Pentatonic |
site na Greek pente - ise na ụda
Sistemụ ụda nwere nzọụkwụ ise n'ime octave. Enwere ụdị 4 nke P.: na-abụghị semitone (ma ọ bụ n'ezie P.); ọkara ụda; agwakọta; iwe iwe.
A na-akpọkwa P. na-abụghị nke ọkara ụda n'okpuru aha ndị ọzọ: eke (AS Ogolevets), dị ọcha (X. Riemann), anhemitonic, ụda dum; proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), trichord system (AD Kastalsky), gamma nke "epoch nke anọ" (PP Sokalsky), Chinese gamma, Scottish gamma. Ụdị isi a P. (okwu ahụ bụ "P." na-enweghị mgbakwunye pụrụ iche na-apụtakarị na-abụghị semitone P.) bụ usoro 5-nzọụkwụ, nke nwere ike ịhazi ụda ya niile na ụzọ ise dị ọcha. Naanị ụdị etiti oge abụọ ka etinyere n'etiti nzọụkwụ dị nso nke akpịrịkpa nke P. - b. nke abụọ na m. nke atọ. A na-eji P. eme ihe na-abụghị nke semitone atọ - trichords (m. nke atọ + b. nke abụọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ega). N'ihi enweghị semitones na P., modal gravitations dị nkọ enweghị ike ịmalite. Ọnụ ọgụgụ P. adịghị ekpughe ebe etiti ụda kpọmkwem. Ya mere, ọrụ nke Ch. ụda nwere ike ime nke ọ bụla n'ime ụda ise ahụ; ya mere ise diff. variants nke P. ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu ihe mejupụtara ụda:
Ọkara ụda P. bụ otu n'ime usoro oge niile na mmepe egwu. iche echiche (lee ụda usoro). Ya mere, a na-ahụ P. (ma ọ bụ rudiments) n'ụdị muses oge ochie. akụkọ ifo nke ndị dị iche iche (gụnyere ndị bi n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, lee akwụkwọ X. Moser na J. Müller-Blattau, p. 15). Otú ọ dị, P. bụ karịsịa njirimara egwu nke mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (China, Vietnam), na na USSR - maka Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, na ndị ọzọ.
Do Nhuan (Vietnam). Abụ "Far March" (mmalite).
Ihe dị iche iche nke echiche pentatonic bụkwa ihe e ji mara ndị Russia oge ochie, Ukraine, Belarusian. nar. egwu:
Site na nchịkọta A. Rubets "100 Ukraine Folk Songs".
Trichords na-ahụkarị P. na Russian. nar. a na-ekpuchikarị abụ ahụ na abụ olu dị mfe. ịchọ mma, nzọụkwụ nzọụkwụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na egwu "Enweghị ifufe" site na nchịkọta MA Balakirev). A na-ahụkwa ihe fọdụrụ nke P. na ihe atụ kacha ochie nke Middle Ages. chorale (dịka ọmụmaatụ, njirimara intonational formula c-df na Dorian, deg na ega na Phrygian, gac na ụdị Mixolydian). Otú ọ dị, ruo na narị afọ nke 19. P. dị ka usoro adịghị mkpa maka Europe. Prof. egwu. Nlebara anya na Nar. egwu, mmasị na agba modal na nkwekọ. e ji mara na oge mgbe ochie Viennese mere ka ndụ pụta ìhè ihe atụ nke P. dị ka a pụrụ iche. ga-ekwupụta. pụtara (Egwu China na egwu nke K. Weber ka Schiller's mmegharị nke play "Turandot" nke K. Gozzi; na ọrụ AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). A na-ejikarị P. egosipụta ịdị jụụ, enweghị mmasị:
AP borodin. Romance "nwa eze ụra" (mmalite).
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-eje ozi ịmaliteghachi ụda mgbịrịgba - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ejikwa P. na eriri (“npịaji” n'ime pentachord ezughị ezu):
MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Omume III.
N’ihe atụ ndị gbadara anyị, Nar. egwu, nakwa na prof. Ọrụ P. na-adaberekarị na isi (lee A na ihe atụ na kọlụm 234) ma ọ bụ obere (lee D n'otu ihe atụ) ndabere, na n'ihi ịdị mfe nke ịgbanwe ntọala site n'otu ụda gaa na nke ọzọ, ihe yiri ya. -alternating mode na-emekarị kpụrụ, ọmụmaatụ.
Ụdị P. ndị ọzọ bụ ụdị ya. Halftone (hemitonic; nakwa ditonic) P. dị na Nar. egwu nke mba ụfọdụ nke East (X. Human na-atụ egwu egwu India, yana Indonesian, Japanese). Ọdịdị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkara nke ọkara -
, eg. otu n'ime akpịrịkpa slendro (Java). Mixed P. na-ejikọta atụmatụ nke tonal na ndị na-abụghị semitone (Husman na-ekwu banyere abụ abụ nke otu n'ime ndị Congo).
Iwe P. (ma ọ bụghị nha nha; okwu ahụ bụ aka ike) bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ slendro Indonesian, ebe a na-ekewa octave n'ime usoro 5 nke na-adabaghị na ụda ma ọ bụ semitones. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngbanwe nke otu n'ime gamelans Javanese (na semitones) bụ nke a: 2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36-2,48 (1/5 octave - 2,40).
Ozizi mbụ nke gbadara anyị. Nkọwa P. bụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ Dr. China (ma eleghị anya e debere ya na ọkara nke mbụ nke narị afọ nke mbụ BC). N'ime acoustic lu sistemu (ụda 1 n'ụzọ ise zuru oke, mepụtara n'oge usoro ndị eze Zhou) jikọtara n'otu octave nke ụda 1 gbara agbata obi nyere ọkpọkọ na-abụghị semitone n'ụdị ise ya niile. Na mgbakwunye na mgbakọ na mwepụ na-akwado ụdị P. (ihe ncheta kachasị ochie bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ "Guanzi", nke a na-akpọ Guan Zhong, - narị afọ nke asaa BC), e mepụtara ihe nnọchianya mgbagwoju anya nke nzọụkwụ P., ebe ụda ise kwekọrọ na ya. 12 ihe, 5 ụtọ; na mgbakwunye, ụda "gong" (c) nọchiri anya onye ọchịchị, "shan" (d) - ndị isi, "jue" (e) - ndị mmadụ, "zhi" (g) - omume, "yu" (a) - ihe.
Mmasị na P. tụgharịrị na narị afọ nke 19. AN Serov weere P. bụ nke East. egwu ma kọwaa dị ka diatonic na nkwụsị nke nzọụkwụ abụọ. PP Sokalsky bu ụzọ gosi ọrụ P. na Russian. nar. egwu ma kwusie ike na nnwere onwe nke P. dị ka ụdị muses. usoro. Site n'echiche nke echiche ogbo, o jikọtara P. na "epoch nke quart" (nke bụ nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ). AS Famintsyn, na-atụ anya echiche nke B. Bartok na Z. Kodaly, na nke mbụ gosiri na P. bụ ihe ochie oyi akwa nke bunks. egwu nke Europe; n'okpuru halftone layers, ọ chọpụtara P. na Russian. egwu. KV Kvitka na ndabere nke ọhụrụ eziokwu na usoro iwu. prerequisites katọrọ tiori nke Sokalsky (karịsịa, mbelata nke "epoch nke quart" na trichords nke P., yana atụmatụ ya nke "oge atọ" - quarts, ụzọ ise, ụzọ atọ) na dokwuo anya tiori nke pentatonic AS. Ogolevets, dabere na echiche ogbo, kwenyere na P. n'ụdị zoro ezo dịkwa n'egwú mepere emepe. usoro na bụ ụdị "ọkpụkpụ" nke modal nzukọ na diatonic na genetically e mesịrị ụdị muses. na-eche echiche. IV Sposobin kwuru mmetụta P. na nguzobe nke otu n'ime ụdị harmonies na-abụghị tertsia (lee ihe atụ na njedebe nke warara 235). Ji. Girshman, n'ịmepụta nkọwa zuru ezu nke P. ma nyochaa ịdị adị ya na Tat. music, ìhè akụkọ ihe mere eme nke theoretical. nghọta nke P. Na egwu egwu mba ọzọ nke narị afọ nke 20. Achịkọbakwara ihe bara ụba na Dec. ụdị P. (na mgbakwunye na-abụghị semitone).
References: Serov AN, Russian folk song dị ka isiokwu nke sayensị, "Musical Season", 1869-71, otu, na akwụkwọ: Izbr. isiokwu, wdg 1, M. - L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị China na egwu ndị Russia, Nyocha egwu, 1886, Eprel 10, Mee 1, Mee 8; ya, egwu ndị Russia…, Har., 1888; Famintsyn AS, Indo-Chinese oge ochie ọnụ ọgụgụ na Asia na Europe, "Bayan", 1888-89, otu, St. Petersburg, 1889; Peter VP, N’ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ụtọ nke abụ Aryan, “RMG”, 1897-98, ed. ed., St. Petersburg, 1899; Nikolsky N., Nkọwapụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu ndị mmadụ n'etiti ndị bi na mpaghara Volga, "Ihe omume nke Ngalaba Musical na Ethnographic nke Kazan Higher Musical School", vol. 1, Kaz., 1920; Kastalskiy AD, Akụkụ nke usoro egwu ndị mmadụ-Russian, M. - P., 1923; Kvitka K., Tonoryad nke mbụ, “Ụmụ amaala mbụ, na ihe ndị fọdụrụ na Ukpapna, vol. 3, Kipb, 1926 (Russian per. - Primitive scales, n'akwụkwọ ya: Fav. ọrụ, ie 1, Moscow, 1971); ego, Angemitonic primitives na tiori nke Sokalskyi, “Ethnographic Bulletin of Ukrapnskop Ak. Sciences", akwụkwọ 6, Kipv, 1928 (rus. per. - Anhemitonic primitives na Sokalsky's theory, n'akwụkwọ ya: Izbr. arụ ọrụ, ie 1, М., 1971); его же, La systиme anhйmitonigue pentatonique chez les peuples Ndị ohu, в кн .: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 1927nd Congress of Slavic geographers and ethnographers na Poland, vr 2, t. 1930, Kr., 1 (rus. per. – Pentatonicity n’etiti ndị Slav, n’akwụkwọ ya: Izbr. ọrụ, ntụgharị 1971, M., 2); nke ya, Ethnographic nkesa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ pentatonic na Soviet Union, Izbr. na-arụ ọrụ, ya bụ 1973, M., 1928; Kozlov IA, ụda ise na-abụghị nke semitone dị na Tatar na egwu ndị mmadụ Bashkir na nyocha egwu ha na usoro iwu, "Izv. Society of nkà mmụta ihe ochie, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ethnography na Kazan State. mahadum”, 34, vol. 1, mba. 2-1946; Ogolevets AS, Okwu Mmalite nke echiche egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, M. — L., 1951; Sopin IV, Ozizi Elementary nke egwu, M. - L., 1973, 1960; Hirshman Ya. M., Pentatonic na mmepe ya na egwu Tatar, M., 1966; Aizenstadt A., Akụkọ egwu egwu nke ndị bi na mpaghara Lower Amur, na mkpokọta: Akụkọ egwu egwu nke ndị North na Siberia, M., 1967; Mma egwu egwu nke mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ed. AT. AP Shestakova, M., 1975; Gomon A., Nkọwa banyere ụda ndị Papuans, n'akwụkwọ: Na bank of Maclay, M., 1; Ambros AW, Akụkọ Egwu, Vol. 1862, Breslau, 1; He1mhо1863tz H., Theory nke ụda sensations dị ka a physiological ndabere maka tiori nke music, Braunschweig, 1875 (рус. trans.: Helmholtz GLP, The ozizi nke auditory sensations ..., St. Petersburg, 1916); Riemann H., Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien. Pentatonic na tetrachordal abụ olu…, Lpz., 1; Kunst J., Egwu na Java, v. 2-1949, The Hague, 1949; MсRhee C., Egwu egwuregwu gamelan nke ise nke Bali, «MQ», 35, v. 2, Mba 1956; Winnington-Ingram RP, Ntugharị pentatonic nke Greek lyre.., "The classical Quarterly", XNUMX v.
Yu. H. Kholopov
