Vincenzo Bellini (Vincenzo Bellini) |

Vincenzo bellini

… Ọ bara ọgaranya n'echiche nke mwute, mmetụta nke onye ọ bụla, nke sitere n'ime naanị ya! J. Verdi

Onye na-ede egwú Ịtali V. Bellini banyere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala egwú dị ka onye ọkachamara pụrụ iche nke bel canto, nke pụtara ịbụ abụ mara mma na Ịtali. N’azụ otu n’ime ihe nrite ọla edo e nyere n’oge ndụ onye dere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, ihe odide dị mkpirikpi gụpụtara, sị: “Onye Okike nke egwú Ịtali.” Ọbụna onye amamihe nke G. Rossini enweghị ike ikpuchi ama ama ya. Onyinye ụtọ pụrụ iche nke Bellini nwere nyere ya ohere ịmepụta innations mbụ jupụtara na lyricism nzuzo, nke nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị. Egwú Bellini, n'agbanyeghị enweghị nkà zuru oke na ya, P. Tchaikovsky na M. Glinka hụrụ n'anya, F. Chopin na F. Liszt kere ọtụtụ ọrụ na isiokwu sitere na operas ndị Ịtali. Ndị na-abụ abụ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 1825 dị ka P. Viardot, ụmụnna nwanyị Grisi, M. Malibran, J. Pasta, J. Rubini A. Tamburini na ndị ọzọ na-egbuke egbuke n'ọrụ ya. A mụrụ Bellini n'ezinụlọ ndị na-egwu egwu. Ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ egwu ya na Neapolitan Conservatory nke San Sebastiano. Nwa akwụkwọ nke onye na-ede egwú a ma ama N. Tsingarelli, Bellini n'oge na-adịghị anya malitere ịchọ ụzọ nke ya na nkà. Na mkpụmkpụ ya, naanị afọ iri (35-XNUMX) na-edepụta ọrụ ghọrọ ibe pụrụ iche na opera Ịtali.

N'adịghị ka ndị na-ede egwú Ịtali ndị ọzọ, Bellini enweghị mmasị na opera buffa, ụdị mba a na-amasịkarị. Ugbua na mbụ ọrụ - opera "Adelson na Salvini" (1825), nke o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Conservatory Theatre nke Naples, onye dere si lyrical talent pụtara n'ụzọ doro anya. Aha Bellini nwetara nnukwu ewu ewu mgbe emepụtara opera "Bianca na Fernando" nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Neapolitan San Carlo (1826). Mgbe ahụ, na nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, a na-eme ihe ngosi nke operas The Pirate (1827) na Outlander (1829) na La Scala Theatre na Milan. Ihe ngosi nke Capuleti na Montecchi (1830), nke mbụ emere na ogbo nke Venetian Fenice Theatre, ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kele ndị na-ege ntị. N'ime ọrụ ndị a, echiche ịhụ mba n'anya chọtara okwu siri ike na ezi obi, kwenye na ebili mmiri ọhụrụ nke nnwere onwe mba nke malitere na Italy na 30s. narị afọ gara aga. Ya mere, ọtụtụ premieres nke Bellini operas so na ngosipụta nke ịhụ mba n'anya, na abụ olu ụtọ sitere n'ọrụ ya n'okporo ámá nke obodo Ịtali ọ bụghị nanị site na-eme ihe nkiri, kamakwa site n'aka, ndị ọrụ, na ụmụaka.

Ekwusikwara aha onye na-ede egwú ike mgbe e kere operas La sonnambula (1831) na Norma (1831), ọ gafere Italy. N'afọ 1833, onye na-ede egwú gara London, bụ ebe ọ na-eduzi operas ya nke ọma. Mmetụta nke ọrụ ya mere na IV Goethe, F. Chopin, N. Stankevich, T. Granovsky, T. Shevchenko na-agba akaebe maka ọnọdụ ha dị ịrịba ama na nkà Europe nke narị afọ nke XNUMX.

Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, Bellini kwagara Paris (1834). N'ebe ahụ, maka Italian Opera House, o kere ọrụ ikpeazụ ya - opera I Puritani (1835), nke mbụ Rossini nyere nyocha nke ọma.

N'ihe banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke operas kere, Bellini dị ala karịa Rossini na G. Donizetti - onye na-ede egwú dere ọrụ 11 egwu egwu. Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa dị ka ndị obodo ya ama ama. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu n'ihi usoro ọrụ Bellini, nke o kwuru banyere ya n'otu n'ime akwụkwọ ozi ya. Ịgụ libretto, ịbanye na nkà mmụta uche nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, na-eme ihe dị ka agwa, na-achọ okwu ọnụ na mgbe ahụ okwu egwu nke mmetụta - dị otú ahụ bụ ụzọ onye dere ya depụtara.

N'ịmepụta ihe nkiri egwu ịhụnanya, onye na-ede uri F. Romani, bụ onye ghọrọ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide, tụgharịrị bụrụ onye nwere ụdị echiche Bellini n'ezie. Na mmekorita ya na ya, onye na-ede egwú nwetara ọdịdị nke ọdịdị nke okwu ntinye okwu. Bellini maara nke ọma kpọmkwem kpọmkwem olu mmadụ. Akụkụ olu nke operas ya bụ ihe ebumpụta ụwa nke ukwuu ma dịkwa mfe ịbụ abụ. Ha na-ejupụta na obosara nke ume, na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe olu ụtọ. Enweghị ihe ịchọ mma na-enweghị isi n'ime ha, n'ihi na onye na-ede egwú hụrụ ihe egwu ụda pụtara ọ bụghị na mmetụta virtuoso, ma na nnyefe nke mmetụta uche mmadụ dị ndụ. N'ịtụle ịmepụta egwu egwu mara mma na nkwupụta okwu dị ka isi ọrụ ya, Bellini etinyeghị ihe dị mkpa na agba ndị egwú na mmepe symphonic. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nke a, onye na-ede egwú jisiri ike bulie opera lyric-dị egwu Ịtali na ọkwa nka ọhụrụ, n'ọtụtụ akụkụ na-atụ anya mmezu nke G. Verdi na ndị Italian verists. N'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri Milan's La Scala, e nwere ihe osise marble nke Bellini, n'ala nna ya, na Catania, ụlọ opera na-ebu aha onye dere ya. Ma isi ihe ncheta nye onwe ya bụ onye na-ede egwú n'onwe ya kere - ha bụ operas ya magburu onwe ya, nke ruo taa na-ahapụghị ọkwa nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri egwu nke ụwa.

I. Vetlitsyna

• Italian opera mgbe Rossini: ọrụ Bellini na Donizetti →

Nwa Rosario Bellini, onye isi ụlọ ụka na onye nkuzi egwu na ezinụlọ ndị aristocratic nke obodo, Vincenzo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Conservatory Naples "San Sebastiano", bụrụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ya (ndị nkuzi ya bụ Furno, Tritto, Tsingarelli). N'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ọ zutere Mercadante (ezigbo enyi ya n'ọdịnihu) na Florimo (onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya n'ọdịnihu). Na 1825, na njedebe nke N'ezie, o nyere opera Adelson na Salvini. Rossini nwere mmasị na opera, nke na-ahapụghị ogbo ahụ maka otu afọ. Na 1827, Bellini's opera The Pirate bụ ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ihe nkiri La Scala dị na Milan. Na 1828, na Genoa, onye na-ede egwú zutere Giuditta Cantu si Turin: mmekọrịta ha ga-adịru ruo 1833. Onye na-ede egwú a ma ama na-agba gburugburu ọtụtụ ndị Fans, gụnyere Giuditta Grisi na Giuditta Pasta, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ya. Na London, "Sleepwalker" na "Norma" na ntinye aka nke Malibran na-emeziwanye nke ọma ọzọ. Na Paris, Rossini na-akwado onye na-ede egwú, onye na-enye ya ọtụtụ ndụmọdụ n'oge nhazi nke opera I Puritani, bụ nke e ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-adịghị ahụkebe na 1835 natara.

Site na mmalite, Bellini nwere ike inwe mmetụta nke ihe bụ mmalite ya pụrụ iche: ahụmahụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nke "Adelson na Salvini" nyere ọ bụghị nanị ọṅụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ, kamakwa ohere iji ọtụtụ peeji nke opera na ihe nkiri egwu na-esote. ("Bianca na Fernando", "Pirate", Outlander, Capulets na Montagues). Na opera Bianca e Fernando (a gbanwere aha dike ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Gerdando ka ọ ghara imejọ eze Bourbon), ụdị ahụ, nke ka na-achịkwa Rossini, enweelarị ike ịnye ngwakọta dị iche iche nke okwu na egwu, ha dị nwayọọ, nkwekọ dị ọcha na enweghị nkwekọrịta, nke akara na okwu ọma. The sara mbara iku ume nke aria, constructive ndabere nke ọtụtụ Mpaghara nke otu ụdị Ọdịdị (atụ, n'ikpeazụ nke mbụ omume), ike na melodic erughị ala dị ka olu banyere, na-agba akaebe na ezi mmụọ nsọ, na-ama dị ike na ike. animate ákwà egwu .

Na "Pirate" asụsụ egwu na-abawanye. Edere na ndabere nke ọdachi ịhụnanya nke Maturin, onye nnọchianya a ma ama nke "akwụkwọ egwu", e ji opera mee ihe na mmeri ma mee ka ọchịchọ mgbanwe nke Bellini sikwuo ike, bụ nke gosipụtara onwe ya n'ịjụ akọrọ akọrọ na aria nke zuru oke. ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nnwere onwe si na-emebu ornamentation na branched n'ụzọ dị iche iche, na-egosi na ara nke heroine Imogen, nke mere na ọbụna vocalizations nọ n'okpuru chọrọ ihe oyiyi nke nhụjuanya. Tinyere akụkụ soprano, nke na-amalite usoro nke "crazy arias" a ma ama, ekwesịrị ịmara ihe ọzọ dị mkpa nke opera a: ọmụmụ nke dike tenor (Giovanni Battista Rubini mere ọrụ ya), n'eziokwu, mara mma, enweghị obi ụtọ, obi ike. na ihe omimi. Dị ka Francesco Pastura, bụ́ onye nwere mmasị na-enwe mmasị na onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ọrụ onye na-ede egwú, si kwuo, “Bellini malitere ide egwú opera na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nke nwoke maara na ọdịnihu ya dabeere n'ọrụ ya. Obi abụọ adịghị ya na site n'oge ahụ, ọ malitere ime ihe dịka usoro ahụ si dị, nke o mesịrị gwa enyi ya si Palermo, Agostino Gallo. Onye dere ya bu amaokwu ndị ahụ n'isi wee kpọchie onwe ya n'ime ụlọ ya, gụpụta ha n'olu dara ụda, "na-agbalị ịgbanwe ghọọ agwa nke na-akpọ okwu ndị a." Ka ọ na-agụ, Bellini gere onwe ya ntị nke ọma; mgbanwe dị iche iche na ntugharị jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ ndetu egwu ... "Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke The Pirate nwesịrị, nke ahụmahụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ike, ọ bụghị nanị na nkà ya, kamakwa na nkà nke onye na-agụ akwụkwọ - Romani, onye nyere aka na libretto, Bellini gosipụtara na Genoa remake nke Bianchi na Fernando wee banye nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na La Scala; tupu ya amata nke ọhụrụ libretto, o detuo ụfọdụ ebumnuche n'olileanya nke ịzụlite ha "n'ụzọ dị egwu" na opera. Oge a nhọrọ ahụ dabara na Prevost d'Harlincourt's Outlander, nke JC Cosenza mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri emere na 1827.

A na-anabata opera Bellini, nke e mere na ogbo nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Milan a ma ama, jiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nabata, yiri ka ọ dị elu karịa The Pirate ma kpatara ogologo esemokwu n'okwu gbasara egwu egwu dị egwu, ịgụ abụ ma ọ bụ nkwuputa okwu na mmekọrita ha na usoro omenala, dabere na ya. ụdị dị ọcha. Onye nkatọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Allgemeine Musicalische Zeitung hụrụ na Outlander ikuku German megharịrị nke ọma, nkatọ ọgbara ọhụrụ gosipụtara nlebanya a, na-ekwusi ike ịdị nso nke opera na ịhụnanya nke The Free gunner: nso nso a na-egosipụta ma n'ihe omimi nke ụwa. isi agwa, na n'igosi njikọ dị n'etiti mmadụ na ọdịdị, na n'iji ihe ncheta na-eje ozi n'ebumnobi onye na-ede egwú na-eme ka "eme ka eriri nkata ahụ bụrụ ihe na-ahụ anya mgbe niile" (Lippmann). Mkpọpụta mkpọpụta nke mkpụrụokwu na iku ume sara mbara na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche pụta, ọnụọgụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-agbaze n'egwú dialogic nke na-eme ka ọ na-aga n'ihu, "na usoro egwu dị oke oke" (Kambi). N'ozuzu, e nwere ihe nnwale, Nordic, mbubreyo oge gboo, nso na "ụda na etching, nkedo na ọla kọpa na ọlaọcha" (Tintori).

Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke operas Capulets e Montagues, La sonnambula na Norma, a na-atụ anya ọdịda enweghị mgbagha na 1833 site na opera Beatrice di Tenda dabere na ọdachi nke Cremonese romantic CT Fores. Anyị na-ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe abụọ kpatara ọdịda ahụ: ngwa ngwa n'ọrụ na nkata ọjọọ. Bellini boro onye liberttist Romani ụta, onye zara ya site n'ịkwasa onye na-ede egwú iwe, nke butere esemokwu n'etiti ha. Opera, ka ọ dị ugbu a, ekwesighi iwe dị otú ahụ, n'ihi na ọ nwere nnukwu uru. A na-ama ndị ensembles na ndị na-abụ abụ dị iche iche site na ọdịdị ha mara mma, a na-ejikwa akụkụ ndị solo dị iche iche site na ịma mma nke ihe osise a na-emebu. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ọ na-akwadebe opera na-esote - "The Puritani", na mgbakwunye na ịbụ otu n'ime atụmanya dị egwu nke ụdị Verdi.

N'ikpeazụ, anyị na-ehota okwu nke Bruno Cagli - ha na-ezo aka na La Sonnambula, ma ihe ha pụtara bụ ukwuu sara mbara na ọdabara na dum ọrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú: "Bellini rọrọ na-aghọ Rossini ga-anọchi anya ma ghara zoo nke a n'akwụkwọ ozi ya. Ma ọ maara otú o si esi ike ịbịaru nso dị mgbagwoju anya na nke mepụtara ụdị ọrụ nke Rossini nwụrụ anwụ. N'ịbụ onye ọkaibe karịa ka ọ na-eche n'echiche, Bellini, bụ́ onye nọbu na ya ná nzukọ ya na Rossini na 1829, hụrụ ebe nile dịpụrụ adịpụ nke kewara ha wee dee, sị: “M ga-ejizi aka m dee n'onwe m, dabere n'echiche ezi uche, ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ntorobịa. M nwalere nke ọma.” Nkebi ahịrịokwu a siri ike na-ekwu n'ụzọ doro anya maka ịjụ ọkaibe Rossini maka ihe a na-akpọ "echiche nkịtị", ya bụ, ịdị mfe nke ụdị.

Maazị Marchese

Opera:

"Adelson na Salvini" (1825, 1826-27) "Bianca na Gernando" (1826, n'okpuru aha "Bianca na Fernando", 1828) "Pirate" (1827) "Onye mba ọzọ" (1829) "Zaira" (1829) " Capulets na Montecchi (1830) "Somnambula" (1831) "Norma" (1831) "Beatrice di Tenda" (1833) "Ndị Puritans" (1835)