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German Stimmführung, Bekee. akụkụ-ọdịde, olu-edu (na USA), French conduite des voix

The ije nke onye olu na ihe niile olu ọnụ na a polyphonic mpempe music n'oge mgbanwe site n'otu Nchikota nke ụda ọzọ, ndị ọzọ okwu, izugbe ụkpụrụ nke mmepe nke melodic. ahịrị (olu), nke sitere na egwu egwu. akwa (ederede) nke ọrụ.

Njirimara G. dabere na stylistic. ụkpụrụ nke onye na-ede egwú, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-ede egwú na mmepụta ihe. ntụziaka, yana na nhazi nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke e dere ihe a mejupụtara. N'echiche sara mbara, G. nọ n'okpuru ma ụda olu na nke kwekọrọ. ụkpụrụ. N'okpuru nlekọta nke olu na-emetụta ọnọdụ ya na muses. akwa (elu, ala, etiti, wdg) ma rụọ ọrụ. ikike nke ngwá ọrụ, nke a na-enyefe ya n'aka.

Dị ka oke nke olu si dị, G. bụ ndị a na-ahụ anya kpọmkwem, na-apụtaghị ìhè na nke dị iche. A na-eji mmegharị Direct (variant – parallel) mara site n'otu ụzọ mmegharị ahụ na-arịgo ma ọ bụ na-agbada n'olu niile, na-apụtaghị ìhè - na-ahapụ otu olu ma ọ bụ karịa agbanweghị. elu, nke na-abụghị - diff. ntụziaka nke ụda olu na-akpụ akpụ (n'ụdị ya dị ọcha ọ ga-ekwe omume naanị n'olu abụọ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ụda olu ọ bụchaghị jikọtara ya na mmegharị ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè).

Olu ọ bụla nwere ike ịgagharị na steepụ ma ọ bụ wulie elu. Ntugharị nzọụkwụ na-enye ezigbo ire ụtọ na njikọta nke consonances; Mgbanwe nke abụọ nke olu niile nwere ike ime ka eke ọbụna usoro nke nkwekọ n'ụzọ dị anya n'ebe ibe ya nọ. A na-enweta ire ụtọ pụrụ iche site na mmegharị na-apụtaghị ìhè, mgbe a na-edobe ụda izugbe nke kọlụm, ebe olu ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ebe dị anya. Dabere n'ụdị njikọ dị n'etiti ụda olu na-ada n'otu oge, a na-amata ihe dị iche iche, heterophonic-subvocal, na polyphonic.

harmonic g. jikọtara ya na chordal, choral (lee Chorale) udidi, nke a na-amata site na ịdị n'otu nke ụda olu niile. Ọnụ ọgụgụ olu akụkọ ihe mere eme kachasị mma bụ anọ, nke kwekọrọ na olu ndị egwu: soprano, alto, tenor na bass. Enwere ike ịgbatị votu ndị a okpukpu abụọ. Nchikota nke chords na mmegharị na-apụtaghị ìhè ka a na-akpọ nkwekọ, ya na nke na-emegide ya - abụ olu ụtọ. njikọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe kwekọrọ. G. nọ n'okpuru nkwado nke egwu egwu na-eduga (na-abụkarị na olu elu) ma bụrụ nke a na-akpọ. harmonic homophonic. ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (lee Homophony).

Heterofonno-podgolosochnoe G. (lee heterophony) bụ mmegharị aka (na-adịkarị na-adakọ). Na decomp. olu ụda variants nke otu abụ olu ụtọ; ogo nke mgbanwe na-adabere na ụdị na mba. mbụ nke ọrụ. Heterophonic-olu olu bụ njirimara nke ọtụtụ egwu egwu na egwu egwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ. maka abụ Gregorian (Europe 11-14 narị afọ), ọtụtụ ndị di na nwunye. omenala egwu (karịsịa, maka egwu drawl Russia); achọtara n'ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú bụ ndị, n'otu ogo ma ọ bụ ọzọ, jiri omenala olu nke Nar. egwu (MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin, SV Rakhmaninov, DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, Ọ BỤRỤ na Stravinsky na ndị ọzọ).

AP borodin. Chorus nke ndị obodo si opera "Prince Igor".

polyphonic g. (lee Polyphony) jikọtara ya na otu oge. na-ejide ọtụtụ karịa ma ọ bụ obere nnwere onwe. abụ ọma.

R. Wagner. Nlegharị anya na opera "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg".

Ihe e ji mara polyphonic G. bụ nnwere onwe nke ụda olu ọ bụla na mmegharị ha na-apụtaghị ìhè.

Nke a na-eme ka amara nke ọma nke egwu ọ bụla site na ntị ma na-enye gị ohere ịgbaso nchikota ha.

Ndị na-egwu egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri amalitela ịṅa ntị na guitar kemgbe mmalite oge emepechabeghị anya. Ya mere, Guido d'Arezzo kwuru okwu megide myirịta. Hukbald's organum na na tiori ya occurus chepụtara iwu maka ijikọta olu na cadences. Mmepe na-esote nke ozizi G. na-egosipụta kpọmkwem mmalite nke muses. nka, isi ụdị ya. Ruo na narị afọ nke 16 G. iwu maka decomp. olu ndị dị iche iche - na countertenor na-abanye na tenor na treble (maka instr. arụmọrụ), jumps, ịgafe na olu ndị ọzọ kwere. Na narị afọ nke 16 ekele maka ụda olu egwu. akwa na ojiji nke nṅomi pụtara pụtara. equalization nke votes. Mn. iwu nke counterpoint bụ n'ezie iwu nke G. - mmegharị nke olu dị iche dị ka ihe ndabere, mmachibido nke myirịta. mmegharị na crossings, mmasị maka mbelata etiti oge n'elu mụbara ndị (ebe ọ bụ na mgbe na-awụlikwa elu, melodic ije na ndị ọzọ direction yiri eke), wdg (iwu ndị a, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, nọgidere na-akpa ha mkpa na homophonic choral texture). Ebe ọ bụ na narị afọ nke 17, e guzobere ihe a na-akpọ ọdịiche. ụdị siri ike na n'efu. E ji ụdị ahụ siri ike, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, site na enweghị mmasị. ọnụ ọgụgụ nke olu na-arụ ọrụ, na a free style, ọ na-agbanwe mgbe nile (tinyere ndị a na-akpọ ezigbo olu, mmeju olu na ụda pụtara), ọtụtụ "nnwere onwe" G. N'oge nke bass general, G. ji nwayọọ nwayọọ napụta onwe ya na iwu siri ike nke counterpoint; N'otu oge ahụ, olu dị elu na-aghọ nke kachasị ụtọ nke mepere emepe, ebe ndị ọzọ na-anọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ. A na-echekwa oke yiri ya ọbụlagodi mgbe a kwụsịrị iji bass izugbe eme ihe, ọkachasị na piano. na egwu egwu egwu (nke kachasị "na-ejuputa" ọrụ nke olu etiti), ọ bụ ezie na site na mmalite. Narị afọ 20 uru nke polyphonic G. mụbara ọzọ.

References: Skrebkov S., Polyphonic analysis, M., 1940; nke ya, Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke polyphony, M., 1965; nke ya, Harmony na egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, M., 1965; Mazel L., O abụ olu ụtọ, M., 1952; Berkov V., Harmony, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, akụkụ 1, M., 1962, 2 n'okpuru aha: Akwụkwọ nke nkwekọrịta, M., 1970; Protopopov Vl., Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke polyphony na ihe ndị kacha mkpa. Russian oge ochie na egwu Soviet, M., 1962; ya, History of polyphony na ya kacha mkpa phenomena. Oge ochie nke Western Europe nke narị afọ XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Sposobin I., Ụdị egwu, M., 1964; Tyulin Yu. na Privano N., Theoretical Foundations of Harmony, M., 1965; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972.

FG Arzamanov