Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Alexander Scriabin).

Alexander Scriabin

Egwu Scriabin bụ ihe na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị, ọchịchọ miri emi nke mmadụ maka nnwere onwe, maka ọṅụ, maka ịnụ ụtọ ndụ. … Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-adị ka onye akaebe dị ndụ maka ebumnuche kachasị mma nke oge ya, nke ọ bụ “ihe mgbawa”, ihe na-akpali akpali na nke na-enweghị izu ike nke ọdịbendị. B. Asafiev

A. Scriabin banyere egwu Rọshịa na ngwụcha afọ 1890. ma kwupụta ozugbo onwe ya dị ka onye pụrụiche, onye nwere onyinye na-egbuke egbuke. Onye na-eme mgbanwe dị egwu, “onye na-achọ ụzọ ọhụrụ,” dị ka N. Myaskovsky siri kwuo, “site n'enyemaka nke asụsụ ọhụrụ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya, ọ na-emepere anyị atụmanya pụrụ iche… anya anyị na-ahụ ihe omume dị mkpa zuru ụwa ọnụ.” Ihe ọhụrụ Scriabin gosipụtara onwe ya ma n'ọhịa nke abụ abụ, nkwekọ, udidi, orchestration na nkọwa nkọwa nke okirikiri ahụ, na mmalite nke atụmatụ na echiche, nke ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu jikọtara ya na ịhụnanya aesthetics na poetics nke akara ngosi Russia. N'agbanyeghị ụzọ okike dị mkpirikpi, onye na-ede egwú kere ọtụtụ ọrụ na ụdị egwu egwu na egwu piano. O dere 3 symphonies, "The Poem of Ecstasy", uri "Prometheus" maka ndị egwú, Concerto maka Piano na Orchestra; 10 sonatas, uri, preludes, etudes na ndị ọzọ dere maka pianoforte. Creativity Scriabin tụgharịrị bụrụ nkwenye na oge mgbagwoju anya na ọgba aghara nke ntụgharị nke narị afọ abụọ na mmalite nke narị afọ nke XX ọhụrụ. Esemokwu na ụda ọkụ, ọchịchọ titanic maka nnwere onwe nke mmụọ, maka echiche nke ịdị mma na ìhè, maka òtù ụmụnna zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị mmadụ na-ejupụta nkà nke onye na-agụ egwú-ọkà ihe ọmụma, na-eme ka ọ bịaruo nso ndị nnọchiteanya kasị mma nke omenala Russia.

A mụrụ Scriabin n'ezinụlọ nna ochie nwere ọgụgụ isi. Nne nke nwụrụ n'oge (n'agbanyeghị, a nkà pianist) nọchiri anya nwanne nne ya, Lyubov Alexandrovna Skryabina, onye ghọkwara onye nkụzi egwú mbụ ya. Papa m jere ozi na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ịhụ egwu egwu gosipụtara onwe ya na obere. Sasha site na nwata. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọdịnala ezinụlọ si dị, mgbe ọ dị afọ 10, e zigara ya na ndị òtù cadet. N'ihi ahụike na-adịghị mma, a tọhapụrụ Scriabin na ọrụ agha na-egbu mgbu, nke mere ka o kwe omume itinyekwu oge na egwu. Ebe ọ bụ na oge okpomọkụ nke 1882, malitere piano nkuzi mgbe nile (na G. Konyus, a maara nke ọma theorist, dere, pianist; mgbe e mesịrị - na prọfesọ na conservatory N. Zverev) na mejupụtara (na S. Taneyev). Na Jenụwarị 1888, Scriabin na-eto eto banyere Moscow Conservatory na klas V. Safonov (piano) na S. Taneyev (counterpoint). Mgbe ya na Taneyev gụsịrị akwụkwọ counterpoint, Scriabin kwagara na klas nke A. Arensky nke free mejupụtara, ma mmekọrịta ha adịghị arụ ọrụ. Scriabin gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke ọma na ụlọ akwụkwọ nchekwa dị ka onye pianist.

Ruo afọ iri (1882-92) onye na-ede egwú dere ọtụtụ egwu egwu, nke kachasị maka piano. N'ime ha bụ waltzes na mazurkas, preludes na etudes, nocturnes na sonatas, bụ nke a na-anụrịrị "Scriabin note" nke onwe ha (ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ mmadụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta nke F. Chopin, bụ onye na-eto eto Scriabin hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu na, dị ka si kwuo. ihe ncheta nke ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ, rụrụ nke ọma). Ihe ngosi Scriabin niile dị ka onye pianist, ma n'oge mgbede ụmụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na gburugburu enyi, na mgbe e mesịrị na ọkwa kachasị elu n'ụwa, ejiri ihe ịga nke ọma na-aga nke ọma mgbe niile, ọ na-enwe ike ịdọrọ uche ndị na-ege ntị n'ụzọ iwu site na ụda mbụ nke mbụ. piano. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Conservatory, ọhụrụ oge malitere na ndụ na ọrụ nke Scriabin (1892-1902). Ọ na-abanye n'ụzọ kwụụrụ onwe ya dị ka onye na-agụ egwú-pianist. Oge ya jupụtara na njem egwu egwu n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ, na-ede egwú; ọrụ ya malitere ibipụta ya site na ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ M. Belyaev (onye ahịa osisi bara ọgaranya na onye ọrụ ebere), bụ onye nwere ekele maka ọgụgụ isi nke onye na-eto eto na-ede egwú; mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-egwu egwú ndị ọzọ na-agbasawanye, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Belyaevsky Circle na St. Petersburg, nke gụnyere N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, na ndị ọzọ; amara na-eto eto ma na Russia ma ná mba ọzọ. A na-ahapụ ọnwụnwa ndị metụtara ọrịa nke aka nri "overplay" n'azụ. Scriabin nwere ikike ịsị: "Onye siri ike na onye dị ike bụ onye nweworo obi nkoropụ wee merie ya." N'akwụkwọ akụkọ si mba ofesi, a kpọrọ ya “ụdị mmadụ pụrụ iche, ezigbo onye na-ede egwú na onye na-agụ pian, nnukwu àgwà na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma; ọ bụ ihe mkpali na ọkụ dị nsọ.” N'ime afọ ndị a, 12 ọmụmụ na 47 preludes e dere; 2 iberibe maka aka ekpe, 3 sonatas; Concerto for piano and orchestra (1897), orchestral poem "Dreams", 2 nnukwu egwu egwu egwu nwere echiche nke nkà ihe ọmụma na ụkpụrụ omume gosipụtara nke ọma, wdg.

Afọ nke imepụta ihe na-eto eto (1903-08) dabara na mmụba mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị elu na Russia n'ehihie na mmejuputa mgbanwe mgbanwe Russia mbụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime afọ ndị a, Scriabin bi na Switzerland, ma ọ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ihe omume mgbanwe n'ala nna ya ma nwee ọmịiko n'ebe ndị na-eme mgbanwe nọ. O gosipụtara mmasị na-amụbawanye na nkà ihe ọmụma - ọ tụgharịrị ọzọ n'echiche nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma a ma ama S. Trubetskoy, zutere G. Plekhanov na Switzerland (1906), mụọ ọrụ K. Marx, F. Engels, VI Lenin, Plekhanov. Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ụwa nke Scriabin na Plekhanov guzoro n'osisi dị iche iche, nke ikpeazụ nwere ekele dị ukwuu maka àgwà nke onye na-ede egwú. N'ịhapụ Russia ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Scriabin chọrọ ịtọhapụ oge maka ịmepụta ihe, iji gbanarị ọnọdụ Moscow (na 1898-1903, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ kụziiri na Moscow Conservatory). Ahụmahụ mmetụta uche nke afọ ndị a jikọtara ya na mgbanwe na ndụ onwe ya (ịhapụ nwunye ya V. Isakovich, onye pianist magburu onwe ya na onye na-akwalite egwu ya, na mmekọrịta ya na T. Schlozer, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ dị anya na-enweghị isi na ndụ Scriabin). . Ebe ọ na-ebikarị na Switzerland, Scriabin ji ihe nkiri na-aga Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Liege na America ugboro ugboro. Ihe ngosi ndị ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.

Mmetụta nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Russia enweghị ike imetụta onye na-ese ihe nwere mmetụta. Symphony nke atọ ("The Divine Poem", 1904), "Poem of Ecstasy" (1907), nke anọ na nke ise Sonatas ghọrọ ezi ihe okike elu; o dekwara etudes, uri 5 maka pianoforte (n'etiti ha "Ọhụụ" na "Setan"), wdg. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ndị a dị nso na "Abụ Chineke" n'usoro ihe atụ. A na-erekọta akụkụ 3 nke egwu egwu egwu (" mgba ", "ihe ụtọ", "Egwuregwu Chineke") n'ihi isi isiokwu nke nkwenye onwe onye site na mmalite. Dị ka usoro ihe omume ahụ si dị, symphony na-ekwu banyere "mmepe nke mmụọ mmadụ", nke, site na obi abụọ na mgba, na-emeri "ọṅụ nke ụwa anụ ahụ" na "pantheism", na-abịa na "ụdị ọrụ efu - a. egwuregwu Chukwu." Na-aga n'ihu na-esonụ nke akụkụ, ngwa nke ụkpụrụ nke leitmotivity na monothematism, improvisational-mmiri ngosi, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, ihichapụ ókè nke symphonic okirikiri, na-eweta ya nso a grandiose otu akụkụ uri. Asụsụ nkwekọ na-achọpụta na ọ gbagwojuru anya karịa site na iwebata tart na nkwekọ na-ada ụda. Ihe mejupụtara nke egwu egwu na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ihi ike nke otu ikuku na ngwa egwu. Tinyere nke a, ngwa solo nke ọ bụla jikọtara ya na otu onyonyo egwu pụtara pụtara ìhè. Na-adabere tumadi na omenala nke mbubreyo Ihunanya symphonism (F. Liszt, R. Wagner), nakwa dị ka P. Tchaikovsky, Scriabin kere n'otu oge ọrụ na-eguzobe ya na Russian na ụwa symphonic omenala dị ka ihe ọhụrụ dere.

"Egwu Ecstasy" bụ ọrụ nke nkwuwa okwu na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na nhazi. Ọ nwere mmemme agụmagụ, nke egosipụtara n'amaokwu na nke yiri ya na echiche nke Symphony nke atọ. Dịka ukwe nke mmadụ na-emeri ihe niile, okwu ikpeazụ nke ederede na-ada:

Eluigwe na ụwa wee tie mkpu ọṅụ m bụ!

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu n'ime uri otu mmegharị nke isiokwu - akara ngosi - laconic expressive motifs, mmepe ha dị iche iche (ebe dị mkpa ebe a bụ nke ngwaọrụ polyphonic), na n'ikpeazụ, orchestration mara mma na njedebe na-egbuke egbuke na-egbuke egbuke na-eme ka ọnọdụ uche ahụ pụta, nke Scriabin. na-akpọ ecstasy. A na-arụ ọrụ ngosipụta dị mkpa site n'asụsụ nkwekọ bara ụba ma mara mma, ebe nkwekọ dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-akwụsighị ike na-achịrịrịrị.

Na nlọghachi nke Scriabin n'ala nna ya na Jenụwarị 1909, oge ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na ọrụ ya malitere. Onye na-ede egwú lekwasịrị anya n'isi ya n'otu ihe mgbaru ọsọ - ịmepụta nnukwu ọrụ e mere iji gbanwee ụwa, iji gbanwee ụmụ mmadụ. Nke a bụ otú ọrụ sịntetik si egosi - uri "Prometheus" na nsonye nke nnukwu ìgwè ndị egwú, otu ukwe, otu akụkụ nke piano, akụkụ, yana mmetụta ọkụ (akụkụ nke ìhè ka edere na akara ahụ. ). Na St. Petersburg, e mere "Prometheus" mbụ na March 9, 1911 n'okpuru nduzi nke S. Koussevitzky na nsonye nke Scriabin n'onwe ya dị ka onye pianist. Prometheus (ma ọ bụ abụ nke ọkụ, dị ka onye dere ya si kpọọ ya) dabeere na akụkọ ifo Gris oge ochie nke Titan Prometheus. Isiokwu nke mgba na mmeri nke mmadụ n'elu ike nke ihe ọjọọ na ọchịchịrị, na-ala azụ n'ihu radiance nke ọkụ, kpaliri Scriabin. N'ebe a, ọ na-emezigharị asụsụ kwekọrọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na-apụ na usoro ụda omenala. Ọtụtụ isiokwu na-esonye na mmepe symphonic siri ike. "Prometheus bụ ike na-arụ ọrụ nke eluigwe na ala, ụkpụrụ okike, ọ bụ ọkụ, ìhè, ndụ, mgba, mgbalị, echiche," Scriabin kwuru banyere Poem nke Fire ya. N'otu oge na iche echiche na ide Prometheus, nke isii-iri Sonatas, uri "To the Flame", wdg, e kere maka piano. Ọrụ onye na-ede egwú, nke siri ike n'ime afọ niile, ihe nkiri egwu egwu na njem ndị metụtara ha (mgbe maka nzube nke inye ezinụlọ) ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mebie ahụ ike ya na-esighị ike.

Scriabin nwụrụ na mberede site na nsi ọbara n'ozuzu. Akụkọ banyere ọnwụ ya n'oge ndụ ya tụrụ mmadụ nile n'anya. Ndị Moscow nka niile hụrụ ya na njem ikpeazụ ya, ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto nọ. “Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin,” ka Plekhanov dere, “bụ nwa oge ya. … Ọrụ Scriabin bụ oge ya, na-egosipụta na ụda. Ma mgbe nwa oge, onye na-agafe agafe chọtara okwu ya na ọrụ nke nnukwu onye na-ese ihe, ọ na-enweta Adịgide adịgide pụtara ma mee ya enweghị mgbagha".

T. Ershova

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Isi ọrụ nke Scriabin

Mgbasa ozi

Piano Concerto na F dị nkọ obere, Op. 20 (1896-1897). "Nrọ", na E obere, op. 24 (1898). Symphony nke mbụ, na E major, Op. 26 (1899-1900). Symphony nke abụọ, na C obere, Op. 29 (1901). Symphony nke atọ (Abụ Chineke), na C obere, Op. 43 (1902-1904). Abụ nke Ecstasy, C isi, Op. 54 (1904-1907). Prometheus (Abụ nke Ọkụ), Op. 60 (1909-1910).

piano

10 afọ: Mba. 1 na F obere, Op. 6 (1893); Nke 2 (sonata-fantasy), na G- nkọ obere, op. 19 (1892-1897); Nọmba 3 na F dị nkọ obere, Op. 23 (1897-1898); No. 4, F sharp major, op. 30 (1903); Nke 5, Op. 53 (1907); Nke 6, Op. 62 (1911-1912); Nke 7, Op. 64 (1911-1912); Nke 8, Op. 66 (1912-1913); Nke 9, Op. 68 (1911-1913): Nke 10, Op. 70 (1913).

91 mmalite: nke. 2 Nke 2 (1889), Op. 9 Mba. 1 (maka aka ekpe, 1894), 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1888-1896), 6 okwu mmalite, Op. 13 (1895), 5 okwu mmalite, Op. 15 (1895-1896), 5 mbido, Op. 16 (1894-1895), 7 okwu mmalite, Op. 17 (1895-1896), Prelude na F-sharp Major (1896), 4 Preludes, Op. 22 (1897-1898), 2 okwu mmalite, Op. 27 (1900), 4 okwu mmalite, Op. 31 (1903), 4 okwu mmalite, Op. 33 (1903), 3 okwu mmalite, Op. 35 (1903), 4 okwu mmalite, Op. 37 (1903), 4 okwu mmalite, Op. 39 (1903), mmalite, Op. 45 Nke 3 (1905), 4 okwu mmalite, Op. 48 (1905), mmalite, Op. 49 Nke 2 (1905), mmalite, Op. 51 Nke 2 (1906), mmalite, Op. 56 Nke 1 (1908), mmalite, Op. 59′ Nke 2 (1910), 2 okwu mmalite, Op. 67 (1912-1913), 5 okwu mmalite, Op. 74 (1914).

Nyocha 26: omumu, op. 2 Nke 1 (1887), ọmụmụ 12, Op. 8 (1894-1895), ọmụmụ 8, Op. 42 (1903), ọmụmụ, Op. 49 Nke 1 (1905), ọmụmụ, Op. 56 Nke 4 (1908), ọmụmụ 3, Op. 65 (1912).

21 mazuka: 10 Mazurkas, Op. 3 (1888-1890), 9 mazurkas, Op. 25 (1899), 2 mazurkas, Op. 40 (1903).

20 abụ: abu 2, op. 32 (1903), uri dị egwu, Op. 34 (1903), Abụ nke Setan, Op. 36 (1903), Abụ, Op. 41 (1903), uri abụọ, Op. 2 (44-1904), uri egwu, op. 1905 Nke 45 (2), "Egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ", Op. 1905 Nke 51 (3), Abụ, Op. 1906 Nke 52 (1), "Egwu Na-agụ Agụ", Op. 1907 Nke 52 (3), Abụ, Op. 1905 Nke 59 (1), Abụ Nocturne, Op. 1910 (61-1911), uri abụọ: “Nkpuchi”, “Ike”, Op. 1912 (2); Abụ 63, op. 1912 (2), uri abụọ, Op. 69 (1913); uri "Gaa n'ọkụ", op. 2 (71).

11 ngwa ngwa: impromptu n'ụdị mazurki, soch. 2 No. 3 (1889), 2 impromptu na ụdị mazurki, op. 7 (1891), 2 ngwa ngwa, op. 10 (1894), 2 ngwa ngwa, op. 12 (1895), 2 ngwa ngwa, op. 14 (1895).

3 elekere: 2 elekere, op. 5 (1890), ehihie, Op. 9 Nke 2 maka aka ekpe (1894).

3 agba egwu: "Ịgba egwu agụụ", op. 51 Nke 4 (1906), 2 agba egwu: "Garlands", "Ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke", Op. 73 (1914).

2 waltz: nke. 1 (1885-1886), op. 38 (1903). "Dị ka Waltz" ("Quasi valse"), Op. 47 (1905).

Akwụkwọ Album 2: nke. 45 Nke 1 (1905), Op. 58 (1910)

"Allegro Appassionato", Op. 4 (1887-1894). Concert Allegro, Op. 18 (1895-1896). Fantasy, op. 28 (1900-1901). Polonaise, Op. 21 (1897-1898). Scherzo, op. 46 (1905). "Nrọ", op. 49 Nke 3 (1905). "Fragility", op. 51 Nke 1 (1906). "Ihe omimi", op. 52 Nke 2 (1907). "Irony", "Nhụjuanya", Op. 56 Nọmba 2 na 3 (1908). "Ọchịchọ", "Weasel na egwu" - 2 iberibe, op. 57 (1908).