Maurice Ravel |

Maurice ravel

Akwa egwu, m kwenyesiri ike na nke a, na-abịa mgbe niile site na obi ... Music, m na-esi ọnwụ na nke a, n'agbanyeghị ihe, ga-abụ mara mma. M. Ravel

Egwu nke M. Ravel - onye na-ede egwú French kasị ukwuu, ọmarịcha agba egwu - na-ejikọta nro na-egbuke egbuke na ụda na nchapụta oge ochie na nkwekọ nke ụdị. O dere 2 operas (The Spanish Hour, The Child and the Magic), 3 ballet (gụnyere Daphnis na Chloe), na-arụ ọrụ maka orchestra (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero), 2 piano concertos, rhapsody maka violin "Gypsy", Quartet, Trio, sonatas (maka violin na cello, violin na piano), ihe egwu piano (gụnyere Sonatina, "Play Water", cycles "Night Gaspar", "Noble and sentimental waltzes", "Reflections", ụlọ akwụkwọ "Tomb of Couperin" , akụkụ nke a raara nye na ebe nchekwa nke ndị enyi onye na-ede egwú nwụrụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ), ndị na-egwu egwú, romances. Onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, Ravel nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwú nke ọgbọ ndị na-esote.

A mụrụ ya na ezinụlọ nke onye injinia Switzerland Joseph Ravel. Papa m nwere nkà n'ịkụ egwú, ọ na-akpọ opi na ọjà nke ọma. Ọ kpọbatara Maurice na-eto eto na teknụzụ. Mmasị usoro, ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu, ese nọgidere na-ede egwú ná ndụ ya na ọbụna na-egosipụta na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ ya (ka anyị na-echeta, ihe atụ, okwu mmeghe nke opera Spanish hour na oyiyi nke a nche ụlọ ahịa). Nne onye na-ede egwú si n'ezinụlọ Basque, nke onye na-ede egwú na-etu ọnụ. Ravel jiri akụkọ ọdịnala nke obodo a na-adịghị ahụkebe ugboro ugboro nwere akara aka na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọrụ ya (piano Trio) na ọbụna tụụrụ Piano Concerto na gburugburu Basque. Nne ahụ jisiri ike mepụta ikuku nke nkwekọ na nghọta n'ime ezinụlọ, na-eme ka mmepe okike nke talent okike nke ụmụaka. Ugbua na June 1875 ezinụlọ kwagara Paris, nke na-ejikọta ndụ dum nke onye na-ede egwú.

Ravel malitere ịmụ egwu mgbe ọ dị afọ 7. Na 1889, ọ banyere na Paris Conservatoire, bụ ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas piano nke C. Berio (nwa nwoke nke violin a ma ama) na ihe nrite mbụ na asọmpi na 1891 (nke abụọ) Onye kachasi pianist French A. Cortot nwetara ihe nrite n'afọ ahụ. Ịgụ akwụkwọ na conservatory na klas nke mejupụtara enweghị obi ụtọ maka Ravel. N'ịbụ ndị malitere na-amụ na kwekọrọ na klas nke E. Pressar, nkụda mmụọ ya na-amụrụ si oké predilection maka dissonances, ọ nọgidere na-amụ na counterpoint na fugue klas nke A. Gedalzh, na ebe ọ bụ na 1896 ọ na-amụ mejupụtara na G. Fauré, onye, ​​ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-amụ ihe mejupụtara na G. Fauré. ọ soghị na ndị na-akwado ihe ọhụrụ dị oke egwu, nwere ekele maka talent Ravel, ụtọ ya na ụdị ọdịdị ya, wee nọgide na-enwe mmetụta ịhụnanya n'ebe nwa akwụkwọ ya nọ ruo ọgwụgwụ nke ụbọchị ya. N'ihi ịgụ akwụkwọ na conservatory na ihe nrite na ịnata akwụkwọ mmụta maka afọ anọ na Italy, Ravel sonyere na asọmpi 5 ugboro (1900-05), mana enyeghị ya ihe nrite mbụ, na na 1905, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. mbido mbụ, a naghị ekwe ya ọbụna soro na asọmpi isi . Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-echeta na n'oge a, Ravel edepụtala ụdị piano ndị dị ka ndị a ma ama "Pavane for the Death of the Infanta", "Play of Water", yana eriri Quartet - ọrụ ndị na-egbuke egbuke ma na-adọrọ mmasị bụ ndị meriri ịhụnanya ozugbo. nke ọha na eze na nọgidere ruo taa otu n'ime ndị kasị repertoire nke ọrụ ya, mkpebi nke juri ga-iyi iju. Nke a ahapụghị ndị obodo egwu nke Paris enweghị mmasị. Mkparịta ụka malitere na ibe akwụkwọ akụkọ, ebe Fauré na R. Rolland nọ n'akụkụ Ravel. N'ihi "ikpe Ravel" a, a manyere T. Dubois ịhapụ ọkwa onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, Fauré ghọrọ onye nọchiri ya. Ravel n'onwe ya echetaghị ihe omume a na-adịghị mma, ọbụlagodi n'etiti ezigbo ndị enyi.

Enweghị mmasị maka nlebara anya ọha na eze gabigara ókè na emume ndị ọchịchị dị n'ime ya n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ya mere, na 1920, ọ jụrụ ịnata Order of the Legion of Honor, ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara aha ya na ndepụta nke ndị e nyere onyinye. Ihe ọhụrụ a "Ravel case" butere nkwughachi dị ukwuu na ndị nta akụkọ. Ọ chọghị ikwu banyere ya. Otú ọ dị, ọjụjụ nke iwu na enweghị mmasị maka nsọpụrụ adịghị egosi ma ọlị na onye dere ya enweghị mmasị na ndụ ọha. Ya mere, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, n'ịbụ ndị a na-ekwu na ọ gaghị eru eru maka agha, ọ na-achọ ka e ziga ya n'ihu, nke mbụ dị ka onye na-ahazi n'usoro, na mgbe ahụ dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọ ala. Naanị mbọ ọ gbara ịbanye n'ụgbọelu dara ada (n'ihi obi na-arịa ọrịa). Ọ bụghịkwa mmasị na nzukọ ahụ na 1914 nke "National League for Defence of French Music" na ọchịchọ ya ka ọ ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ede German na France. O degaara "League" akwụkwọ ozi na-emegide echiche ọjọọ dị otú ahụ nke mba ahụ.

Ihe omume ndị gbakwunyere ụdị dị iche iche na ndụ Ravel bụ njem. Ọ na-enwe mmasị ịmara mba ọzọ, n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-agadị ịga jee ozi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Nrọ nke ịga leta East bụ nke a kara aka na ọ ga-emezu na njedebe nke ndụ. Na 1935 ọ gara Morocco, hụrụ ụwa na-adọrọ adọrọ, mara mma nke Africa. Ka ọ na-aga France, ọ gafere ọtụtụ obodo dị na Spain, gụnyere Seville na ubi ya, igwe mmadụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ọgụ ehi. Ọtụtụ ugboro, onye na-ede egwú gara n'ala nna ya, na-aga ememe ahụ maka ịwụnye ihe ncheta n'ụlọ ebe a mụrụ ya. Site n'ọchị, Ravel kọwara emume nsọ nke ịrara onwe ya nye aha dọkịta nke Mahadum Oxford. N'ime njem egwu egwu, ihe kacha adọrọ mmasị, dị iche iche na ihe ịga nke ọma bụ njem ọnwa anọ nke America na Canada. Onye na-ede egwú gafere mba ahụ site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda, a na-eme egwuregwu n'ebe nile na mmeri, Ravel bụ ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-ede egwú, pianist, onye nduzi na ọbụna onye nkụzi. N'okwu ya banyere egwu oge a, ọ, karịsịa, gbara ndị America na-ede egwú ume ka ha zụlite ihe nke jazz na-arụsi ọrụ ike, iji gosikwuo mmasị na blues. Ọbụna tupu ọ gaa America, Ravel chọpụtara n'ọrụ ya ihe ọhụrụ a mara mma nke narị afọ nke XNUMX.

Akụkụ nke ịgba egwu na-adọta Ravel mgbe niile. Ọkpụkpọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọmarịcha "Waltz", nke na-emebi emebi ma nụchaa "Noble na Sentimental Waltzes", ụda doro anya nke "Bolero", Malagueña na Habaner sitere na "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan na Rigaudon sitere na "Tomb of Couperin" - egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke oge ochie nke mba dị iche iche na-atụgharị n'uche onye na-agụ egwú n'ime obere egwu egwu nke ịma mma na-adịghị ahụkebe.

Onye na-ede egwú anọgideghị ntị chiri maka nkà ndị obodo nke mba ndị ọzọ ("Melodies Greek ise", "Abụ ndị Juu abụọ", "Abụ Folk anọ" maka olu na piano). Mmasị maka omenala ndị Russia na-anwụ anwụ na ngwá ọrụ na-egbuke egbuke nke "Foto na Ngosipụta" nke M. Mussorgsky. Ma nkà nke Spain na France mgbe niile nọgidere na mbụ ya.

Ọdịmma Ravel nke French na-egosipụta n'ọkwa ya mara mma, na nhọrọ nke isiokwu maka ọrụ ya, yana n'ụdị ụda olu. Mgbanwe na izi ezi nke ederede na nkwekọ doro anya na ịdị nkọ na-eme ka ya na JF Rameau na F. Couperin. Mmalite nke àgwà ziri ezi nke Ravel n'ụdị okwu gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nka nke France. N'ịhọrọ ederede maka ọrụ olu ya, ọ rụtụrụ aka na ndị na-ede uri karịsịa ndị nọ ya nso. Ndị a bụ ndị nnọchianya S. Mallarme na P. Verlaine, dị nso na nkà nke Parnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys na nkọwa zuru oke nke amaokwu ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke French Renaissance C. Maro na P. Ronsard. Ravel tụgharịrị bụrụ ọbịa n'ebe ndị na-ede uri ihunanya nọ, bụ́ ndị na-emebi ụdị nka site n'oké mmetụta.

N'ọdịdị nke Ravel, egosipụtara njirimara French n'ezie n'otu n'otu, ọrụ ya sitere n'okike na na-abanye na panorama izugbe nke nka French. Ọ ga-amasị m itinye A. Watteau na ya na mma dị nro nke ndị otu ya na ogige ntụrụndụ na iru újú nke Pierrot zoro ezo n'ụwa, N. Poussin na amara dị jụụ nke "Ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ Arcadian" ya, njem na-akpali akpali nke eserese ziri ezi nke O. Renoir.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ Ravel n'ụzọ ziri ezi onye na-ede egwú impressionist, njirimara njirimara nke impressionism gosipụtara onwe ya nanị na ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya, ebe ndị ọzọ, nghọta oge gboo na oke nke ihe owuwu, ịdị ọcha nke ụdị, doo anya nke ahịrị na ọla na ịchọ mma nke nkọwa na-emeri. .

Dị ka nwoke narị afọ nke XNUMX Ravel tụrụ ụtụ maka mmasị ya maka teknụzụ. Ọtụtụ osisi mere ka obi tọọ ya ụtọ mgbe ya na ndị enyi ya na-eme njem n'ụgbọ mmiri: “Ihe ọkụkụ ndị mara mma, ndị pụrụ iche. Karịsịa otu - ọ dị ka katidral Romanesque nke nkedo ígwè… Otu esi egosi gị echiche nke mpaghara igwe a, katidral ndị a juputara na ọkụ, egwu egwu a dị egwu nke whistles, mkpọtụ nke eriri mbanye, mkpọtụ nke hammers na dakwasi gi. N'elu ha ka elu igwe na-acha uhie uhie, gbara ọchịchịrị na nke na-enwu ọkụ… Lee ka egwu ya si dị. M ga-eji ya eme ihe n'ezie." A na-anụ ụda ígwè ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịta ígwè n'otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị egwu nke onye na-ede egwú, bụ Concerto for the Left Hand, nke e dere maka onye pianist Austrian P. Wittgenstein, onye aka nri ya tụfuru n'agha ahụ.

Ihe nketa okike nke onye na-ede ihe adịghị adọrọ mmasị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ, olu ha na-abụkarị obere. A na-ejikọta miniaturism dị otú ahụ na nhazi nke nkwupụta ahụ, enweghị "okwu ndị ọzọ". N'adịghị ka Balzac, Ravel nwere oge iji "dee obere akụkọ". Naanị ihe anyị nwere ike ịkọ banyere ihe niile metụtara usoro okike, n'ihi na onye na-ede egwú nwere ọdịiche dị iche iche site na nzuzo ma n'ihe gbasara okike na n'ọhịa nke ahụmahụ onwe onye, ​​​​ndụ ime mmụọ. Ọ dịghị onye hụrụ otú o si dee, ọ dịghị sketches ma ọ bụ sketches a chọtara, ọrụ ya enwebeghị akara nke mgbanwe. Otú ọ dị, ihe ziri ezi dị ịtụnanya, izi ezi nke nkọwa niile na ndo, ịdị ọcha kachasị mma na ọdịdị nke ahịrị - ihe niile na-ekwu maka nlebara anya na "obere ihe" ọ bụla, nke ọrụ ogologo oge.

Ravel abụghị otu n'ime ndị na-edegharị ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ ndị kpachapụrụ anya gbanwee ụzọ nkwupụta ma megharịa isiokwu nke nka. Ọchịchọ nke ime ka ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta miri emi, mmekọrịta chiri anya, na ọ chọghị ikwupụta n'okwu, manyere ya ikwu okwu n'asụsụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke a kpụrụ akpụ na nke nwere ike ịghọta. Ụdị isiokwu dị iche iche nke okike Ravel dị obosara nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ mgbe, onye na-ede egwú na-atụgharị na mmetụta miri emi, nke doro anya na dị egwu. Egwu ya na-eju mmadụ anya mgbe niile, amara ya na pathos dị nso na ndị mmadụ. Ravel adịghị achọ idozi ajụjụ nkà ihe ọmụma na nsogbu nke eluigwe na ala, iji kpuchie ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche n'otu ọrụ na ịchọta njikọ nke ihe niile. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-elekwasị anya ya ọ bụghị naanị otu - mmetụta dị ịrịba ama, nke miri emi na nke dị iche iche, n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, na-enwe mmetụta nke mwute na-ezo na nke na-adọrọ adọrọ, ọ na-ekwu maka ịma mma nke ụwa. M mgbe niile na-agwa a artist na uche na ịkpachara anya, onye chiri anya na-emebi emebi art achọtawo ụzọ ya ndị mmadụ na merie ha ezi ịhụnanya.

V. Bazarnova

• Akụkụ nke ọdịdị okike nke Ravel →
• Piano na-arụ ọrụ site na Ravel →
• Mmetụta egwu French →

Ngwakọta:

opera – The Spanish Hour (L'heure espagnole, ihe nkiri opera, libre nke M. Frank-Noen, 1907, biputere 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet). , libre GS Colet, 1920-25, nke e debere na 1925, Monte Carlo); ballet – Daphnis na Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony na 3 akụkụ, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, setịpụrụ na 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, or Mother Goose (Ma mere l'oye, dabere na Mpekere piano nke otu aha ahụ, libre R., deziri 1912 “Tr of the Arts”, Paris), Adelaide, ma ọ bụ Asụsụ nke Okooko osisi (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, dabere na okirikiri piano Noble na Sentimental Waltzes, libre R., 1911, deziri 1912, ụlọ ahịa Châtelet, Paris); cantata – Mirra (1901, e bipụtaghị ya), Alsion (1902, ebipụtaghị ya), Alice (1903, ebipụtaghị ya); maka orchestra – Scheherazade Overture (1898), Spanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude nke abalị – Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic uri, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de Jeanne, banye. fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); concerts na ndị egwú – 2 maka pianoforte (D-dur, maka aka ekpe, 1931; G-dur, 1931); ọnụ ụlọ instrumental ensembles - 2 sonatas maka violin na piano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby n'aha Faure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, maka violin na piano, 1922), sonata maka violin na cello (1920-22), piano trio. (a-moll, 1914), eriri quartet (F-dur, 1902-03), Okwu mmalite na Allegro maka ụbọ akwara, eriri quartet, ọjà na clarinet (1905-06); maka piano 2 aka – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet ochie, 1895, nakwa orc. version), Pavane nke nwụrụ anwụ nwa (Pavane pour une babye défunte, 1899, nakwa orc. version), Na-egwu mmiri (Jeux d' eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Reflections (Miroirs: Night butterflies - Noctuelles, Sad nnụnụ - Oiseaux tristes, Ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri - Une barque sur l océan (nakwa orc. version), Alborada, ma ọ bụ Morning serenade nke jester. – Alborada del gracioso (nakwa Orc. version), Ndagwurugwu nke Ringings - La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard nke abalị (Abụ uri atọ mgbe Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, okirikiri ahụ bụ. nke a makwaara dị ka Ghosts of the Night: Ondine, Gallows – Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet n'aha Haydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble and sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Prelude (1913), Na n'ụzọ nke … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin si Tomb (Le tombeau de Couperin, prelude, fugue (nakwa e orchestral version), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (nakwa ụdị egwú), toccata, 1917); maka piano 4 aka – Nne m ọgazị (Ma mere l'oye: Pavane to the Beauty na-ehi ụra n'ime ọhịa - Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Thumb boy - Petit poucet, Ugly, empress of the Pagodas - Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Mma na ndị Anụ ọhịa – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); maka 2 pianos - Okirikiri ihu igwe (Les saịtị auriculaires: Habanera, N'etiti mgbịrịgba - Entre cloches; 1895-1896); maka violin na piano - egwu egwu egwu Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; ya na ndị egwu egwu); ndi chozi - Abụ atọ (Trois chansons, maka agwakọta ukwe a cappella, okwu nke Ravel: Nicoleta, Nnụnụ atọ mara mma nke paradaịs, Agala n'oké ọhịa Ormonda; 1916); maka olu nwere egwu egwu ma ọ bụ mkpokọta akụrụngwa - Scheherazade (ya na ndị egwu egwu, egwu T. Klingsor, 1903), uri atọ nke Stefan Mallarmé (ya na piano, eriri quartet, ọjà 2 na clarinets 2: Ude - Soupir, Arịrịọ efu - Ebe efu, N'elu croup nke ịnyịnya na-agba agba). – Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), Madagascar songs (Chansons madécasses, na ọjà, cello na piano, lyrics by ED Guys: Mma Naandova, Ekwela ka ndị ọcha, Dina nke ọma na okpomọkụ; 1926); maka olu na piano – Ballad nke Nwanyị nwụrụ n'ịhụnanya (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896), Epigram abụọ (abụ nke Marot, 1898), Abụ nke wheel wheel (Chanson du ronet, okwu L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, okwu E. Verharn, 1899), mkpuchi nke ifuru. (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics nke Gravolle, 1903, nwekwara orc.), Christmas of toys (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, nakwa na ndị egwú.), Nnukwu ifufe esenidụt (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, lyrics nke AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Natural History (Histoires naturelles, lyrics nke J. Renard, 1906, nakwa ndị egwú), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, lyrics nke Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise n'ụdị nke Habanera (1907), abụ olu ụtọ Greek 5 (nke M. Calvocoressi tụgharịrị, 1906), Nar. egwu (Spanish, French, Italian, Juu, Scottish, Flemish, Russian; 1910), abụ olu ụtọ Juu abụọ (1914), Ronsard - nye mkpụrụ obi ya (Ronsard à son âme, egwu nke P. de Ronsard, 1924), Nrọ (Reves) , egwu nke LP Farga, 1927), Abụ atọ nke Don Quixote ruo Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, egwu P. Moran, 1932, sokwa ndị egwú); orchestration - Antar, iberibe si na egwu egwu. suites "Antar" na opera-ballet "Mlada" nke Rimsky-Korsakov (1910, na-ebipụtaghị), Prelude to "Nwa nke kpakpando" nke Sati (1913, ọ bụghị bipụtara), Chopin's Nocturne, Etude na Waltz (anaghị ebipụta) , "Carnival" nke Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" nke Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" na "Dance" nke Debussy (1922), "Foto na ihe ngosi" nke Mussorgsky (1922); Nhazi (maka 2 pianos) - "Echichi" na "Mmalite n'ehihie nke Faun" nke Debussy (1909, 1910).