Isi okwu |

German Leitmotiv, ọkụ. – eduga ebumnobi

Egwu dị mkpụmkpụ. ntụgharị (bh abụ olu ụtọ, mgbe ụfọdụ abụ na nkwekọrịta e kenyere otu ngwa, wdg; n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, nkwekọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ usoro nke nkwekọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke rhythmic, timbre ngwá ọrụ), na-emegharị ugboro ugboro n'ime egwu. prod. na ije ozi dị ka aha na njirimara nke otu onye, ​​ihe, ihe omume, mmetụta uche, ma ọ bụ echiche nkịtị (L., nke e gosipụtara site na nkwekọ, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ leitharmony, nke a na-egosipụta site na timbre - leittimbre, wdg). A na-ejikarị L. eme ihe na ihe nkiri egwu. Genres na software instr. egwu. Ọ ghọwo otu n'ime okwu kachasị mkpa. ego na 1st ọkara. Narị afọ nke 19 A malitere iji okwu ahụ n'onwe ya mee ihe obere oge. A na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ ya. ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma G. Wolzogen, onye dere banyere operas Wagner (1876); N'ezie, ọbụna tupu Wolzogen, okwu ahụ bụ "L." FW Jens tinyere n'ọrụ ya na KM Weber (1871). N'agbanyeghị ezighi ezi na nkwekọrịta nke okwu ahụ, ọ gbasaa ngwa ngwa ma nweta nkwanye ùgwù ọ bụghị nanị na nkà mmụta egwu, kamakwa na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, na-aghọ okwu ezinụlọ maka onye isi, na-emegharị oge mgbe niile na ọrụ mmadụ, gburugburu ndụ phenomena, wdg.

Na egwu prod. yana ọrụ nkwuputa-semantic, asụsụ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ na-ewuli elu (na-emekọ ihe ọnụ, nhazi). Ọrụ ndị yiri ya ruo na narị afọ nke 19. na-edozikarị iche iche na decomp. ụdị egwu egwu: n'ụzọ doro anya e ji mara. E mepụtara ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ mmetụta uche na opera nke narị afọ nke 17-18, ebe a na-eduzi otu muses site na ya. A na-eji isiokwu eme ihe ọbụna na polyphonics oge ochie. ụdị (lee Cantus firmus). Edepụtalarị ụkpụrụ nke linearity n'otu n'ime operas mbụ (Monteverdi's Orfeo, 1607), mana emebeghi ya na mmemme opera na-esote n'ihi kristal nke woks dịpụrụ adịpụ na egwu opera. ụdị nke conc. atụmatụ. Nkwugharị egwu egwu-ihe owuwu ihe, kewara site na isiokwu ndị ọzọ. ihe, zutere naanị na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ (ụfọdụ operas nke JB Lully, A. Scarlatti). Naanị na con. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ guzobe nnabata nke narị afọ nke 18th na operas nke WA Mozart na operas nke French. ndị dere oge nke Great French. mgbanwe – A. Gretry, J. Lesueur, E. Megul, L. Cherubini. Ezi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke L. na-amalite na oge mmepe nke muses. romanticism na-ejikọta ya na ya. opera ihunanya (ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, G. Marschner). N'otu oge ahụ, L. na-aghọ otu n'ime ụzọ isi mejuputa isi. ọdịnaya ideological nke opera. Ya mere, esemokwu dị n'etiti ìhè na ndị agha gbara ọchịchịrị na Weber's opera The Free Gunner (1821) gosipụtara na mmepe nke isiokwu na-egbutu ihe na-eme ka ọ dị n'otu n'otu n'otu abụọ dị iche iche. R. Wagner, na-etolite ụkpụrụ nke Weber, tinye akara ahịrị na opera The Flying Dutchman (1842); njedebe nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi ọdịdị na mmekọrịta nke leitmotifs nke Dutchman na Senta, na-anọchi anya otu oge. "ọnụ" na "mgbapụta".

Dutch leitmotif.

Leitmotif nke Senta.

Ihe kacha mkpa nke Wagner bụ ịmepụta na mmepe nke muses. ejije, esp. na sistemụ L. O nwetara okwu ya zuru oke na egwu ya mechara. ihe nkiri, ọkachasị na tetralogy "Mgbanaka nke Nibelungen", ebe egwu egwu na-adịghị ahụkebe. ihe onyonyo fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, na L. abụghị naanị na-egosipụta isi oge nke ihe nkiri. omume, ma na-agbasa dum egwu, preim. orchestral, ákwà Ha na-akpọsa ọdịdị nke ndị dike na ogbo, "mesie" okwu ọnụ banyere ha, na-ekpughe mmetụta ha na echiche ha, na-atụ anya ihe omume ndị ọzọ; mgbe ụfọdụ polyphonic. njikọ ma ọ bụ usoro nke L. na-egosipụta mmekọrịta kpatara ihe omume; na ọmarịcha-egosi. ngosipụta (osisi nke Rhine, mmewere nke ọkụ, nchara nke ọhịa), ha na-aghọ ndabere figuration. Usoro dị otú ahụ, Otú ọ dị, jupụtara na esemokwu: njupụta nke egwu L. na-ebelata mmetụta nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ha ma gbagwojuru anya n'ozuzu ya. Modern To Wagner, ndị na-ede egwú na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya zere nnukwu mgbagwoju anya nke usoro L. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na narị afọ nke 19 ghọtara mkpa nke linearity, bụ ndị na-abịakarị iji linearity na-adabereghị na Wagner. France na 20s na 30s narị afọ nke 19 ọhụrụ ọ bụla n'ime mmepe nke opera na-egosi ịrị elu nke nwayọ nwayọ mana ọ na-aga n'ihu na egwuregwu. Ọrụ nke L. (J. Meyerbeer - C. Gounod - J. Wiese - J. Massenet - C. Debussy). N'Ịtali ha nọọrọ onwe ha. G. Verdi weere ọnọdụ n'ihe metụtara L .: ọ na-ahọrọ ịkọwa nanị etiti site n'enyemaka nke L.. echiche nke opera ma jụ iji usoro nke linearity (ma e wezụga Aida, 1871). . L. nwetara mkpa dị ukwuu na operas nke verists na G. Puccini. Na Russia, ụkpụrụ nke music-thematic. na-emeghachi azụ na 30s. mepụtara MI Glinka (opera "Ivan Susanin"). Ka obosara ojiji nke L. bịa n'ala nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 2 PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Ụfọdụ n'ime operas nke ikpeazụ bụ ndị e ji mara maka imepụta ihe ha. mmejuputa iwu nke Wagnerian (karịsịa Mlada, 19); n'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-ewebata ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ na nkọwa nke L. - n'ime nhazi na mmepe ha. Ndị ochie Russia na-ajụkarị oke nke usoro Wagnerian.

Mgbalị iji ụkpụrụ nke linearity na egwu ballet emeworị site n'aka A. Adam na Giselle (1841), mana ejiri usoro L. Delibes nke linearity mee ihe karịsịa na Coppélia (1870). Ọrụ L. dịkwa mkpa na ballet Tchaikovsky. Nkọwapụta nke ụdị ahụ na-ebute nsogbu ọzọ nke cross-cut dramaturgy - choreographic. L. Na ballet Giselle (onye na-agba egwú ballet J. Coralli na J. Perrot), a na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ site na nke a na-akpọ. pas vootu. A doziri nsogbu nke mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti egwu egwu egwu na egwu egwu na Sov. ballet (Spartacus nke AI Khachaturian - LV Yakobson, Yu. N. Grigorovich, Cinderella nke SS Prokofiev - KM Sergeev, wdg).

Na instr. A malitere iji egwu L. eme ihe na narị afọ nke 19. Mmetụta nke egwu t-ra na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na nke a, ma ọ dịghị ewepụ ya. ọrụ. Usoro nke iduzi site na egwuregwu dum k.-l. Onye France ọzọ mepụtara motif njirimara. ndị na-akụ ụbọ akwara nke narị afọ nke 18. ("The Cuckoo" nke K. Daken na ndị ọzọ) ma welitere ya n'ọkwa dị elu site na oge ochie nke Viennese (akụkụ 1st nke Mozart's symphony "Jupiter"). N'ịzụlite omenala ndị a n'ihe gbasara echiche ndị nwere nzube na nke egosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya, L. Beethoven bịara nso n'ụkpụrụ nke L. (Appassionata sonata, akụkụ 1, Egmont overture, na karịsịa 5th symphony).

The Fantastic Symphony nke G. Berlioz (1830) bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa maka nkwado nke L. na mmemme mmemme, bụ nke abụ olu ụtọ na-agafe n'akụkụ 5 niile, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke a họpụtara na mmemme onye edemede dị ka "isiokwu a hụrụ n'anya" :

Ejiri ya n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, L. na egwu egwu "Harold in Italy" (1834) nke Berlioz gbakwunyere na njirimara timbre nke dike (solo viola). Dị ka ọnọdụ “eserese” nke isi. agwa, L. kwadoro onwe ya na egwu egwu. prod. ụdị mmemme-atụ ("Tamara" nke Balakirev, "Manfred" nke Tchaikovsky, "Til Ulenspiegel" nke R. Strauss, wdg). Na Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade suite (1888), a na-egosipụta Shahriar dị egwu na Scheherazade dị nro site n'ahịrị dị iche iche, ma n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, dị ka onye na-ede egwú n'onwe ya si kwuo, ndị a bụ isiokwu. ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ naanị ihe na-ewuli elu, na-efunahụ àgwà "onwe ha" ha.

Leitmotif nke Shahriar.

Leitmotif nke Scheherazade.

Isi akụkụ nke m ije ("Oké Osimiri").

Akụkụ akụkụ nke akụkụ I.

Mgbochi Wagnerian na mgbochi ihunanya, nke siri ike mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ nke 1-1914 gasịrị. Achịcha ndị ahụ belatara nke ọma ihe nkiri bụ isi. ọrụ nke L. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-ejigide uru nke otu n'ime ụzọ ndị na-agafe agafe muses. mmepe. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ. pụtara ìhè ngwaahịa. Dec. ụdị: operas Wozzeck site na Berg na Agha na Udo nke Prokofiev, oratorio Joan of Arc na osisi nke Honegger, ballet Petrushka nke Stravinsky, Romeo na Juliet nke Prokofiev, Shostakovich's 18th Symphony, wdg.

Akụ na ụba nke ahụmahụ na-akwakọba n'ọhịa nke ngwa nke L. ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị afọ abụọ, na-enye anyị ohere ịkọwapụta njirimara ya kachasị mkpa. L. bụ preim. instr. pụtara, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwekwara ike ịda ụda na wok. akụkụ nke operas na oratorios. N'okwu nke ikpeazụ, L. bụ naanị wok. egwu, mgbe instr. (Orchestral) ụdị, ogo nke concreteness ya na ihe atụ agwa na-abawanye n'ihi nkwekọ, polyphony, a wider aha na ike. oke, yana kpọmkwem. instr. timbre. Orc. L., ịgbakwụnye na ịkọwa ihe ekwuru n'okwu ma ọ bụ na ekwuputaghị ya ma ọlị, na-adị irè karịsịa. Dị otú ahụ bụ ọdịdị nke L. Siegfried na njedebe nke "Valkyrie" (mgbe a na-amụbeghị dike ahụ ma ọ bụghị aha ya) ma ọ bụ ụda L. Ivan the Terrible na ebe ahụ nke opera "The Maid of Pskov". ”, ebe anyị na-ekwu banyere nna na-amaghị Olga. Ihe dị otú ahụ L. pụtara na-egosipụta nkà mmụta uche nke dike dị nnọọ ukwuu, dịka ọmụmaatụ. na 4th idaha nke opera The Queen of Spades, ebe L. Countess, kwụsịrị site na nkwụsịtụ,

na-egosipụta n'otu oge ahụ. Ọchịchọ Herman ịmata ozugbo ihe nzuzo ahụ na-egbu egbu na ọgbaghara ya.

N'ihi akwụkwọ ozi dị mkpa n'etiti egwu na omume nke L., a na-emekarị ha na ọnọdụ nke arụmọrụ ogbo doro anya kpamkpam. ọnọdụ. Ngwakọta ezi uche dị na ya site na onyonyo na-abụghị nke na-enye aka na nhọrọ a ma ama nke L.

Ọrụ L., na ụkpụrụ, nwere ike ịrụ decomp. ihe egwu egwu. asụsụ, ewepụrụ iche (leitharmonies, leittimbres, leittonality, leitrhythms), mana mmekọrịta ha na-ahụkarị n'okpuru ọchịchị ụda olu. mmalite (isiokwu ịcha obe, akpaokwu, ebumnobi). Na-emetụta mkpirisi - eke. ọnọdụ maka itinye aka na-adaba adaba nke L. na egwu izugbe. mmepe. Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka L., nke isiokwu e dechara na mbụ gosipụtara, ga-ekewa ọzọ gaa n'ihu. ihe ndị na-eji onwe ha arụ ọrụ nke a site na njirimara (nke a bụ ụdị usoro leitmotif nke Wagner); a na-ahụkwa ụdị nkụpịa L. na instr. egwu - na symphonies, nke isi isiokwu nke 1st ije na a shortened ụdị na-arụ ọrụ L. na n'ihu akụkụ nke okirikiri (Berlioz si Fantastic Symphony na Dvorak si 9th Symphony). A na-enwekwa usoro ntụgharị, mgbe a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ mepụta isiokwu na-egbuke egbuke site na ngalaba dị iche. precursor ọcha (nke a na-ahụkarị maka ụzọ Verdi na Rimsky-Korsakov). Dị ka a na-achị, L. chọrọ nkwuwa okwu gbadoro anya karịsịa, njirimara a kapịrị ọnụ, nke na-eme ka amara dị mfe n'oge ọrụ ahụ dum. Ọnọdụ ikpeazụ na-egbochi mgbanwe nke linearity, n'ụzọ dị iche na usoro nke monothematic. mgbanwe nke F. List na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya.

N'ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu. prod. L. ọ bụla, dịka iwu, ewebata ya n'oge mgbe ihe ọ pụtara pụtara ozugbo maka ederede wok kwekọrọ. ọzọ, àgwà nke ọnọdụ na omume nke odide. Na symph. nkọwa egwu nke pụtara L. bụ mmemme odee ma ọ bụ otd. ntuziaka onye ode akwụkwọ gbasara isi ebumnuche. Enweghị ntụaka anya na okwu ọnụ n'oge mmepe egwu na-egbochi ngwa nke L.

Mkpirisi na njirimara doro anya nke L. na-ekpebikarị ọnọdụ ya pụrụ iche na ọdịnala. ụdị egwu, ebe ọ na-adịkarịghị na-arụ ọrụ nke otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ụdị ahụ (Rondo Refrain, isi isiokwu nke sonata Allegro), mana ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ na-awakpo decomp na-atụghị anya ya. ngalaba ya. N'otu oge ahụ, na ihe n'efu, ihe nkiri na-agụgharị na nnukwu ọrụ. ihe nkiri. atụmatụ, weere n'ozuzu ya, L. nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na-emepụta ihe, na-enye ha egwu-thematic. ịdị n'otu.

References: Rimsky-Korsakov HA, "The Snow Maiden" - akụkọ mmiri (1905), "RMG", 1908, Ọ dịghị 39/40; nke ya, Wagner and Dargomyzhsky (1892), n'akwụkwọ ya: Akụkọ egwu na ndetu, 1869-1907, St. Petersburg, 1911 (ederede zuru oke nke isiokwu abụọ ahụ, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2 na 4, M. , 1960-63); Asafiev BV, Ụdị egwu dịka usoro, M., 1930, (tinyere akwụkwọ 2), L., 1963; Druskin MS, Ajụjụ nke egwu egwu nke opera, L., 1952; Yarustovsky BM, Dramaturgy nke Russian opera oge ochie, M., 1952, 1953; Sokolov O., Leitmotifs nke opera "Pskovityanka", na mkpokọta: Usoro nke Ngalaba Ozizi Music, Moscow. ụlọ nchekwa, vol. 1, Moscow, 1960; Protopopov Vl., “Ivan Susanin” Glinka, M., 1961, p. 242-83; Bogdanov-Berezovsky VM, Akụkọ gbasara ballet, L., 1962, p. 48, 73-74; Wagner R., Oper und Drama, Lpz., 1852; otu ahụ, Sämtliche Schriften und Dichtung (Volksausgabe), Bd 3-4, Lpz., (oj) ( nsụgharị Russian – Opera na Drama, M., 1906); nke ya, Eine Mitteilung an meine Freunde (1851), ibid., Bd 4, Lpz., (oj); nke ya, bber die Anwendung der Musik auf das Drama, ibid., Bd 10, Lpz., (oj) (na nsụgharị Russian - N'iji ngwa egwu egwu egwu, na nchịkọta ya: isiokwu ndị a họọrọ, M., 1935); Federlein G., Lber “Rheingold” von R. Wagner. Nkọwa nke Versuch einer musikalischen, “Musikalisches Wochenblatt”, 1871, (Bd) 2; Jdhns Fr. W., CM Weber na seinen Werken, B., 1871; Wolzogen H. von, Ebumnuche n’ime R. Wagners “Siegfried”, “Musikalisches Wochenblatt”, 1876, (Bd) 7; nke ya, Thematischer Leitfaden durch die Musik zu R. Wagners Festspiel “Der Ring der Nibelungen”, Lpz., 1876; nke ya, Ebumnuche na Wagners “Götterdämmerung”, “Musikalisches Wochenblatt”, 1877-1879, (Bd) 8-10; Haraszti E., Le problime du Leitmotiv, “RM”, 1923, (v.) 4; Abraham G., Leitmotiv kemgbe Wagner, “ML”, 1925, (v.) 6; Bernet-Kempers K. Th., Herinneringsmotieven leitmotieven, grondthemas, Amst. - P., 1929; Wörner K., Beiträge zur Geschichte des Leitmotivs in der Oper, ZfMw, 1931, Jahrg. 14, H. 3; Engländer R., Zur Geschichte des Leitmotivs, “ZfMw”, 1932, Jahrg. 14, H. 7; Okwu J., La fonction psychologique du leitmotiv wagnerien, “SMz”, 1961, (Jahrg.) 101; Mainka J., Sonatenform, Leitmotiv und Charakterbegleitung, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1963, Jahrg. 5, H. 1.

GV Krauklis