwere ike ịme ha naanị n'ụlọ. Ọ chọkwara ịlaghachi na Prague n'ihi na ihe ncheta dị arọ jikọtara ya na Gothenburg: ihe ndabara jọgburu onwe ya ọhụrụ dakwasịrị Smetana - na 1859, nwunye ya ọ hụrụ n'anya dara ọrịa na-anwụ anwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya…

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1861, Smetana laghachiri Prague ka ọ ghara ịhapụ isi obodo nke Czech Republic ruo ọgwụgwụ nke ụbọchị ya.

Ọ dị afọ iri atọ na asaa. O juputara na okike. Afọ ndị gara aga kpasuru uche ya iwe, mee ka ndụ ya na ahụmahụ nka mara mma, ma mee ka obi ike onwe ya sikwuo ike. Ọ maara ihe ọ ga-akwụ ọtọ, ihe ọ ga-enweta. A na-akpọ onye na-ese ihe dị otú ahụ n'onwe ya ka ọ na-eduzi ndụ egwu nke Prague na, ọzọkwa, imeghari usoro omenala egwu nke Czech Republic.

Emere nke a site na mweghachi nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala na mba ahụ. Ụbọchị "mmeghachi omume Bach" agwụla. Olu nke ndị nnọchianya nke ndị ọkachamara nka nka Czech na-aga n'ihu na-etowanye ike. N'afọ 1862, e meghere ihe a na-akpọ "Theatre Provisional", nke e ji ego ndị mmadụ wuo, ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri egwu. N'oge na-adịghị, "Crafty Talk" - "Art Club" - malitere ọrụ ya, na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị hụrụ mba n'anya - ndị edemede, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-egwu egwu. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahazi otu òtù choral - "Verb of Prague", nke debere na ọkọlọtọ ya okwu ndị a ma ama: "Abụ na-abụ obi, obi ruo ala nna."

Smetana bụ mkpụrụ obi nke otu ndị a niile. Ọ na-eduzi ngalaba egwu nke "Art Club" (ndị na-ede akwụkwọ bụ Neruda, ndị na-ese ihe - site na Manes), na-ahazi ihe nkiri ebe a - ụlọ na egwu egwu, na-arụ ọrụ na "Verb" ukwe, na ọrụ ya na-enye aka na ọganihu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. "Ụlọ ihe nkiri nwa oge" (afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị na dịka onye nduzi).

N'ịgbalị ịkpali echiche nke mpako mba Czech na egwu ya, Smetana na-apụtakarị na mbipụta. "Ndị anyị," ka o dere, "bụla onye ama ama dị ka ndị egwu egwu, na ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe, nke sitere n'ịhụnanya maka ala nne, bụ ime ka otuto a sikwuo ike."

N’otu isiokwu ọzọ o dekwara banyere ịdenye aha egwu egwu ndị ọ haziri (nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ nye ndị Prague!), Smetana kwuru, sị: “A na-etinye ihe ndị kasị ochie nke akwụkwọ egwú n’usoro ihe omume ahụ, ma a na-elebara ndị na-ede egwú Slav anya n’ụzọ pụrụ iche. Gịnị kpatara na arụbeghị ọrụ ndị odee Russian, Polish, South Slavic ruo ugbu a? Ọbụlagodi aha ndị odee ụlọ anyị adịkarịghị ezute…“. Okwu Smetana adịghị iche na omume ya: na 1865 ọ duziri ọrụ egwu egwu Glinka, na 1866 o mere Ivan Susanin na Provisional Theatre, na 1867 Ruslan na Lyudmila (nke ọ kpọrọ Balakirev na Prague), na 1878 - Moniuszko's opera Pebble", wdg.

N'otu oge ahụ, 60s akara oge nke okooko osisi kachasị elu nke ọrụ ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu oge, o nwere echiche nke opera anọ, na ozugbo ọ mechara otu, ọ gara n'ihu idepụta nke ọzọ. N'otu aka ahụ, e kere ndị ukwe maka "ngwaa" (Emepụtara ukwe mbụ nke ederede Czech na 1860 ("Czech Song"). Ọrụ egwu Smetana bụ isi bụ Rolnicka (1868), bụ nke na-abụ maka ọrụ onye ọrụ ugbo, yana abụ nke mara mma nke dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri (1877). N'ime ihe ndị ọzọ e dere, abụ ukwe bụ "Dowry" (1880) na ọṅụ, jubilant "Anyị Song" (1883), kwadoro na uda nke polka, pụta ìhè.), iberibe piano, isi ọrụ symphonic ka a tụlere.

Brandenburgers na Czech Republic bụ aha nke opera mbụ nke Smetana, nke emechara na 1863. Ọ na-eme ka ihe omume ndị mere n'oge gara aga, malite na narị afọ nke XNUMX. Agbanyeghị, ọdịnaya ya bara uru nke ukwuu. Brandenburgers bụ ndị nwe obodo German (nke sitere na Margraviate nke Brandenburg), bụ ndị kwakọọrọ ala Slavic, zọdakwara ikike na ugwu nke ndị Czechs. Ya mere, ọ bụ n'oge gara aga, ma ọ dịgidere otú ahụ n'oge ndụ Smetana - mgbe niile, ndị ọgbọ ya kacha mma lụrụ ọgụ megide Germanization nke Czech Republic! Ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali na ngosipụta nke ọdịnihu nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri jikọtara na opera na ngosi nke ndụ ndị nkịtị - ndị ogbenye Prague jidere mmụọ nnupụisi, nke bụ ihe ọhụrụ na-atụghị egwu na ihe nkiri egwu. Ọ bụghị ihe mgbagwoju anya na ndị nnọchiteanya nke mmeghachi omume ọha na eze zutere ọrụ a.

Edebere opera ahụ n'asọmpi nke ndị isi ụlọ ihe nkiri nke oge na-eme ihe mara ọkwa. Afọ atọ aghaghị ịlụ ọgụ maka mmepụta ya na ogbo. Smetana mechara nweta ihe nrite a ma kpọọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche. Na 1866, mmalite nke Brandenburgers mere, nke bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma - a na-akpọ onye edemede ahụ ugboro ugboro mgbe ọ bụla mere ihe ọ bụla. Ihe ịga nke ọma sonyeere ihe ngosi ndị a (n'oge oge naanị, "Brandenburgers" mere ugboro iri na anọ!).

Ihe ngosi a akwụsịbeghị, mgbe a malitere ịmepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke Smetana - ihe nkiri opera The Bartered Bride, nke nyere ya otuto n'ebe nile. Edepụtara ihe osise mbụ maka ya n'oge dị ka 1862, n'afọ sochirinụ Smetana mere ihe ngosi ahụ n'otu n'ime egwu egwu ya. A na-arụrịta ụka na ọrụ ahụ, mana onye na-ede egwú regharịrị nọmba nke onye ọ bụla ọtụtụ ugboro: dị ka ndị enyi ya kwuru, ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike "Czechized", ya bụ, mmụọ ndị Czech na-ejupụta ya nke ukwuu, nke na ọ nweghịzi afọ ojuju. ya na ihe o mebuburu. Smetana gara n'ihu na-emeziwanye opera ya ọbụna ka emechara ya na mmiri nke 1866 (ọnwa ise ka emechara ihe ngosi nke Brandenburgers!): N'ime afọ anọ sochirinụ, o nyere mbipụta abụọ ọzọ nke The Bartered Bride, na-agbasawanye na imewanye ọdịnaya nke ya. ọrụ anwụghị anwụ.

Ma ndị iro nke Smetana akwụsịghị. Ha nọ na-eche naanị ohere ha ga-eji wakpo ya n'ihu ọha. Ohere dị otú ahụ wepụtara onwe ya mgbe na 1868 Smetana opera nke atọ, Dalibor, malitere (ọrụ na ya malitere dị ka 1865). A na-ewepụta atụmatụ ahụ, dị ka ọ dị na Brandenburgers na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Czech Republic: oge ​​a bụ njedebe nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. N'ime akụkọ mgbe ochie banyere onye ama ama Dalibor, Smetana mesiri echiche nke mgba nnwere onwe.

Echiche ọhụrụ ahụ kpebiri ụzọ okwu na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ndị na-emegide Smetana kpọrọ ya dị ka onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi Wagnerian onye boro ebubo na ọ jụrụ echiche mba-Czech. "Enweghị m ihe ọ bụla sitere na Wagner," Smetana jụrụ n'obi ilu. "Ọbụna Liszt ga-akwado nke a." Ka o sina dị, mkpagbu ahụ ka njọ, mwakpo ahụ bịara na-adịwanye ike. N'ihi ya, opera ahụ gbara naanị ugboro isii ma wepụrụ ya na repertoire.

(N'afọ 1870, e nyere "Dalibor" ugboro atọ, na 1871 - abụọ, na 1879 - atọ; naanị kemgbe 1886, mgbe Smetana nwụsịrị, mmasị na opera a tụgharịrị. Gustav Mahler nwere ekele nke ukwuu, na mgbe a kpọrọ ya òkù. ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Vienna Opera, chọrọ ka e mee "Dalibor", ihe ngosi nke opera mere na 1897. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ dara ụda n'okpuru nduzi nke E. Napravnik na St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre.)

Nke ahụ bụụrụ Smetana nsogbu siri ike: ọ pụghị ime ka onwe ya dịghachi ná mma n'omume na-ezighị ezi n'ebe ụmụ ya ọ hụrụ n'anya nọ, ọbụnakwa na-eweso ndị enyi ya iwe mgbe, na-eto otuto na Bartered Bride, ha chefuru Dalibor.

Mana onye siri ike na obi ike n'ọchịchọ ya, Smetana gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na opera nke anọ - "Libuse" (ihe osise mbụ e debere na 1861, libertto dechara na 1866). Nke a bụ akụkọ ifo sitere na akụkọ ifo banyere onye ọchịchị maara ihe nke Bohemia oge ochie. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede uri na ndị egwu Czech na-abụ abụ ya; Nrọ ha na-egbukepụ egbukepụ banyere ọdịnihu nke ala nna ha metụtara oku Libuse maka ịdị n'otu mba na ume omume nke ndị a na-emegbu emegbu. Ya mere, Erben tinyere n'ọnụ ya amụma nke nwere nkọwa miri emi:

A na m ahụ ọkụ, m na-alụ ọgụ, agụba dị nkọ ga-adaba n'obi gị, ị ga-amakwa nsogbu na ọchịchịrị nke ịtọgbọrọ n'efu, mana ekwela ka obi gị daa, ndị Czech m!

Ka ọ na-erule 1872 Smetana emechaala opera ya. Ma ọ jụrụ igosi ya. Nke bụ́ eziokwu bụ na a na-akwado nnukwu ememme mba ahụ. Laa azụ na 1868, ịtọ ntọala nke National Theatre, bụ nke ekwesịrị ịnọchite ọnụ ụlọ dị mkpagide nke Ụlọ ihe nkiri Provisional. "Ndị mmadụ - maka onwe ha" - n'okpuru ụkpụrụ mpako dị otú ahụ, a na-anakọta ego maka iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ. Smetana kpebiri iwepụta oge mmalite nke "Libuše" iji kwekọọ na ememe mba a. Naanị na 1881 ọnụ ụzọ nke ihe nkiri ọhụrụ ahụ meghere. Smetana enwekwaghị ike ịnụ opera ya ọzọ: ọ bụ ntị chiri.

Ihe kachasị njọ nke ihe ọjọọ niile na-adakwasị Smetana - ntị chiri na mberede rutere ya na 1874. Na njedebe, ịrụsi ọrụ ike, mkpagbu nke ndị iro, bụ ndị ji obi mgbawa na-ebuli ngwá agha megide Smetana, kpatara ọrịa siri ike nke irighiri akwara na a. ọdachi. Ndụ ya gbanwere, ma mmụọ iguzosi ike n'ihe ya agbajighị. Ekwesịrị m ịkwụsị ime ihe omume, pụọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ma ndị ike okike akwụsịghị - onye na-ede egwú nọgidere na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ebube.

N'afọ nke ọdachi ahụ, Smetana dechara opera nke ise ya, Ndị di ha nwụrụ abụọ, bụ nke nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma; ọ na-eji a na-atọ ọchị ibé si ọgbara ọhụrụ manor ndụ.

N'otu oge ahụ, a na-edegharị okirikiri egwu egwu nke "My Motherland". E dechara abụ abụọ mbụ - "Vyshegrad" na "Vltava" - n'ime ọnwa ndị kasị sie ike, mgbe ndị dọkịta ghọtara na ọrịa Smetana adịghị agwọ ọrịa. Na 1875 "Sharka" na "Si Bohemian Fields and Woods" sochiri; na 1878-1879 - Tabor na Blanik. N'afọ 1882, onye nduzi Adolf Cech mere usoro ahụ dum maka oge mbụ, na n'èzí Czech Republic - ugbua na 90s - Richard Strauss kwalitere ya.

Ọrụ gara n'ihu n'ụdị opera. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke The Bartered Bride nwetara site na egwu egwu-ụbọchị ọ bụla opera The Kiss (1875-1876), nke dị n'etiti ya bụ onyinyo dị ọcha nke nwa agbọghọ Vendulka dị mfe; opera The Secret (1877-1878), nke bụkwa abụ maka ikwesị ntụkwasị obi n'ịhụnanya, nabatara nke ọma; obere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi libretto adịghị ike bụ ọrụ ikpeazụ nke Smetana - "Mgbidi Ekwensu" (1882).

Ya mere, n'ime afọ asatọ, onye ogbi ahụ na-ede egwú kere operas anọ, usoro egwu egwu nke abụ isii, na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ - piano, ụlọ, choral. Lee ọchịchọ ọ na-aghaghị inwewo ịdị na-arụpụta nnọọ ihe! Otú ọ dị, ike ya malitere ịda - mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe ọhụụ dị nro; Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-adị ya ka ọ̀ na-agbakasị ya. Agụụ maka imepụta ihe meriri ihe niile. Echiche efu enweghị ike ịgwụ ike, ntị nke dị n'ime ya nyere aka ịhọrọ ụzọ dị mkpa iji kwuo okwu. Na ihe ọzọ bụ ihe ijuanya: n'agbanyeghị ọrịa ụjọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, Smetana nọgidere na-emepụta egwu n'ụzọ ntorobịa, ọhụrụ, eziokwu, nchekwube. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwụsịrị ịnụ ihe, ọ tụfuru ohere ya na ndị mmadụ na-enwe nkwurịta okwu kpọmkwem, ma ọ gbapụghị onwe ya n'ebe ha nọ, ọ gbapụghị n'ime onwe ya, na-ejigide ọṅụ nke ịnakwere ndụ dị n'ime ya, okwukwe na ya. Isi iyi nke nchekwube na-enweghị njedebe dị otú ahụ dị na nsụhọ nke ịdị nso na-enweghị atụ na ọdịmma na ọdịnihu nke ndị obodo.

Nke a kpaliri Smetana imepụta okirikiri egwu egwu Czech mara mma (1877-1879). Onye na-ede egwú chọrọ n'aka onye nkwusa na egwuregwu ọ bụla - na e nwere iri na anọ n'ozuzu - ka a ga-enye aha: polka, furant, skochna, "Ulan", "Oats", "Bear", wdg. Czech ọ bụla site na nwata maara nke ọma. aha ndị a, kwuru utoojoo ude; o bipụtara okirikiri ya iji mee ka onye ọ bụla mara ụdị egwu anyị nwere na Czechs.

Kedu ka okwu a si dị maka onye na-ede egwú bụ onye hụrụ ndị ya n'anya n'enweghị mmasị na mgbe niile, n'ime ihe odide ya niile, na-ede banyere ha, na-ekwupụta mmetụta ọ bụghị nke onwe, kama n'ozuzu, nso na onye ọ bụla ghọtara. Naanị n'ime ọrụ ole na ole Smetana kwere onwe ya ikwu banyere ihe nkiri nke onwe ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere n'ụdị ụlọ-ngwa. Nke a bụ piano trio ya, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, yana eriri quartets abụọ bụ nke oge ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya (1876 na 1883.)

Nke mbụ n'ime ha dị ịrịba ama - na igodo e-moll, nke nwere ndepụta okwu: "Site na ndụ m". N'akụkụ anọ nke okirikiri ahụ, a na-emegharị akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụkọ ndụ Smetana. Nke mbụ (isi akụkụ nke akụkụ nke mbụ) na-ada ụda, dị ka onye na-ede egwú na-akọwa, "oku nke akara aka, na-akpọ maka agha"; n'ihu - "ọchịchọ a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta maka amaghị ama"; N'ikpeazụ, "ụfụ ahụ na-egbu egbu nke ụda kachasị elu, nke na 1874 kwuputara nti chiri m..." Akụkụ nke abụọ - "n'ime mmụọ nke polka" - na-ewepụta ncheta ọṅụ nke ntorobịa, ịgba egwu ndị ọrụ ugbo, bọọlụ ... Na nke atọ - ịhụnanya, obi ụtọ onwe onye. Akụkụ nke anọ bụ nke kachasị egwu. Smetana na-akọwa ọdịnaya ya n'ụzọ dị otú a: "Ịmata nke ike dị ukwuu nke dị na egwu mba anyị ... mmezu na ụzọ a ... ọṅụ nke imepụta ihe, jiri obi ọjọọ kwụsị site n'ọdachi dị egwu - ọnwụ ntị ... nwulite olileanya ... na-echeta mmalite nke ụzọ okike m… mmetụta na-akpali akpali nke agụụ…”. N'ihi ya, ọbụna na nke a kasị isi ọrụ nke Smetana, echiche nke onwe na-ejikọta ya na echiche banyere ọdịnihu nke Russian art. Echiche ndị a ahapụghị ya ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. O we kère ya ka ọ gāgabiga ma ubọchi ọṅù na ubọchi nke oké iru-újú.

N'afọ 1880, mba ahụ niile mere ememe ncheta afọ iri ise nke ọrụ egwu Smetana (anyị na-echetara gị na na 1830, dị ka nwatakịrị dị afọ isii, ọ rụrụ n'ihu ọha dị ka onye pianist). Na nke mbụ na Prague, e mere "Egwu mgbede" ya - ịhụnanya ise maka olu na piano. N'ọgwụgwụ nke mmemme mmemme ahụ, Smetana rụrụ polka ya na Chopin's B main nocturne na piano. Na-esote Prague, obodo Litomysl na-asọpụrụ onye dike mba ahụ, bụ ebe a mụrụ ya.

N'afọ sochirinụ, 1881, ndị mba Czech nwere oke iru uju - ụlọ a rụgharịrị ọhụrụ nke Prague National Theatre gbara ọkụ, ebe ihe ngosi nke Libuše na-ada n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. A haziri ịnakọta ego maka mweghachi ya. A na-akpọ Smetana ka o mee ihe nkiri nke ya, ọ na-emekwa na mpaghara dị ka onye pianist. N'ịbụ onye ike gwụrụ, na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụ anwụ, ọ na-achụ onwe ya n'àjà maka otu ihe kpatara ya: ego sitere na ihe nkiri ndị a nyere aka wuchaa owuwu nke National Theatre, bụ nke meghere oge mbụ ya na opera Libuse na November 1883.

Mana ụbọchị Smetana agụọlarị. Ahụ ike ya kara njọ nke ukwuu, uche ya gbachiri. N'April 23, 1884, ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka ọrịa uche. Liszt degara ndị enyi ya akwụkwọ, sị: “Ọnwụ Smetana tụrụ m n'anya. Ọ bụ onye amamihe!

M. Druskin

• Ihe okike arụ ọrụ nke Smetana →

Ngwakọta:

Opera (ngụkọta 8) The Brandenburgers na Bohemia, libertto nke Sabina (1863, premiered na 1866) The Bartered Bride, libretto nke Sabina (1866) Dalibor, libretto nke Wenzig (1867-1868) Libuse, libretto nke Wenzig (1872, premiered na 1881) Widows ", libretto nke Züngl (1874) The Kiss, libretto nke Krasnogorskaya (1876) "The Secret", libretto nke Krasnogorskaya (1878) "Mgbidi Ekwensu", libretto nke Krasnogorskaya (1882) Viola, libretto nke Krasnogorskaya, dabeere na Shakes comedypeareth'. Abalị (naanị Iwu m dechara, 1884)

Symphonic na-arụ ọrụ "Jubilant Overture" D-dur (1848) "Symphony siri ike" E-dur (1853) "Richard III", uri egwu (1858) "Camp Wallenstein", abụ abụ (1859) "Jarl Gakon", uri egwu (1861) "Ezigbo March" na Shakespeare's Celebrations (1864) "Oké Nchekwa" C-dur (1868) "My Motherland", okirikiri nke 6 symphonic poems: "Vysehrad" (1874), "Vltava" (1874), "Sharka" (1875). 1875), "Si Czech ubi na ọhịa" (1878), "Tabor" (1879), "Blanik" (1879) "Venkovanka", polka maka ndị egwú (1883) "Prague Carnival", mmeghe na polonaise (XNUMX).

Piano na-arụ ọrụ Bagatelles na Impromptu (1844) 8 preludes (1845) Polka na Allegro (1846) Rhapsody na G obere (1847) Czech Melodies (1847) 6 Character Pieces (1848) March nke Student Legion (1848) March nke ndị mmadụ (1848). ) "Letters of Memories" (1851) 3 salon polkas (1855) 3 poetic polkas (1855) "Sketches" (1858) "Scene si Shakespeare's Macbeth" (1859) "Echeta nke Czech Republic n'ụdị a polka" ( 1859) "N'akụkụ oke osimiri", ọmụmụ (1862) "Nrọ" (1875) egwu Czech na akwụkwọ ndetu 2 (1877, 1879)

Ụlọ ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ Trio maka piano, violin na cello g-moll (1855) Quartet eriri mbụ "Site na ndụ m" e-moll (1876) "Ala ala nna" maka violin na piano (1878) Quartet nke abụọ (1883)

Egwu olu "Czech Song" maka agwakọta ukwe na ndị egwu (1860) "Renegade" maka akụkụ abụọ nke ukwe (1860) "Ndị na-agba ịnyịnya atọ" maka nwoke ukwe (1866) "Rolnicka" maka nwoke ukwe (1868) "Egwu egwu" maka nwoke ukwe (1870). 1877) "Abụ n'akụkụ oké osimiri" maka ndị ukwe nwoke (3) 1878 ndị inyom na-abụ abụ (1879) "Egwu mgbede" maka olu na piano (1880) "Dowry" maka nwoke choir (1880) "Ekpere" maka nwoke ukwe (1882) " Okwu abụọ maka ukwe nwoke (1883) "Abụ anyị" maka ndị ukwe nwoke (XNUMX)