Leo Delibes |

Léo Delibes

Delib. "Lakme". Stanzas nke Nilakanta (Fyodor Chaliapin)

Amara dị otú ahụ, ụbara ukwe na ukwe, ngwá ọrụ magburu onwe ya ahụtụbeghị na ballet. P. Tchaikovsky

Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ French nke narị afọ nke XNUMX L. Delibes 'a na-amata ọrụ site na ịdị ọcha pụrụ iche nke ụdị French: egwu ya dị nkenke na nke mara mma, ụda olu na ụda olu na-agbanwe agbanwe, mara mma na ezi obi. Ihe onye dere ya bụ ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu, aha ya wee bụrụ otu ihe na usoro ọhụrụ na egwu ballet nke narị afọ nke XNUMX.

A mụrụ Delibes n'ime ezinụlọ egwu: nna nna ya B. Batiste bụ onye na-agụ egwú na Paris Opera-Comique, na nwanne nna ya E. Batiste bụ onye nhazi na prọfesọ na Paris Conservatory. Nne ahụ nyere onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, Delibes bịara Paris wee banye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nchekwa na klas nke A. Adam. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-amụrụ F. Le Coupet na klas piano na F. Benois na klas akụkụ ahụ.

Ndụ ọkachamara nke onye na-eto eto na-egwu egwu malitere na 1853 na ọnọdụ nke onye na-egwu pianist na Lyric Opera House (Theatre Lyrique). Nhazi nke nka nka Delibes kpebisiri ike site n'ịchọ mma nke opera lyric French: usoro ihe atụ ya, egwu jupụtara na egwu ụbọchị niile. N'oge a, onye na-ede egwú "na-ede ọtụtụ ihe. Nkà ogbo egwu na-adọta ya - operettas, miniatures comic one-act. Ọ bụ n'ime ihe ndị a ka a na-eme ka ụdị ahụ dị mma, nkà nke nkọwa ziri ezi, nkenke na nke ziri ezi, ihe ngosi egwu mara mma, nke doro anya, na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta, na-emeziwanye ụdị ihe nkiri.

N'etiti 60s. ihe nkiri egwu na ihe nkiri nke Paris nwere mmasị na onye na-ede egwú na-eto eto. Akpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú nke abụọ na Grand Opera (1865-1872). N'otu oge ahụ, ya na L. Minkus, o dere egwu maka ballet "The Stream" na divertissement "The Path Strewn with Flowers" maka Adam ballet "Le Corsair". Ọrụ ndị a, ndị nwere nkà na imepụta ihe, wetara Delibes ihe ịga nke ọma kwesịrị ekwesị. Otú ọ dị, Grand Opera nakweere ọrụ ọzọ nke onye na-ede egwú maka mmepụta nanị afọ 4 ka e mesịrị. Ha ghọrọ ballet "Coppelia, ma ọ bụ Nwa agbọghọ nwere Anya Enamel" (1870, dabere na obere akụkọ TA Hoffmann "The Sandman"). Ọ bụ ya mere ndị Europe na-ewu ewu na Delibes wee ghọọ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na ọrụ ya. N'ime ọrụ a, onye na-ede egwú gosipụtara nghọta miri emi banyere nkà ballet. A na-eji egwu egwu ya mara laconism nke okwu na ihe mgbagwoju anya, plasticity na colorfulness, mgbanwe na doo anya nke usoro ịgba egwú.

Aha onye na-ede egwú bịara sie ike karị mgbe o kere ballet Sylvia (1876, dabere na T. Tasso dị egwu pastoral Aminta). P. Tchaikovsky dere banyere ọrụ a: "Anụrụ m ballet Sylvia site na Leo Delibes, anụrụ m ya, n'ihi na nke a bụ ballet mbụ nke egwu abụghị nanị isi, kamakwa mmasị. Lee amara, lee amara, lee ụbara ụda olu ụtọ, rhythmic na kwekọrọ!

operas Delibes: “Otú a ka Eze kwuru” (1873), “Jean de Nivel” (1880), “Lakmé” (1883) nwetakwara ewu ewu nke ukwuu. Nke ikpeazụ bụ ọrụ opera kacha pụta ìhè nke onye dere ya. Na "Lakma" a na-emepụta omenala opera egwu, bụ nke dọtara ndị na-ege ntị n'ọlụ egwu na egwu dị egwu nke Ch. Gounod, J. Vize, J. Massenet, C. Saint-Saens. Edere ya na nkata ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke dabere na akụkọ ịhụnanya jọgburu onwe ya nke nwa agbọghọ India Lakme na onye agha England Gerald, opera a juputara na ihe onyonyo eziokwu. Ibe ndị kachasị egosipụta nke akara nke ọrụ ahụ na-etinye aka na ikpughe ụwa ime mmụọ nke heroine.

Tinyere ihe mejupụtara ya, Delibes lebara anya nke ukwuu na nkuzi. Site na 1881 ọ bụ prọfesọ na Paris Conservatory. Onye na-eme ebere na ọmịiko, onye nkuzi maara ihe, Delibes nyere ndị na-eto eto na-ede egwú aka dị ukwuu. Na 1884 ọ ghọrọ onye òtù nke French Academy of Fine Arts. Ihe ikpeazụ Delibes mere bụ opera Cassia (emechabeghị). O gosikwara ọzọ na onye na-ede egwú abaghị n'ihe ụkpụrụ okike ya, nhazigharị na ịdị mma nke ụdị ya.

Ihe nketa Delibes gbadoro ụkwụ na ya na ngalaba nke ụdị egwu egwu. O dere ihe karịrị ọrụ 30 maka ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu: operas 6, ballet 3 na ọtụtụ operettas. Onye na-ede egwú ruru ogo ihe okike kacha elu n'ọhịa ballet. Na-eme ka egwu ballet na-eme ka obosara nke iku ume symphonic, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe nkiri, gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ. Ndị nkatọ n'oge ahụ kwuru nke a. Ya mere, E. Hanslik nwere nkwupụta ahụ: "O nwere ike ịnya isi n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ malitere mmalite dị egwu n'ịgba egwú na na nke a ọ karịrị ndị niile na-agba ọsọ." Delibes bụ ezigbo nna ukwu nke ndị egwu egwu. Dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ballet ya bụ “oké osimiri nwere agba.” Onye na-ede egwú nakweere ọtụtụ ụzọ nke ide egwu egwu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ French. A na-amata ihe egwu egwu ya site na prelection maka timbres dị ọcha, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe kachasị mma na-achọta.

Delibes nwere mmetụta doro anya na mmepe mmepe nke nkà ballet ọ bụghị naanị na France, kamakwa na Russia. N'ebe a, a nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ nke nna ukwu French na ọrụ choreographic nke P. Tchaikovsky na A. Glazunov.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tchaikovsky dere banyere Delibes: "... mgbe Bizet gasịrị, m na-ewere ya dị ka onye kasị nwee nkà ...". Onye na-ede egwú Rọshịa ukwu ekwughị okwu nke ọma ọbụna banyere Gounod, ọ bụghị ikwu banyere ndị egwú French ndị ọzọ nke oge a. Maka ọchịchọ nka nke onye kwuo uche ya nke Delibes, ihe ụtọ dị na egwu ya, mmetụta mmetụta uche, mmepe okike na ịdabere na ụdị ndị dị ugbu a dị nso na Tchaikovsky.

A mụrụ Leo Delibes na ógbè na February 21, 1836, rutere Paris na 1848; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na conservatory na 1853, ọ banyere Lyric Theatre dị ka onye na-eso pianist, na afọ iri ka e mesịrị dị ka onye choirmaster na Grand Opera. Nzube na-edepụta ọtụtụ ihe, karịa na ikike nke mmetụta karịa ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nka ụfọdụ. Na mbụ, o dere tumadi operettas na otu-act miniatures n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị (ihe dị ka ọrụ iri atọ na mkpokọta). N'ebe a, ikike ya nke nkọwa ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi, ihe ngosi doro anya na nke na-ekpo ọkụ ka a kwadoro, a na-eme ka ụdị ihe nkiri na-egbuke egbuke ma nwee nghọta. E hiwere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke asụsụ egwu Delibes, yana Bizet, na mmekọrịta ya na ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala obodo mepere emepe kwa ụbọchị. (Delibes bụ otu n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi Bizet. Karịsịa, ya na ndị na-ede egwú abụọ ọzọ, ha dere operetta Malbrook Going on a Campaign (1867).

Egwuregwu egwu sara mbara dọọrọ mmasị na Delibes mgbe ya na Ludwig Minkus, onye na-ede egwú nke mechara rụọ ọrụ na Russia ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nyere mmalite nke ballet The Stream (1866). Delibes' ọzọ ballet, Coppelia (1870) na Sylvia (1876) kwadoro ihe ịga nke ọma. N'ime ọtụtụ ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ pụtara: ihe nkiri na-enweghị nkọwa, na-adọrọ mmasị na egwu, karịsịa na Act I, "Eze ahụ kwuru" (1873), opera "Jean de Nivelle" (1880); "ìhè, mara mma, ihunanya na nke kachasị elu. ogo,” Tchaikovsky dere banyere ya) na opera Lakme (1883). Kemgbe 1881, Delibes bụ prọfesọ na Conservatory Paris. N'ịbụ onye enyi na mmadụ nile, nwere ezi obi na ọmịiko, o nyere ndị na-eto eto aka dị ukwuu. Delibes nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 16, 1891.

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N'ime operas nke Leo Delibes, nke a ma ama bụ Lakme, nke e wepụrụ na ndụ ndị India. Nke kachasị mmasị bụ ọnụọgụ ballet nke Delibes: ebe a ọ na-eme dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ.

Ruo ogologo oge, malite na ballet opera Lully, e nyela choreography ebe dị ịrịba ama na ihe nkiri egwu French. A na-echekwa ọdịnala a na ihe ngosi nke Grand Opera. Ya mere, na 1861, a manyere Wagner ide ihe nkiri ballet nke grotto nke Venus karịsịa maka mmepụta Paris nke Tannhäuser, na Gounod, mgbe Faust kwagara na ogbo nke Grand Opera, dere Walpurgis Night; N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, a gbakwunyere mgbanwe nke omume ikpeazụ na Carmen, wdg. Otú ọ dị, ihe nkiri choreographic nke onwe ya ghọrọ ihe a ma ama site na 30s nke narị afọ 1841, mgbe e guzobere ballet ịhụnanya. "Giselle" nke Adolphe Adam (XNUMX) bụ ihe kachasị elu ya. Na uri na ụdị nkọwa nke egwu nke ballet a, a na-eji ihe ndị ọ rụzuru nke opera na-atọ ọchị nke French. N'ihi ya, ịdabere na intonations dị ugbu a, nnweta n'ozuzu nke ụzọ ngosipụta, yana ụfọdụ enweghị ihe nkiri.

Ihe ngosi choreographic nke Parisi nke 50s na 60s, Otú ọ dị, na-ejupụta na ọdịiche ịhụnanya, mgbe ụfọdụ na melodrama; e nyere ha ihe ngosi ihe ngosi, ọmarịcha ihe ncheta (ọrụ kacha baa uru bụ Esmeralda nke C. Pugni dere, 1844, na Corsair nke A. Adam dere, 1856). Egwu nke ihe ngosi ndị a, dịka iwu, emezughị ihe dị elu nke nkà - ọ na-enweghị iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe nkiri, obosara nke iku ume symphonic. Na 70s, Delibes wetara àgwà ọhụrụ a na ụlọ ihe nkiri ballet.

Ndị na-emekọ ihe n’oge ahụ kwuru, sị: “Ọ pụrụ ịdị mpako n’eziokwu ahụ bụ́ na ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ malitere ịgba egwú n’ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na na nke a ọ karịrị ndị niile na-agba ya mgba.” Tchaikovsky dere na 1877, sị: “N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, anụrụ m ụdị egwú ndị mara mma maka ya Ballet "Sylvia". Ejila clavier amatala m egwú a magburu onwe ya ná mbụ, ma n’ịrụ egwú mara mma nke òtù egwú egwú Viennese, ọ masịrị m nnọọ nke ukwuu, karịsịa ná ngagharị nke mbụ. N'akwụkwọ ozi ọzọ, ọ gbakwụnyere: “… nke a bụ ballet mbụ nke egwu abụghị naanị isi, kamakwa naanị mmasị. Kedu amara, kedu amara, kedu ọgaranya, ụda olu, ụda olu na harmonic.

Site n'ịdị umeala n'obi ya na nkwuwa okwu ziri ezi n'ebe onwe ya nọ, Tchaikovsky kwuru okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ banyere ballet Swan Lake ya mezuru na nso nso a, na-enye Sylvia nkwụ. Agbanyeghị, mmadụ enweghị ike ikwenye na nke a, n'agbanyeghị na egwu Delibes nwere uru dị ukwuu.

N'ihe gbasara edemede na ihe nkiri, ọrụ ya adịghị mfe, karịsịa "Sylvia": ma ọ bụrụ na "Coppelia" (dabere na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke ETA Hoffmann "The Sandman") na-adabere na nkata a na-eme kwa ụbọchị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka e mepụtara, mgbe ahụ na "Sylvia". ” (dị ka pastoral dị egwu nke T. Tasso “Aminta” si kwuo, 1572), a na-emepere ebumnuche akụkọ ifo nke ukwuu n'ụzọ dabara adaba na chaotically. Ihe kachasị ukwuu bụ uru nke onye na-ede egwú, bụ onye, ​​​​n'agbanyeghị nke a site n'eziokwu, ọnọdụ adịghị ike nke ukwuu, mepụtara akara dị ụtọ nke ukwuu, nke dị n'ime okwu. (A na-eme ma ballets abụọ na Soviet Union. Ma ọ bụrụ na na Coppelia ihe odide ahụ bụ nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ gbanwere iji kpughee ọdịnaya dị adị karị, mgbe ahụ maka egwu Sylvia, aha ya bụ Fadetta (na mbipụta ndị ọzọ - Savage), a chọtara atụmatụ dị iche - E nwetara ya site na akụkọ George Sand (onye isi Fadette - 1934).

Egwu egwu nke ballet abụọ nwere njirimara ndị na-egbuke egbuke. Na "Coppelia", dị ka atụmatụ ahụ si dị, ọ bụghị naanị French melodics na rhythms ka a na-eji, kamakwa Polish (mazurka, Krakowiak in act I), na Hungarian (Svanilda's ballad, czardas); ebe a njikọ na ụdị na ihe ndị dị kwa ụbọchị nke opera na-atọ ọchị bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya karị. Na Sylvia, njirimara njirimara na-eme ka mmụọ mmụọ nke opera lyrical (lee waltz nke Act I).

Laconism na mgbanwe nke okwu, plasticity na brilliance, mgbanwe na doro anya nke usoro ịgba egwú - ndị a bụ ihe kachasị mma nke egwu Delibes. Ọ bụ nnukwu nna ukwu n'ịrụ ụlọ ịgba egwu, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye ọ bụla jikọtara ya site na ngwá ọrụ "recitatives" - ihe nkiri pantomime. Ejikọtara ihe nkiri, ọdịnaya lyrical nke ịgba egwu na ụdị na ọmarịcha, na-emeju akara ahụ site na mmepe symphonic na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Dị otú ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ foto nke ọhịa n'abalị nke Sylvia na-emepe, ma ọ bụ njedebe dị ịrịba ama nke Act I. N'otu oge ahụ, ụlọ ịgba egwú festive nke ikpeazụ omume, na oké mkpa njuju nke egwu ya, na-abịaru nso. ọmarịcha foto nke mmeri na ihe ọchị ndị mmadụ, ewepụtara na Bizet's Arlesian ma ọ bụ Carmen.

Na-agbasawanye akụkụ nke ngosipụta egwu egwu na nke mmụọ nke ịgba egwu, na-emepụta ihe nkiri ndị mara mma, na-abanye n'ụzọ nke egwu ballet, Delibes emelitere ụzọ ngosipụta nke nka choreographic. Obi abụọ adịghị ya, mmetụta ya na mmepe n'ihu nke ụlọ ihe nkiri ballet French, bụ nke na njedebe nke narị afọ 1882 na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu bara uru; n'etiti ha "Namuna" nke Edouard Lalo (XNUMX, dabere na uri nke Alfred Musset, nke Wiese jikwa ya mee ihe na opera "Jamile"). Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, ụdị uri uri choreographic bilitere; n'ime ha, mmalite symphonic ahụ kawanye njọ n'ihi nkata ahụ na mmepe dị egwu. N'etiti ndị na-ede uri ndị dị otú ahụ, bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị a ma ama na ihe nkiri egwu karịa na ụlọ ihe nkiri, a ghaghị ịkpọ aha mbụ Claude Debussy na Maurice Ravel, yana Paul Dukas na Florent Schmitt.

M. Druskin

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