Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Onye pianist Russia, onye nduzi, onye nkuzi, egwu egwu na ọha mmadụ. Nwanne AG Rubinstein. Site na afọ 4 ọ mụtara ịkpọ piano n'okpuru nduzi nke nne ya. Na 1844-46, o biri na Berlin na nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke, ebe o nwetara nkuzi site na T. Kullak (piano) na Z. Dehn (mmekọrịta, polyphony, ụdị egwu). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Moscow, ọ mụụrụ AI Villuan ihe, onye ya na ya mere njem egwu mbụ ya (1846-47). Na mmalite 50s. banyere iwu ngalaba nke Moscow University (gụchara akwụkwọ na 1855). Na 1858 ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ egwu (Moscow, London). Na 1859 ọ malitere mmeghe nke alaka ụlọ ọrụ Moscow nke RMS, site na 1860 ruo na njedebe nke ndụ ya, ọ bụ onyeisi oche na onye nduzi nke egwu egwu egwu. Klas egwu nke ya haziri na RMS gbanwere na 1866 ka ọ bụrụ Conservatory Moscow (ruo mgbe 1881 prọfesọ na onye isi).

Rubinstein bụ otu n'ime ndị pianists a ma ama n'oge ya. Otú ọ dị, a maghị nkà ya na-eme ihe n'èzí Russia (otu n'ime ihe ndị a bụ ihe ngosi mmeri ya na ihe ngosi nke World Exhibition, Paris, 1878, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ 1st Piano Concerto nke PI Tchaikovsky). Ọtụtụ nyere concerts na Moscow. Ihe odide ya na-amụbawanye ihe n'okike, na-apụta ìhè n'obosara ya: concertos maka piano na orchestra nke JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; na-arụ ọrụ maka piano site Beethoven na ndị ọzọ oge gboo na karịsịa ihunanya composers - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (nke ikpeazụ weere Rubinstein onye kasị mma nke ya "Dance nke Ọnwụ" na raara ya "Fantasy na Themes nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Athens" ya. ya). Onye na-agbasa mgbasa ozi nke egwu Rọshịa, Rubinstein mere ugboro ugboro Balakirev piano fantasy "Islamey" na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị na-ede egwú Rọshịa raara nye ya. Ọrụ Rubinstein bụ ihe pụrụ iche dị ka onye ntụgharị nke egwu piano nke Tchaikovsky (onye mbụ na-eme ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya), bụ onye raara onwe ya nye Rubinstein concerto nke abụọ maka piano na orchestra, "Russian Scherzo", romance "Ya mere gịnị! …”, dere piano atọ “Memory” na ọnwụ Rubinstein nnukwu omenkà.”

Egwuregwu Rubinstein dị iche site na oke ya, izu oke nka, nchikota nke mmetụta uche na ezi uche, izu oke nke ụdị, echiche nke oke. O nweghi ihe omuma a, nke edere na egwuregwu AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein mekwara na ụlọ ensembles na F. Laub, LS Auer na ndị ọzọ.

Ọrụ Rubinstein dị ka onye nduzi siri ike. Ihe karịrị egwu egwu 250 nke RMS na Moscow, ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na St. Petersburg na obodo ndị ọzọ nọ n'okpuru nduzi ya. Na Moscow, n'okpuru nduzi nke Rubinstein, a rụrụ nnukwu oratorio na symphonic ọrụ: cantatas, uka nke JS Bach, ihe odide si oratorios nke GF Handel, symphonies, opera overtures na Requiem site WA ​​Mozart, symphonic overtures, piano na violin concertos (ya na ndị egwu egwu) nke Beethoven, ihe egwu niile na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt si n'aka, ihe karịrị na edemede sitere na operas nke R. Wagner. Rubinstein metụtakwara nguzobe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme egwuregwu mba. Ọ na-agụnye mgbe niile na mmemme ya ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú Russia - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Emere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Tchaikovsky maka oge mbụ n'okpuru baton Rubinstein: 1st-4th symphonies (nke mbụ bụ nke Rubinstein raara onwe ya nye), ụlọ nke mbụ, uri symphonic “Fatum”, echiche efu “Romeo na Juliet”, fantasy symphonic "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", egwu maka akụkọ akụkọ mmiri nke AN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", wdg. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi egwu na onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri opera na Moscow Conservatory, gụnyere mmepụta mbụ. nke opera "Eugene Onegin" (1). Rubinstein dị ka onye nduzi dị iche site na oke ọchịchọ ya, ikike iji ngwa ngwa mụta iberibe ọhụrụ na ndị egwú, izi ezi na plasticity nke mmegharị ya.

Dị ka onye nkụzi, Rubinstein zụlitere ọ bụghị nanị virtuosos, kamakwa ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye edemede nke usoro ọmụmụ, dị ka nke a na-eduzi ọtụtụ afọ na klas piano nke Moscow Conservatory. Ndabere nke nkuzi ya bụ nyocha miri emi nke ederede egwu, nghota nke usoro ihe atụ nke ọrụ na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke stylistic gosipụtara na ya site n'ịtụle ihe ndị dị na asụsụ egwu. Enyere nnukwu ebe ngosi nke onwe. N'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ Rubinstein bụ SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) na ndị ọzọ. Taneyev raara onwe ya nye cantata "John nke Damaskọs" na ncheta nke onye nkụzi.

Ihe omume egwu na mmekọrịta ọha na eze Rubinstein, jikọtara ya na nkwalite mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke 50s na 60s, bụ ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nhazi mmụta. N'ịgbalị ime ka egwu nwee ike ịnweta ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị, ọ haziri ihe a na-akpọ. ihe nkiri ndị mmadụ. Dị ka director nke Moscow Conservatory Rubinshtein nwetara elu professionalism nke ndị nkụzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ, mgbanwe nke Conservatory n'ime a n'ezie elu izi alụmdi, mkpokọta ndú (ọ mmasị dị ukwuu na nka kansul), mmụta nke vasatail gụrụ akwụkwọ egwú (nleba anya na egwu na egwu). usoro ihe omuma). Na-eche banyere ihe e kere eke nke ụlọ egwú na pedagogical pedagogical pedagogical, ọ dọtara na-ezi, tinyere Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani na ndị ọzọ, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV. Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein duziri ngalaba egwu nke Polytechnical (1872) na ihe ngosi All-Russian (1881). Ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe na ihe nkiri ọrụ ebere, na 1877-78, o mere njem nlegharị anya n'obodo ndị dị na Russia maka Red Cross.

Rubinstein bụ onye edemede nke piano (nke e dere n'oge ọ bụ nwata), gụnyere mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, wdg (Jerürgeson bipụtara), egwu egwu egwu nke VP Begichev na AN Kanshin "Cat and Mouse (orchestral). na nọmba egwu, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Mendelssohn's Complete Piano Works nke Russia. Na nke mbụ na Russia, o bipụtara ahọrọ romances (abụ) nke Schubert na Schumann (1862).

N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta dị elu nke ọrụ, anabataghachi, enweghị mmasị, ọ nwere nnukwu ewu ewu na Moscow. Kwa afọ, ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a na-eme egwuregwu na ebe nchekwa Rubinstein na Moscow Conservatory na RMO. N'afọ 1900, e nwere gburugburu Rubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova