Giovanni Battista Viotti |

Giovanni Battista Viotti

O siri ike ugbu a ọbụna iche n'echiche ụdị aha Viotti nwere n'oge ndụ ya. Otu oge dum na mmepe nke nkà violin ụwa jikọtara aha ya; ọ bụ ụdị ọkọlọtọ nke a na-eji na-atụle ma na-enyocha violin, ọgbọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mụtara n'ọrụ ya, concertos ya jere ozi dị ka ihe nlereanya maka ndị na-ede egwú. Ọbụna Beethoven, mgbe ọ na-emepụta Violin Concerto, Viotti's Twentieth Concerto na-eduzi ya.

Onye Ịtali site na mba, Viotti ghọrọ onye isi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ violin oge gboo nke French, na-emetụta mmepe nke nka cello French. Ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu, Jean-Louis Duport Jr. (1749-1819) sitere na Viotti, na-ebufe ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ nke violin a ma ama na cello. Rode, Baio, Kreutzer, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-amasị Viotti, raara ya nye ahịrị ndị a na-anụ ọkụ n'obi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha: n'aka ndị isi ukwu nwetara àgwà dị iche iche, nke ha chọrọ inye ya. Dị mfe na ụda olu n'okpuru mkpịsị aka Corelli; kwekọrọ, dị nwayọọ, jupụtara n'amara n'okpuru ụta nke Tartini; dị ụtọ ma dị ọcha na Gavignier's; nnukwu na ịdị ebube na Punyani; juputara na ọkụ, juputara na obi ike, obi ebere, oke n'aka Viotti, o rutela izu okè iji kwupụta agụụ mmekọahụ na ume ahụ na onye isi ahụ nke na-echekwa ebe ọ na-arụ ma na-akọwa ike o nwere n'elu mkpụrụ obi.

A mụrụ Viotti na May 23, 1753 n'obodo Fontanetto, dị nso na Crescentino, mpaghara Piedmontese, n'ime ezinụlọ nke onye na-ese ihe nke maara otú e si akpọ opi. Nwa nwoke ahụ nwetara nkuzi egwu mbụ ya n'aka nna ya. Ikike egwu nwata nwoke ahụ gosipụtara n'oge, mgbe ọ dị afọ 8. Nna ya zụtara ya violin na ngosi ahụ, Viotti na-eto eto malitere ịmụta na ya, n'ezie na-akụziri onwe ya. Ụfọdụ uru sitere na ọmụmụ ihe ya na onye ọkpụkpọ lute Giovannini, bụ onye biri n'obodo ha otu afọ. Viotti dị afọ iri na otu mgbe ahụ. A maara Giovannini dị ka ezigbo onye na-egwu egwu, ma obere oge nke nzukọ ha na-egosi na ọ pụghị inye Viotti karịsịa.

Na 1766 Viotti gara Turin. Ụfọdụ ndị na-akụ ụda Pavia mere ka ọ mata Bishọp nke Strombia, nzukọ a wee bụrụ ihe dị mma maka onye na-eto eto na-akụ egwú. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na nkà nke violin, bishọp ahụ kpebiri inyere ya aka ma kwado Marquis de Voghera, bụ onye na-achọ "onye nkuzi nkuzi" maka nwa ya nwoke dị afọ 18, Prince della Cisterna. N’oge ahụ, ọ bụ omenala n’ụlọ ndị omekome na-akpọrọ otu nwa okorobịa nwere nkà n’ụlọ ha iji nye aka n’ịzụlite ụmụ ha. Viotti gara biri n'ụlọ eze ma ziga ya ka ya na Punyani a ma ama mụọ ihe. N'ikpeazụ, Prince della Cisterna turu ọnụ na ọzụzụ Viotti na Pugnani riri ya ihe karịrị franc 20000: "Ma anaghị m akwa ụta na ego a. Enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ dị ukwuu nke onye na-ese ihe dị otú ahụ.

Pugnani egwuregwu Viotti na-egbu maramara nke ukwuu, na-atụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ nna ukwu zuru oke. O doro anya na ọ hụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ya nwere nkà n'anya nke ukwuu, n'ihi na ozugbo o jikere nke ọma, ọ kpọọrọ ya gaa njem egwu n'obodo ndị dị na Europe. Nke a mere na 1780. Tupu njem ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na 1775, Viotti rụrụ ọrụ n'òtù ndị egwú nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Ụlọikpe Turin.

Viotti nyere concerts na Geneva, Bern, Dresden, Berlin na ọbụna bịara St. Petersburg, ebe, Otú ọ dị, ọ na-enweghị ọha arụmọrụ; ọ na-egwuri naanị n'obí eze, nke Potemkin nyere Catherine II. A na-eme ihe nkiri nke onye na-eto eto violin na-enwe ọganihu na-arịwanye elu mgbe niile, na mgbe Viotti rutere Paris na 1781, a mara aha ya n'ọtụtụ ebe.

Paris zutere Viotti na oké ifufe nke ndị agha ọha. Absolutism biri ndụ afọ ikpeazụ ya, a na-ekwu okwu ọkụ n'ebe niile, echiche onye kwuo uche ya na-akpali uche. Na Viotti anọgideghị na-enwe mmasị n'ihe na-emenụ. Echiche nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma masịrị ya, karịsịa Rousseau, bụ́ onye ọ kpọrọ isiala n'ihu ya ruo oge ndụ ya nile.

Otú ọ dị, echiche ụwa nke onye violin eguzosighị ike; nke a kwadoro site na eziokwu nke akụkọ ndụ ya. Tupu mgbanwe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke onye na-egwu egwu ụlọikpe, nke mbụ na Prince Gamenet, mgbe ahụ ya na Prince nke Soubise, na n'ikpeazụ ya na Marie Antoinette. Heron Allen na-ehota okwu iguzosi ike n'ihe Viotti site na akụkọ ndụ ya. Mgbe ihe omume mbụ e mere n’ihu Marie Antoinette na 1784 gasịrị, “Ekpebiri m,” ka Viotti na-ede, “na m agaghịzi na-agwa ọha na eze okwu ma tinye onwe m kpam kpam n’ijere eze a ozi. Dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ, ọ zụtara m, n'oge ọchịchị nke Minista Colonna, ụgwọ ezumike nka nke 150 pound sterling.

Akụkọ ndụ Viotti na-enwekarị akụkọ ndị na-agba akaebe na nganga nkà ya, bụ nke ekweghị ka ọ kpọọ isiala n'ihu ndị ọchịchị. Dị ka ihe atụ, Fayol na-agụ, sị: “Nwanyị nwanyị France Marie Antoinette chọrọ ka Viotti bịa Versailles. Ụbọchị egwu ahụ rutere. Ndị omeiwu niile bịara wee malite egwu egwu. Ogwe mbụ nke solo kpalitere nlebara anya dị ukwuu, mgbe na mberede, a nụrụ mkpu n'ime ụlọ na-esote: "Ebe maka Monsignor Comte d'Artois!". N'ime mgbagwoju anya nke sochirinụ, Viotti weere violin n'aka wee pụọ, hapụ ogige ahụ dum, nke mere ihere ndị bịaranụ. Nke a bụkwa ikpe ọzọ Fayol kwukwara. Ọ na-achọsi ike site na ngosipụta nke mpako nke ụdị dị iche iche - nwoke nke "ala nke atọ". N'afọ 1790, otu onye nnọchiteanya nke National Assembly, enyi Viotti, bi n'otu n'ime ụlọ ndị Paris nke dị n'ala nke ise. Onye violin a ma ama kwetara inye egwu n'ụlọ ya. Rịba ama na ndị aristocrats bi nanị n'ala ala nke ụlọ. Mgbe Viotti matara na a kpọrọ ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu na ndị inyom nwere ọha mmadụ òkù ịbịa egwu egwu ya, ọ sịrị: “Anyị eruwo ala ruo n’ebe ha nọ, ugbu a, ka ha bilie n’ebe anyị nọ.”

Na Machị 15, 1782, Viotti pụtara na mbụ n'ihu ọha Parisia na mmemme mepere emepe na mmụọ egwu egwu. Ọ bụ ọgbakọ egwu ochie jikọtara ya na okirikiri aristocratic na nnukwu bourgeoisie. N'oge arụmọrụ Viotti, Concert spirituel (Egwuregwu ime mmụọ) na-asọmpi na "Concerts of Amateurs" (Concerts des Amateurs), nke Gossec hibere na 1770 wee degharịa aha na 1780 n'ime "Concerts of the Olympic Lodge" ("Concerts de). la Loge Olimpique"). Ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị bourgeois gbakọtara ebe a. Ma, ruo mgbe mmechi ya na 1796, "Concert spiriuel" bụ ụlọ ngosi egwu kachasị na ụwa ama ama. Ya mere, arụmọrụ Viotti na ya dọtara mmasị ya ozugbo. Onye nduzi nke Concert spirituel Legros (1739-1793), na ntinye e dere n’ụbọchị March 24, 1782, kwuru na “site n’ihe nkiri ahụ e mere na Sọnde, Viotti mere ka aha ọma ahụ ọ nwetaworị na France sikwuo ike.”

N'oge a ma ama ya, Viotti kwụsịrị na mberede ime ihe nkiri ọha na eze. Eimar, onye edemede nke Viotti's Anecdotes , na-akọwa eziokwu a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na onye na-eme violin na-eleda ụda nke ọha na eze anya, bụ ndị na-aghọtachaghị egwu egwu. Otú ọ dị, dị ka anyị maara site n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye na-agụ egwú, Viotti na-akọwa ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ site na ngosi ọha na eze site na ọrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú ụlọikpe Marie Antoinette, onye ọrụ ya kpebiri n'oge ahụ iji tinye onwe ya n'ọrụ.

Otú ọ dị, otu adịghị emegide nke ọzọ. Viotti nwere mmasị n'ezie site n'ịdị elu nke mmasị ọha na eze. Ka ọ na-erule 1785 ọ bụ ezigbo enyi ya na Cherubini. Ha biri ọnụ na rue Michodière, mba. 8; Ebe obibi ha bụ ndị na-egwu egwu na ndị hụrụ egwu na-agakarị. N'ihu ndị na-ege ntị dị otú ahụ, Viotti ji obi ụtọ na-egwuri egwu.

N'uhuruchi nke mgbanwe mgbanwe ahụ, na 1789, Count of Provence, nwanne eze, ya na Leonard Otier, onye na-edozi isi na Marie Antoinette, haziri Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke King, na-akpọ Martini na Viotti dị ka ndị nduzi. Viotti na-enwekarị mmasị n'ụdị ọrụ nhazi ọ bụla na, dịka iwu, nke a kwụsịrị na ọdịda ya. N'Ụlọ Nzukọ Tuileries, a malitere inye ihe ngosi nke opera Italian na French, ihe nkiri na prose, uri na vaudeville. Ebe etiti ụlọ ihe nkiri ọhụrụ ahụ bụ ìgwè opera Ịtali, bụ́ nke Viotti zụlitere, bụ́ onye ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-arụ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, mgbanwe ahụ mere ka ụlọ ihe nkiri daa. Martini "n'oge ọgba aghara kachasị njọ nke mgbanwe ahụ, a manyere ya zoo ka e wee chefuo njikọ ya na ụlọ ikpe." Ihe adịkwaghị mma na Viotti: “N'ịbụ ndị tinyeworo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe nile m nwere n'ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Italy, enwere m egwu dị egwu mgbe mmiri iyi a na-eru nso. Lee nnukwu nsogbu m nwere na ihe m ga-eme ka m si n'ọnọdụ siri ike pụta! Viotti na-echeta na akụkọ ndụ ya nke E. Heron-Allen hotara.

Ruo oge ụfọdụ na mmepe nke ihe omume, o doro anya na Viotti gbalịrị ijide. Ọ jụrụ ịkwaga mba ọzọ na, yi uwe nke National Nche, nọgidere na ụlọ ihe nkiri. Emechiri ihe nkiri ahụ na 1791, mgbe ahụ Viotti kpebiri ịhapụ France. N’uhuruchi e jidere ezinụlọ eze, o si Paris gbaga London, bụ́ ebe o rutere na July 21 ma ọ bụ 22, 1792. N’ebe a, a nabatara ya nke ọma. Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, na July 1793, a manyere ya ịga Ịtali n’ihe metụtara ọnwụ nne ya na ilekọta ụmụnne ya ndị ka bụ ụmụaka. Otú ọ dị, Riemann na-ekwu na njem Viotti gaa n'ala nna ya jikọtara ya na ọchịchọ ya ịhụ nna ya, bụ onye nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma n'èzí England, Viotti bụ ruo 1794, mgbe gara n'oge a ọ bụghị nanị na Italy, kamakwa na Switzerland, Germany, Flanders.

Na-alaghachi na London, ruo afọ abụọ (1794-1795) ọ na-eduzi ọrụ egwu egwu siri ike, na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri niile nke German violinist a ma ama Johann Peter Salomon (1745-1815) haziri, onye biri na isi obodo Bekee site na 1781. Ihe nkiri Salomon. bụ nnọọ ewu ewu.

N'ime ihe ngosi Viotti, egwu ya na Disemba 1794 ya na onye ọkpụkpọ bass abụọ ama ama Dragonetti na-achọ ịmata ihe. Ha rụrụ Viotti duet, ebe Dragonetti na-egwu akụkụ violin nke abụọ na bass abụọ.

Ebe Viotti bi na Lọndọn, ọ malitekwara itinye aka na mmemme nhazi. O sonye na njikwa nke Royal Theatre, weghara ihe omume nke Italian Opera, na mgbe Wilhelm Kramer gachara n'ọkwa onye nduzi nke Royal Theatre, ọ nọchiri ya na ọkwa a.

Na 1798, ịdị adị ya nke udo dara na mberede. E boro ya ebubo ebubo ndị uwe ojii maka atụmatụ ọjọọ megide akwụkwọ ndekọ aha, bụ́ nke nọchiri Mgbakọ mgbanwe mgbanwe, nakwa na ya na ụfọdụ ndị isi nke mgbanwe mgbanwe France nọ na-akpakọrịta. A gwara ya ka ọ hapụ England n'ime awa 24.

Viotti gara biri n'obodo Schoenfeldts dị nso na Hamburg, bụ́ ebe o biri ihe dị ka afọ atọ. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-ede egwú nke ukwuu, soro otu n'ime ezigbo enyi ya bụ Chinnery na-edekọrịta ihe, ma soro Friedrich Wilhelm Piksis mụọ ihe (1786-1842), mgbe e mesịrị, onye Czech violin na onye nkụzi a ma ama, onye malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ violin na Prague.

Na 1801 Viotti nwetara ikike ịlaghachi London. Ma ọ pụghị itinye aka na ndụ egwu nke isi obodo na, na ndụmọdụ Chinery, ọ malitere ịzụ ahịa mmanya. Ọ bụ mmegharị ahụ dị njọ. Viotti gosipụtara na ya bụ onye ahịa na-enweghị ike ma daa. Site n’akwụkwọ ikike Viotti, nke e dere na March 13, 1822, anyị mụtara na ọ kwụpụrụ ụgwọ ndị o ji na-azụ ahịa ahụ tara akpụ. O dere na mkpụrụ obi ya gbawara iche na nsụhọ na ọ na-anwụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ Chinery nke 24000 francs, nke ọ gbaziri ya maka ahia mmanya. "Ọ bụrụ na m anwụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ a, a na m arịọ gị ka ị ree ihe niile naanị m nwere ike ịchọta, ghọta ya ma ziga ya na Chinery na ndị nketa ya."

Na 1802, Viotti laghachiri n'ọrụ egwu na, na-ebi na London na-adịgide adịgide, na-aga Paris mgbe ụfọdụ, ebe egwu ya ka na-enwe mmasị.

A maghị nnọọ banyere ndụ Viotti na London malite na 1803 ruo 1813. N'afọ 1813, o kere òkè na nhazi nke London Philharmonic Society, na-ekerịta nsọpụrụ a na Clementi. Mmeghe nke Society weere ọnọdụ na March 8, 1813, Salomon duziri, mgbe Viotti na-egwuri egwu n’ọgbọ egwú.

N'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịnagide nsogbu ego na-arịwanye elu, na 1819 ọ kwagara Paris, ebe, site n'enyemaka nke onye nlekọta ochie ya, Count of Provence, onye ghọrọ Eze France n'okpuru aha Louis XVIII, a họpụtara ya onye nduzi nke Italiantali. Ụlọ ọrụ Opera. Na February 13, 1820, e gburu Duke nke Berry na ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ a mechiri ọha. opera Ịtali na-esi n'otu ọnụ ụlọ gaa n'ọzọ ọtụtụ ugboro wee malite ịdị adị nhụsianya. N'ihi ya, kama ịkwado ọnọdụ ego ya, Viotti nwere mgbagwoju anya kpamkpam. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1822, ike gwụrụ ya site na ọdịda, ọ laghachiri London. Ahụ ike ya na-akawanye njọ ngwa ngwa. Na March 3, 1824, n'elekere asaa nke ụtụtụ, ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ Caroline Chinnery.

Obere ihe fọdụụrụ ya: ihe odide abụọ nke concertos, violin abụọ - Klotz na Stradivarius mara mma (ọ rịọrọ ka ere nke ikpeazụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ), igbe ọla edo abụọ na elekere ọla edo - nke ahụ bụ ihe niile.

Viotti bụ ezigbo violin. Arụmọrụ ya bụ ngosipụta kachasị elu nke ụdị egwu egwu egwu: ama ama egwuregwu ahụ site n'ọkwa dị iche iche, oke obi ọmịiko, ike dị ukwuu, ọkụ, na n'otu oge ahụ siri ike dị mfe; e ji mara ya site n'ọgụgụ isi, oke nwoke pụrụ iche na oke ọnụ. Viotti nwere ụda dị ike. E mesiri ike siri ike nke nwoke site na ịma jijiji na-agafeghị oke, amachibidoro. Heron-Allen na-ede, na-ehota Miel na-ede, "Enwere ihe magburu onwe ya na mkpali banyere ọrụ ya nke na ọbụna ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kacha agbakụta ya azụ ma yie ka ọ dị ntakịrị."

Ọrụ nke Viotti kwekọrọ na ọrụ ya. O dere 29 violin concertos na 10 piano concertos; 12 sonatas maka violin na piano, ọtụtụ violin duets, 30 trios maka abụọ violin na abụọ bass, 7 collections nke eriri quartets na 6 quartets maka ndị mmadụ abụ olu ụtọ; ọtụtụ cello na-arụ ọrụ, ọtụtụ ụda olu - ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka 200 mejupụtara.

Violin concertos bụ ndị kasị ama na ihe nketa ya. N'ọrụ nke ụdị a, Viotti kere ihe atụ nke oge gboo dike. Ịdị egwu egwu ha na-echetara ihe osise Devid ma jikọta Viotti na ndị na-ede egwú dị ka Gossec, Cherubini, Lesueur. Ebumnuche nke obodo na mmegharị mbụ, elegiac na nrọ nrọ na adagio, usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche ya nke rondos ikpeazụ, jupụtara na egwu egwu nke mpaghara Parisian na-arụ ọrụ, na-amata ọdịiche dị na concertos ya site na okike violin nke ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ. Viotti nwere nkà n'ịdepụta ihe n'ozuzu ya, ma ọ nwere ike iji nlezianya na-atụgharị uche na usoro nke oge ahụ, bụ nke nyere ihe odide ya ihe egwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Dị ka Lully na Cherubini, Viotti nwere ike weere dị ka ezi onye nnọchiteanya nke mba French nka. N'ime ọrụ ya, Viotti echefughị ​​otu njirimara nke mba, nke ejiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi dị ịtụnanya na-elekọta ya site n'aka ndị dere oge mgbanwe.

Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Viotti na-etinyekwa aka na nkuzi nkuzi, ọ bụ ezie na n'ozuzu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ nọrọ ebe dị mkpa ná ndụ ya. N'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya bụ ndị violin pụtara ìhè dị ka Pierre Rode, F. Pixis, Alde, Vache, Cartier, Labarre, Libon, Maury, Pioto, Roberecht. Pierre Baio na Rudolf Kreutzer weere onwe ha dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ Viotti, n'agbanyeghị na ha amụtaghị ihe n'aka ya.

Ọtụtụ ihe onyonyo Viotti adịla ndụ. Ọ bụ onye France na-ese ihe Elisabeth Lebrun (1803-1755) sere ihe osise ya kachasị ama na 1842. Heron-Allen na-akọwa ọdịdị ya dị ka ndị a: "Nature ji mmesapụ aka kwụọ Viotti ụgwọ ma n'anụ ahụ ma n'ụzọ ime mmụọ. Isi ahụ dị ebube, nke nwere obi ike, ihu, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị njiri mara nke ọma, na-egosipụta, dị ụtọ, na-enwupụta ìhè. Ọdịmma ya nwere oke nha ma maa mma, omume ya mara mma, mkparịta ụka ya na-ekpo ọkụ ma nụchaa; ọ bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ nwere nkà ma na mgbasa ozi ya ihe omume ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-adị ndụ ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ire ure nke Viotti bi na ụlọikpe France, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ tụfuru obiọma doro anya na enweghị atụ egwu ya.

Viotti dechara mmepe nke nkà violin nke Enlightenment, na-ejikọta na arụmọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu omenala Italy na France. Ọgbọ na-esote violin meghere ibe ọhụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke violin, jikọtara ya na oge ọhụrụ - oge ịhụnanya.

L. Raaben