Ngbanwe |

ndiiche (German: Ausweichung) ka a na-akọwakarị dị ka ọpụpụ nwa oge gaa igodo ọzọ, esiteghị na cadence (micromodulation) edozi ya. Otú ọ dị, n'otu oge ahụ, a na-etinye ihe ndị ahụ n'otu ahịrị. usoro - gravitation kwupụta ebe ụda ụda nkịtị na nnukwu ike ndọda chere ntọala mpaghara. Ihe dị iche bụ na tonic nke ch. tonality na-egosipụta nkwụsi ike ụda n'onwe ya. echiche nke okwu ahụ, na tonic mpaghara na ntụgharị (ọ bụ ezie na n'ebe dị warara ọ dị ka ntọala tonal) n'ihe metụtara isi na-ejigide ọrụ ya nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi. Ya mere, iwebata ndị isi nke abụọ (mgbe ụfọdụ subdominants) - ụzọ a na-emekarị nke ịmepụta O. - n'ezie apụtaghị mgbanwe na igodo ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ kpọmkwem. mmetụta nke mmasị na tonic izugbe na-anọgide. O. na-eme ka esemokwu dị n'ime nkwekọrịta a dịkwuo elu, ya bụ na-eme ka enweghị ntụkwasị obi ya dịkwuo ukwuu. N'ihi ya, ndị na-emegiderịta onwe na nkọwa (ikekwe na-anabata na ziri ezi na kwekọrọ ọzụzụ ọmụmụ). A ọzọ ziri ezi definition nke O. (na-abịa site echiche nke GL Catoire na IV Sposobin) dị ka a secondary tonal cell (subsystem) n'ime kpuchie nke izugbe usoro nke a mode nke ụda. Otu esi eji O. eme ihe dị n'ime ahịrịokwu, oge.

Ihe kacha mkpa nke O. abụghị modulation, ma mgbasawanye nke tonality, ya bụ mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke harmonies ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-edoghị anya na etiti. tonic. N'adịghị ka O., modulation n'onwe ya. ihe okwu a pụtara na-eduga na nguzobe nke etiti ọhụrụ nke ike ndọda, nke na-achịkwa ndị obodo. O. na-eme ka ndakọrịta nke ụda olu enyere site na ịdọta ndị na-abụghị diatonic. ụda na ụda, nke n'onwe ha bụ nke igodo ndị ọzọ (lee eserese dị na ihe atụ dị na warara 133), mana n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ a na-ejikọta ha na nke bụ isi dị ka ebe dị anya karị (ya mere otu n'ime nkọwa nke O .: " Ịhapụ na nke abụọ tonality, rụrụ n'ime isi tonality "- VO Berkov). Mgbe ị na-amachibido O. site na modulations, onye kwesịrị iburu n'uche: ọrụ nke ihe owuwu nyere n'ụdị; obosara nke tonal okirikiri (olu nke tonality na, ya mere, ókè ya) na ọnụnọ nke subsystem mmekọrịta (na-eṅomi isi Ọdịdị nke mode na ya mpụta). Dị ka usoro nke ịrụ ọrụ si dị, abụ na-ekewa n'ime ezigbo (ya na subsystemic mmekọrịta DT; nke a na-agụnye SD-T, lee ihe atụ) na plagal (ya na ST mmekọrịta; ndị ukwe "Ebube" si opera "Ivan Susanin").

Na Rimsky-Korsakov. "Akụkọ nke obodo a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke Kitezh na Maiden Fevronia", Act IV.

O. ga-ekwe omume ma n'akụkụ ụda nso (lee ihe atụ dị n'elu), na (obere oge) na ndị dị anya (L. Beethoven, violin concerto, akụkụ 1, akụkụ ikpeazụ; a na-ahụkarị na egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na C. S. Prokofiev). O. nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke usoro mgbanwe n'ezie (L. Beethoven, na-ejikọta akụkụ nke 1st nke 9th sonata maka piano: O. na Fisdur mgbe modulating si E-dur ka H-dur).

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmepe nke O. jikọtara tumadi na nguzobe na ike nke centralized isi-obere tonal usoro na Europe. egwu (isi arr na narị afọ nke 17-19). Ihe metụtara ya na Nar. na European oge ochie prof. egwu (choral, Russian Znamenny chant) - modal na tonal variability - jikọtara ya na enweghị mmasị siri ike ma na-aga n'ihu na otu etiti (ya mere, n'adịghị ka O. kwesịrị ekwesị, ebe a na omenala obodo ọ dịghị mmasị na izugbe) . Mmepe nke usoro okwu mmeghe (musica ficta) nwere ike iduga n'ezie O. (karịsịa na egwu nke narị afọ nke 16) ma ọ bụ, ọ dịkarịa ala, na preforms ha. Dị ka ihe na-emekarị, O. gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na narị afọ nke 17-19. ma na-echekwa ya na akụkụ nke egwu nke narị afọ nke 20, ebe omenala na-aga n'ihu na-etolite. ụdị echiche nke tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, Ọ BỤRỤ na Stravinsky, B. Bartok, na akụkụ P. Hindemith). N'otu oge ahụ, itinye aka nke harmonies site na igodo ndị dị n'okpuru na mpaghara nke isi ihe mere eme nyere aka na chromatization nke usoro ụda ụda, tụgharịrị na-abụghị diatonic. Nkwekọrịta O. na etiti ndị nọ n'okpuru ozugbo. tonic (F. Liszt, ogwe ikpeazụ nke sonata na h-moll; AP Borodin, cadano ikpeazụ nke "Polovtsian Dances" site na opera "Prince Igor").

Phenomena yiri O. (yana modulations) bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị ụfọdụ mepere emepe nke ọwụwa anyanwụ. egwu (nke a chọtara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Azerbaijani mughams "Shur", "Chargah", lee akwụkwọ "Fundamentals of Azerbaijani Folk Music" nke U. Hajibekov, 1945).

Dị ka a theoretical echiche nke O. mara site na 1st floor. Narị afọ nke 19, mgbe ọ kwụsịrị n'echiche nke "modulation". Okwu oge ochie "modulation" (site na modus, mode - fret) dị ka etinyere na harmonic. Usoro na mbụ pụtara ntinye nke ọnọdụ, mmegharị n'ime ya ("ihe na-esote otu nkwekọ na nke ọzọ" - G. Weber, 1818). Nke a nwere ike ịpụta ịpụ nwayọ nwayọ na Ch. igodo ndị ọzọ wee laghachi na ya na njedebe, yana ntụgharị site n'otu igodo gaa na nke ọzọ (Ọ BỤRỤ na Kirnberger, 1774). AB Marx (1839), na-akpọ usoro ụda dum nke mpempe mpempe akwụkwọ, n'otu oge ahụ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mgbanwe (na okwu anyị, modulation n'onwe ya) na ntụgharị ("ezere"). E. Richter (1853) na-amata ọdịiche dị iche iche nke modulation abụọ - "ịgafe" ("na-ahapụ kpamkpam usoro isi", ntụgharị O.) na "gbatịa", jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ kwadebere, na-eji akara ngosi na igodo ọhụrụ. X. Riemann (1893) na-ewere tonics nke abụọ na ụda olu ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ dị mfe nke isi igodo, ma ọ bụ naanị dịka "ndị na-achị na brackets" nke mbụ (nke a bụ otú o si akọwa ndị isi na ndị isi). G. Schenker (1906) na-atụle O. ụdị usoro otu ụda na ọbụna na-akọwapụta akara nke abụọ dịka isi ya si dị. ụda dị ka nzọụkwụ na Ch. tonality. O. na-ebilite, dị ka Schenker si kwuo, n'ihi ọchịchọ nke ụdọ tonicize. Nkọwa nke O. dị ka Schenker si kwuo:

L. Beethoven. eriri quartet op. 59 Mba 1, akụkụ I.

A. Schoenberg (1911) kwusiri ike na mmalite nke ndị na-achị akụkụ "site na ụdị ụka" (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na usoro C-dur site na ọnọdụ Dorian, ya bụ site na narị afọ nke Abụọ, usoro ah-cis-dcb bịara -a na ihe metụtara ya. ụdọ e-gb, gbd, a-cis-e, fa-cis, wdg); dị ka nke Schenker, ndị isi na-ahọpụta ndị ọchịchị nke abụọ. ụda na igodo isi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na C-dur egb-des=I). G. Erpf (1927) na-akatọ echiche nke O., na-arụ ụka na "ihe ịrịba ama nke ụda onye ọzọ enweghị ike ịbụ ihe nhụpụta maka ntụgharị" (ihe atụ: isiokwu akụkụ nke akụkụ 1st nke Beethoven's 21st sonata, Ogwe 35-38).

PI Tchaikovsky (1871) na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti "ịchụpụ" na "modulation"; N'ime ihe ndekọ ahụ dị n'usoro ihe omume kwekọrọ, o doro nnọọ anya ọdịiche dị n'etiti "O." na "ngbanwe" dị ka ụdị mgbanwe dị iche iche. NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1884-1885) na-akọwa O. dị ka "modulation, nke ọhụrụ usoro na-adịghị edozi, ma naanị ubé emetụta na hapụrụ ozugbo ịlaghachi na mbụ usoro ma ọ bụ maka ọhụrụ deviation"; chords diatonic prefixing. ọtụtụ ndị na-achị ha, ọ na-anata “mgbanwe oge dị mkpirikpi” (ya bụ O.); a na-emeso ha dị ka ndị "n'ime" ch. ụlọ, a na-echekwa tonic to-rogo na ebe nchekwa. Na ndabere nke njikọ ụda n'etiti tonics na nkewa, SI Taneev na-ewulite echiche ya nke "ịdị n'otu ụda" (90s nke narị afọ nke 19). GL Catuar (1925) kwusiri ike na ihe ngosi nke muses. echiche, dị ka a na-achị, na-ejikọta ya na nchịkwa nke otu tonality; ya mere, O. na igodo nke diatonic ma ọ bụ isi-obere ikwu ka ọ tụgharịrị ya dị ka "mid-tonal", isi. A naghị ahapụ ụda olu; Catoire n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-ejikọta nke a na ụdị nke oge ahụ, dị mfe abụọ na akụkụ atọ. IV Sposobin (na 30s) weere okwu dị ka ụdị ngosi nke otu ụda (emesịa gbahapụ echiche a). Yu. N. Tyulin na-akọwa itinye aka na isi. ụda nke mgbanwe ụda mmeghe (akara ngosi nke ụda olu metụtara) site na "tonicity mgbanwe" resp. atọ.

References: Tchaikovsky PI, Nduzi maka ọmụmụ ihe bara uru nke nkwekọrịta, 1871 (ed. M., 1872), otu, Poln. kọlụm. so., vol. III a, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85, otu, Poln. kọlụm. so., vol. IV, M., 1960; Catuar G., Usoro nkwekọ, akụkụ 1-2, M., 1924-25; Belyaev VM, "Nnyocha nke modulations na Beethoven's sonatas" - SI Taneeva, n'akwụkwọ: Russian akwụkwọ banyere Beethoven, M., 1927; Usoro nkwekọ bara uru, akụkụ 1, M., 1935; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Usoro nkwekọrịta bara uru, akụkụ 2, M., 1935; Tyulin Yu. N., Nkuzi gbasara nkwekọ, v. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; Taneev SI, Akwụkwọ ozi nye HH Amani, “SM”, 1940, No7; Gadzhibekov U., Ihe ndị bụ isi nke egwu ndị Azerbaijan, Baku, 1945, 1957; Sposobin IV, Nkuzi gbasara usoro nkwekọ, M., 1969; Kirnberger Ph., Die Kunst des reinen Satzes na der Musik, Bd 1-2, B., 1771-79; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsezkunst…, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1818-21; Marx, AV, Allgemeine Musiklehre, Lpz., 1839; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Harmonie Lpz. 1853 (nsụgharị Russian, Richter E., Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1876); Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre …, L. – NY, (1893) (nsụgharị Russian, Riemann G., Simplified Harmony, M. – Leipzig, 1901); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1-3, Stuttg. - V. - W., 1906-35; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, W., 1911; Erpf H., Studien zur Harmonie und Klangtechnik der neueren Musik, Lpz., 1927.

Yu. H. Kholopov