Organic ihe
Organic ihe, pedal (German Orgelpunkt, French pedale inferieure, Italian pedale d'armonia, English pedal point), - ụda na-adịgide adịgide na bass, nke ụda olu ndị ọzọ na-agagharị n'efu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-abanye n'ime esemokwu na-arụ ọrụ na bass (ruo na ọpụpụ. na ụda dị anya); harmonic nkwekọ nke O. p. na olu ndị ọzọ ka eweghachiri n'oge nkwụsị ya ma ọ bụ obere oge tupu nke ahụ. Ngosipụta nke O.p. ejikọrọ na harmonic. esemokwu, kpebisiri ike site na ndakọrịta ọrụ dị n'etiti ụda na-akwado na olu ndị ọzọ. O.p. na-eme ka ụda harmonics dịkwuo mma. vetikal, na-eduga na multifunctionality.
OP ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ na ụda tonic (I ogo nke ọnọdụ) na nke kachasị (V degrees). O.p. bụ mmụba nke ọrụ modal kwekọrọ, ndọtị ya abụghị n'otu ụdọ, kama na nkwekọ zuru oke. ihe owuwu. Ya mere, ọ nwere ihe na-ejikọta ọnụ, na-ejikọta ihe dị iche iche nke mmepe nke olu elu. O.p. na tonic na-eme ka egwu ahụ nwee mmetụta nke nkwụsi ike, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna kwụ ọtọ; ọ na-achọta ngwa ya kachasị ukwuu na njedebe ikpeazụ, yana akụkụ mbụ nke egwu. na-arụ ọrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ ikpeazụ na ọnọdụ ọnwụ Boris site na opera "Boris Godunov", mmalite nke 1st chorus na "Matt Passion" nke JS Bach). OP na onye na-achị achị na-ejikọta nkwado bass na-adịghị akwụsi ike na-arụ ọrụ na ụda olu na-adịghị akwụsi ike na ụda olu, dị anya site na tonic, nke na-atụgharị na-okpuru ọrụ nke bass. Ọ na-enye egwu ahụ àgwà nke atụmanya siri ike. Ya kasị ahụkarị ojiji bụ tupu a reprise (karịsịa na sonata allegro – ọmụmaatụ, m akụkụ nke 8th sonata na c-moll maka piano site Beethoven), nakwa n'ihu a coda; dị na mmeghe.
O.p. enwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na bass, kamakwa na olu ndị ọzọ (nke a na-akpọkarị ụda nkwado) - na elu (French pédale supérieure, Italian pédale, pedal inverted English, dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ III nke 3 Tchaikovsky quartet) na etiti (French. pédale intérieure ma ọ bụ médiaire, Italian pédale, English internal pedal, dịka ọmụmaatụ, egwuregwu "The Gallows" sitere na okirikiri piano "Night Gaspard" nke Ravel). Ihe atụ nke okpukpu abụọ O. p. mara - n'otu oge ahụ. na tonic na ụda isi. Yiri O. nke ihe ahụ, na Krom tonic na-achị. njirimara ọrụ egwu. akụkọ ifo nke ndị dị iche iche (“bagpipe fifths”), a na-ejikwa ya na prof. egwu, karịsịa mgbe iṅomi nar. ịkpọ egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ nke ise nke Symphony nke isii nke Beethoven); okpukpu abụọ na-achị O. p. - na ụda nke kachasị (nke dị ala) na tonic (na mgbanwe na njedebe nke egwu egwu Beethoven's 6th). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-enwe OP na nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nzọụkwụ nke atọ nke obere - na nke atọ site na akụkụ II nke Tchaikovsky's 5th symphony; ụda nkwado nke nzọụkwụ nke anọ - na piano "Serenade" site na Rachmaninov). Mmetụta nke O. p. A na-echekwa ya n'ọnọdụ ebe ụda nke na-etolite na-adịghị agbatị, ma na-emeghachi ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnọdụ IV sitere na opera Sadko nke Rimsky-Korsakov) ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-emegharị ndị dị mkpụmkpụ. ọnụ ọgụgụ (lee Ostinato).
Dị ka nka. Mmetụta O. nke ihe gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nar. egwu (nsokwa na-abụ abụ site n'ịkpọ bagpipes na ihe ndị yiri ya. Mmalite nke okwu ahụ bụ "O.p" na-ejikọta na omume nke mmalite polyphony, organum. Guido d'Arezzo (narị afọ nke 11) kọwara na "Micrologus de disciplina artis". musicae" (1025-26) akụkụ ahụ "na-ese n'elu" nwere olu abụọ nwere mmegharị olu na-apụtaghị ìhè ("Organum suspensum"):
Franco nke Cologne (narị afọ nke 13), na-ekwu (na akwụkwọ akụkọ "Ars cantus mensurabilis") banyere organum, na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "OP" - "organicus punctus". Site na "isi" ebe a pụtara akụkụ nke organum, ebe ụda olu nke cantus na-emegide ụda olu. ịbịaru olu dị elu ("ebe" a na-akpọkwa ụda dị otú ahụ n'onwe ya). Mgbe e mesịrị, a malitere ịghọta OP dị ka ụda pedal ogologo nke akụkụ ahụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na egwu organ dị ka nkà na ụzụ si dị. ike nke ngwá (okwu French point d'orgue na French musicological akwụkwọ pụtara ma ihe improvisational cadenza nke a soloist, ma ọ bụ, ọtụtụ mgbe, a fermata). Na polyphonic N'ụdị nke Middle Ages na Renaissance, phenomena nke OP na-emekarị site na usoro cantus firmus (nke G. de Machaux, Josquin Despres, na ndị ọzọ), ụda nke e nyere ogologo oge.
Na narị afọ 17-19. O.p. enwetara (karịsịa na kpochapụwo. ụdị egwu egwu) ike. Njirimara aghọwo ike levers nke mmepe. Na narị afọ nke 19 O. p. malitere iji ya mee ihe dị ka agba agba, ọdịdị-ụdị. pụtara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Chopin's "Lullaby", "The Old Castle" sitere na "Foto na ihe ngosi" nke Mussorgsky, II na-eme ihe site na opera "Prince Igor", "Abụ nke ndị ọbịa India" sitere na opera "Sadko"). Na narị afọ nke 20 ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke iji O.p. (na ostinato) pụtara. Uru nke O.p. nwere ike ịnwe ụda (dịka ọmụmaatụ, coda II nke egwu egwu 8th nke Shostakovich) ma ọ bụ consonance dị mgbagwoju anya. O.p. nwere ike iburu n'omume nke ndabere (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmeghe na The Rite of Spring) na ụdị ederede pụrụ iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe na-aga n'ihu maka mmeghachi azụ na akụkụ nke anọ nke 2 piano Prokofiev's sonata - 15 na-ada ụda nke ọma eis dị ka ihe na-ebute ụzọ na-adaghachi n'ime igodo d-moll).
References: hụ na Art. Harmony.
Yu. N. Kholopov
