Ọdịiche |

site na lat. variatio - mgbanwe, iche iche

Ụdị egwu nke a na-egosi isiokwu (mgbe ụfọdụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa isiokwu) ugboro ugboro na mgbanwe na udidi, mode, ụda olu, nkwekọ, oke nke contrapuntal olu, timbre (ngwaọrụ), wdg Na nke ọ bụla V., ọ bụghị naanị otu akụrụngwa. (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ., udidi, nkwekọ, wdg), kamakwa ọtụtụ ihe dị na mkpokọta. N'ịgbaso otu na-esote, V. na-etolite usoro mgbanwe dị iche iche, ma n'ụdị sara mbara ha nwere ike jikọta ya na c.-l. isiokwu ọzọ. ihe onwunwe, mgbe ahụ nke a na-akpọ. okirikiri variational gbasasịa. N'okwu abụọ ahụ, ịdị n'otu nke okirikiri ahụ na-ekpebi site na mkpokọta nke isiokwu sitere na otu nka. imewe, na ahịrị muses zuru oke. mmepe, dictating ojiji na nke ọ bụla V. nke ụfọdụ ụzọ nke mgbanwe na-enye a ezi uche. njikọ nke dum. V. nwere ike ịbụ ngwaahịa nọọrọ onwe ya. (Tema con variazioni – isiokwu nwere V.), na akụkụ nke isi instr ọ bụla ọzọ. ma ọ bụ wok. ụdị (operas, oratorios, cantatas).

Ụdị V. nwere nar. mmalite. Mmalite ya laghachiri na ihe atụ nke egwu ndị mmadụ na instr. egwu, ebe egwu gbanwere site na ugboro abụọ ugboro. Karịsịa na-enyere aka guzobe nke V. chorus. egwu, nke, na njirimara ma ọ bụ myirịta nke isi. abụ olu ụtọ, enwere mgbanwe mgbe niile na olu ndị ọzọ nke udidi choral. Ụdị mgbanwe dị otú ahụ bụ njirimara nke polygols mepụtara. omenala - Russian, ibu, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. wdg Na mpaghara nar. ntinye. mgbanwe egwu gosipụtara onwe ya na bonk jikọtara ọnụ. ịgba egwú, bụ́ nke mesịrị ghọọ ihe ndabere nke ịgba egwú. suites. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe dị na Nar. egwu na-ebilitekarị improvisationally, nke a anaghị egbochi nguzobe nke ọdịiche. okirikiri.

Na prof. Omenala egwu Western Europe dị iche iche. Usoro ahụ malitere ịmalite n'etiti ndị na-ede egwú bụ ndị na-ede ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ha. ịke siri ike. Cantus firmus so polyphonic so ya. olu ndị na-agbazinye intonations ya, ma wepụta ha n'ụdị dị iche iche - na mbelata, mmụba, ntughari, na ngbanwe mgbanwe. ịbịaru, wdg. Ọrụ nkwadebe bụkwa nke ụdị dị iche iche na egwu lute na clavier. Isiokwu nwere V. na ọgbara ọhụrụ. Nghọta nke ụdị a bilitere, o doro anya na, na narị afọ nke 16, mgbe passacaglia na chaconnes pụtara, na-anọchite anya V. na bass na-agbanweghị agbanwe (lee Basso ostinato). J. Frescobaldi, G. Purcell, A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, GF Handel, F. Couperin na ndị ọzọ composers nke 17th-18th narị afọ. ejiri ụdị a ọtụtụ ebe. N'otu oge ahụ, e mepụtara isiokwu egwu na isiokwu egwu gbaziri site na egwu ndị a ma ama (V. na isiokwu nke abụ "The Driver's Pipe" nke W. Byrd) ma ọ bụ onye edemede V. (JS Bach, Aria sitere na 30th dere). narị afọ). Nke a genus V. ghọrọ ebe nile na 2nd floor. Na narị afọ nke 18 na 19 na ọrụ J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ha mepụtara ngwaahịa ndị nọọrọ onwe ha dị iche iche. n'ụdị V., mgbe mgbe na agbaziri isiokwu, na V. ewebata n'ime sonata-symphony. cycles dị ka otu akụkụ (n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, onye na-ede egwú n'onwe ya na-edekarị isiokwu ahụ). Ihe e ji mara karịsịa bụ iji V. na njedebe iji mezue cyclic. ụdị (Haydn's symphony No. 31, Mozart's quartet in d-moll, K.-V. 421, Beethoven's symphonies No. 3 na No. 9, Brahms' No. 4). Na omume egwu 18 na 1st floor. narị afọ nke 19 V. na-eje ozi mgbe niile dị ka ụdị nkwalite: WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, N. Paganini, F. Liszt na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. ndị ọzọ na-egbuke egbuke kwalite V. na isiokwu a họọrọ.

Mmalite nke mgbanwe. cycles na Russian prof. a ga-ahụ egwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ. nhazi nke egwu nke znamenny na egwu ndị ọzọ, nke nkwekọ dịgasị iche iche na ugboro ugboro nke abụ (mbubreyo 17th - mmalite 18th narị afọ). Ụdị ndị a hapụrụ akara ha na mmepụta. partes style na ukwe. ụlọ egwu egwu nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 2 (MS Berezovsky). Na con. 18 - arịọ arịrịọ. Narị afọ 18 e kere ọtụtụ V. na isiokwu ndị Russia. egwu - maka pianoforte, maka violin (IE Khandoshkin), wdg.

N'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ nke L. Beethoven na oge ndị sochirinụ, a chọpụtara ụzọ ọhụrụ na mmepe nke ọdịiche. okirikiri. Na Western Europe. V. egwu malitere ịkọwa n'efu karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ, ịdabere na isiokwu ahụ belatara, ụdị ụdị pụtara na V., variats. a na-atụnyere okirikiri ahụ na ụlọ mposi. Na egwu oge ochie nke Russia, na mbụ na wok., na mgbe e mesịrị na ngwá ọrụ, MI Glinka na ndị na-eso ya guzobere ụdị mgbanwe pụrụ iche. okirikiri, nke abụ nke isiokwu nọgidere na-agbanweghị, ebe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara dịgasị iche iche. J. Haydn na ndị ọzọ chọtara ihe atụ nke mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na West.

Dabere na oke nke nhazi nke isiokwu na V., e nwere isi ihe abụọ. ụdị variant. cycles: nke mbụ, nke isiokwu na V. nwere otu nhazi, na nke abụọ, ebe nhazi nke isiokwu na V. dị iche. Ụdị nke mbụ kwesịrị ịgụnye V. na Basso ostinato, kpochapụwo. V. (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ siri ike) na isiokwu egwu na V. na egwu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Na siri ike V., na mgbakwunye na nhazi, mita na harmonic na-echekwakarị. Atụmatụ isiokwu, ya mere ọ na-adị mfe ịmata ọbụna na ndị kasị ufiop mgbanwe. Na vari. Na cycles nke ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọ free V.), njikọ nke V. na isiokwu ahụ na-ada mbà ka ha na-apụta. Onye ọ bụla nke V. na-enwekarị mita na nkwekọ. atụmatụ ma kpughee atụmatụ nke k.-l. ụdị ọhụrụ, nke na-emetụta ọdịdị nke thematic na muses. mmepe; A na-echekwa ihe jikọrọ ya na isiokwu ahụ ekele maka ụda olu. ịdị n'otu.

Enwekwara ndahie site na ntọala ndị a. ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe. ụdị. Ya mere, na V. nke ụdị mbụ, usoro ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe ụfọdụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere isiokwu ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'ihe gbasara ederede ha adịghị agafe oke nke ụdị a; na vari. Na cycles nke ụdị nke abụọ, a na-echekwa usoro, mita, na nkwekọrịta mgbe ụfọdụ na V. mbụ nke okirikiri ma gbanwee naanị na ndị na-esote. Dabere na njikọ dị iche. ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche. cycles, a na-emepụta ụdị ngwaahịa ụfọdụ. oge ọhụrụ (piano sonata No 2 nke Shostakovich ikpeazụ).

Ụdị ihe mejupụtara. A na-ekpebi usoro okirikiri nke ụdị nke mbụ site na ịdị n'otu nke ọdịnaya ihe atụ: V. ikpughe nka. ohere nke isiokwu na ihe ndị na-egosipụta ya, n'ihi ya, ọ na-etolite, dịgasị iche iche, ma jikọtara ya site na ọdịdị nke muses. onyonyo. Mmepe nke V. na okirikiri na ụfọdụ na-enye a nwayọọ nwayọọ osooso nke rhythmic. mmegharị (Handel's Passacaglia na g-moll, Andante si Beethoven's sonata op. 57), na ndị ọzọ - mmelite nke polygonal ákwà (Bach's aria na 30 ọdịiche, ngwa ngwa ije si Haydn's quartet op. 76 Ọ dịghị 3) ma ọ bụ Ịhazi mmepe nke. The intonations nke isiokwu, mbụ free kpaliri, na mgbe ahụ gbakọtara ọnụ (1st ije nke Beethoven's sonata op. 26). Nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ọdịnala ogologo nke ịmecha ọdịiche. okirikiri site na ijide isiokwu (da capo). Beethoven na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe, na-ebute udidi nke otu n'ime mgbanwe ikpeazụ (32 V. c-moll) nso na isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ weghachite isiokwu na njedebe. akụkụ nke okirikiri (V. na isiokwu nke njem si "Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Athens"). Nke ikpeazụ (ikpeazụ) V. na-adịkarị obosara n'ụdị na ngwa ngwa karịa isiokwu, ma na-arụ ọrụ nke coda, nke dị mkpa karịsịa na nnwere onwe. na-arụ ọrụ e dere n'ụdị V. N'ihi na iche, Mozart webatara otu V. tupu ikpeazụ na tempo na agwa nke Adagio, nke nyere aka na a ọzọ a ma ama nhọrọ nke ngwa ngwa ikpeazụ V. Okwu mmeghe nke a mode-contrasting V. ma ọ bụ. otu V. n'etiti okirikiri ahụ na-etolite usoro nke tripartite. Usoro nke na-apụta: obere - isi - obere (32 V. Beethoven, ikpeazụ nke Brahms' symphony No. 4) ma ọ bụ isi - obere - isi (sonata A-dur Mozart, K.-V. 331) na-eme ka ọdịnaya dị iche iche na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. okirikiri ma na-eweta nkwekọ n'ụdị ya. N'ụdị dị iche iche. cycles, ewebata ọdịiche modal ugboro 2-3 (iche Beethoven na isiokwu sitere na ballet "The Forest Girl"). Na cycles Mozart, ihe owuwu nke V. na-ejupụta na ederede ederede, ewepụtara ebe isiokwu enweghị ha (V. na piano sonata A-dur, K.-V. 331, na serenade maka orchestra B-dur, K.-V. 361). Ụdị "atụmatụ nke abụọ" nke ụdị ahụ na-emepụta, nke dị oke mkpa maka agba agba dị iche iche na obosara nke mmepe mgbanwe n'ozuzu. Na ụfọdụ mmepụta. Mozart jikọtara V. na-aga n'ihu nke harmonics. ntụgharị (attaca), na-enweghị isi na nhazi nke isiokwu ahụ. N'ihi nke a, a na-emepụta ụdị ihe mgbagwoju anya nke mmiri n'ime okirikiri, gụnyere B.-Adagio na nke ikpeazụ na-adịkarị na njedebe nke okirikiri ("Je suis Lindor", "Salve tu, Domine", K. -V. 354, 398, wdg) . Iwebata Adagio na njedebe ngwa ngwa na-egosipụta njikọ na cycles sonata, mmetụta ha na cycles nke V.

The tonality nke V. na oge gboo. egwu nke narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19. Ọtụtụ mgbe a na-edebe otu ihe ahụ dị ka isiokwu ahụ, a na-ebute ọdịiche modal na ndabere nke tonic nkịtị, ma ugbua F. Schubert na nnukwu ọdịiche. cycles malitere iji ụda nke VI dị ala maka V., ozugbo na-esote obere, wee si otú ahụ gafere oke nke otu tonic (Andante si Trout quintet). Na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-esote, ụda dị iche iche dị iche iche. A na-emewanye usoro okirikiri (Brahms, V. na fugue op. 24 na isiokwu nke Handel) ma ọ bụ, n'ụzọ ọzọ, adịghị ike; na nke ikpeazụ, akụ na ụba nke harmonics na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ. na timbre mgbanwe ("Bolero" nke Ravel).

Wok. V. na otu abụ abụ na Russian. ndị na-ede egwú na-ejikọtakwa ọkụ. ederede nke na-enye otu akụkọ. Na mmepe nke V. dị otú ahụ, ihe oyiyi na-ebilite mgbe ụfọdụ. oge kwekọrọ na ọdịnaya nke ederede (ndị ukwe Persia sitere na opera "Ruslan na Lyudmila", abụ Varlaam sitere na opera "Boris Godunov"). Ọdịiche mepere emepe nwekwara ike na opera. cycles, ma ọ bụrụ na ụdịdị dị otú ahụ bụ onye na-ede egwuregwu na-achị. ọnọdụ (ọnọdụ ahụ dị n'ime ụlọ "Ya mere, ebiri m" site na opera "Ivan Susanin", egwu egwu "Oh, nsogbu na-abịa, ndị mmadụ" site na opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh").

Ka vari. ụdị nke 1st ụdị dị n'akụkụ V.-okpukpu abụọ, nke na-esote isiokwu ahụ ma na-ejedebe na otu n'ime ihe ngosi ya dị iche iche (adịkarịghị abụọ). Ụdị dị iche iche. ha anaghị etolite okirikiri, n'ihi na ha enweghị izu oke; ihe were nwere ike iga were II, etc. Na instr. egwu nke narị afọ nke 18 V.-okpukpu abụọ na-agụnyekarị n'ime ụlọ ahụ, na-agbanwe otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. ịgba egwu (partita h-moll Bach maka violin solo), wok. na egwu, ha na-ebilite mgbe a na-emeghachi di na nwunye (Triquet's couplets si opera "Eugene Onegin"). A V.-okpukpu abụọ nwere ike na-atụle abụọ n'akụkụ ewu, n'otu site a nkịtị thematic Ọdịdị. ihe (orc. mmeghe sitere na foto II nke okwu mmalite na opera "Boris Godunov", No1 sitere na "Fleeting" nke Prokofiev).

Ụdị ihe mejupụtara. okirikiri nke ụdị nke abụọ (“V free.”) na-esi ike karị. Mmalite ha malitere na narị afọ nke 2, mgbe e guzobere ụlọ monothematic; n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, egwu ndị ahụ bụ V. (I. Ya. Froberger, "Auf die Mayerin"). Bach in partitas - V. on choral themes - jiri ihe ngosi n'efu, na-ejikọta stanzas nke egwu egwu egwu na interludes, mgbe ụfọdụ obosara, ma si otú a na-atụgharị site na nhazi mbụ nke choral ("Sei gegrüsset, Jesu gütig", "Allein" Gott na der Höhe sei Ehr”, BWV 17, 768 wdg). Na V. nke ụdị nke abụọ, malite na narị afọ nke 771 na nke 2, modal-tonal, genre, tempo, na metrical na-eme ka nke ọma. iche: fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla V. na-anọchi anya ihe ọhụrụ na nke a. A na-akwado ịdị n'otu nke okirikiri ahụ site na iji intonations nke isiokwu isiokwu. Site na ndị a, V. na-emepụta isiokwu nke ya, nke nwere nnwere onwe na ikike ịzụlite. N'ihi ya, ojiji na V. nke a reprise abụọ-, atọ-akụkụ, na wider ụdị, ọ bụrụgodị na isiokwu isiokwu enweghị ya (V. op. 19 Glazunov maka piano). N'ịgbakọta ụdị ahụ, ngwa ngwa V. na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'àgwà Adagio, Andante, nocturne, nke na-abụkarị n'ala nke abụọ. okirikiri, na nke ikpeazụ, na-adọta ọnụ a dịgasị iche iche nke intonations. ihe nke okirikiri dum. Ọtụtụ mgbe ikpeazụ V. nwere pompously ikpeazụ agwa (Schumann's Symphonic Etudes, akụkụ ikpeazụ nke 20rd suite maka orchestra na V. na Tchaikovsky's rococo isiokwu); ọ bụrụ na etinye V. na njedebe nke sonata-symphony. okirikiri, ọ ga-ekwe omume ijikọta ha horizontally ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ na thematic. ihe nke gara aga ije (Tchaikovsky's trio "Na ebe nchekwa nke Great Artist", Taneyev's quartet No. 72). Ụfọdụ ndịiche. cycles na finals nwere fugue (symphonic V. op. 2 site Dvořák) ma ọ bụ na-agụnye fugue na otu n'ime tupu ikpeazụ V. (3 V. op. 3 site Beethoven, 78nd akụkụ nke Tchaikovsky trio).

Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ede V. na isiokwu abụọ, ọ na-adịkarịghị na atọ. Na okirikiri abụọ gbara ọchịchịrị, otu V. maka isiokwu ọ bụla na-agbanwe oge ụfọdụ (Andante na Haydn's V. na f-moll maka piano, Adagio sitere na Symphony Beethoven No 9) ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ V. (akụkụ nwayọ nke atọ Beethoven op. 70 No 2). ). Ụdị ikpeazụ dị mma maka mgbanwe n'efu. ihe mejupụtara na isiokwu abụọ, ebe V. jikọtara ya site na njikọ akụkụ (Andante sitere na Symphony Beethoven nke 5). N'ikpeazụ nke Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, nke edere na vari. fọm, ch. ebe ahụ bụ nke isiokwu mbụ ("isiokwu nke ọṅụ"), nke na-enweta mgbanwe dị ukwuu. mmepe, gụnyere mgbanwe ụda na fugato; isiokwu nke abụọ na-egosi n'etiti akụkụ nke ikpeazụ n'ọtụtụ nhọrọ; n'izugbe fugue reprise, a na-emegide isiokwu ndị ahụ. The mejupụtara nke dum ikpeazụ bụ otú nnọọ free.

Na oge ochie nke Russian V. na isiokwu abụọ jikọtara ya na tradits. Ụdị V. na abụ olu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe: isiokwu nke ọ bụla nwere ike ịdị iche iche, ma ihe mejupụtara ya n'ozuzu ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu n'ihi ntụgharị ụda ụda, na-ejikọta ihe owuwu na nkwụsị nke isiokwu ("Kamarinskaya" nke Glinka, " Na Central Asia" nke Borodin, ememe agbamakwụkwọ sitere na opera "The Snow Maiden"). Ọbụna ndị ọzọ free bụ mejupụtara na obere ihe atụ nke V. atọ themes: mfe nke mgbanwe na plexus nke thematicism bụ ya dị oké mkpa ọnọdụ (ọnọdụ na echekwabara ọhịa si opera The Snow Maiden).

V. nke ụdị abụọ ahụ na sonata-symphony. prod. a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ụdị nke ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa (ma e wezụga ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, lee Kreutzer Sonata na Allegretto sitere na Symphony nke Beethoven nke 7, Schubert's Maiden and Death Quartet, Glazunov's Symphony No. 6, piano concertos site na Prokofiev's Scriabin na Mba. Symphony No 3 na site na Violin Concerto No 8), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji ha dị ka mmegharị nke mbụ ma ọ bụ njedebe (ihe atụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu). Na Mozart ọdịiche, nke bụ akụkụ nke sonata okirikiri, ma B.-Adagio adịghị (sonata maka violin na pianoforte Es-dur, quartet d-moll, K.-V. 1, 1), ma ọ bụ dị otú ahụ okirikiri n'onwe ya. enweghị akụkụ dị nwayọọ (sonata maka piano A-dur, sonata maka violin na piano A-dur, K.-V. 481, 421, wdg). V. nke ụdị 331st na-agụnyekarị dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ụdị buru ibu, ma mgbe ahụ, ha enweghị ike inweta izu oke, na variats. okirikiri ahụ ka na-emeghe maka mgbanwe gaa na isiokwu ọzọ. ngalaba. Data na otu usoro, V. na-enwe ike iche na ndị ọzọ thematic. ngalaba nke nnukwu ụdị, na-etinye uche na mmepe nke otu muses. onyonyo. Oke mgbanwe. ụdị dabere na nka. mmepụta echiche. Ya mere, n'etiti akụkụ nke 305 nke Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1, V. na-eweta foto dị ebube nke mbuso agha ndị iro, otu isiokwu na anọ V. n'etiti akụkụ nke 1 nke Symphony nke Myaskovsky No. 7 na-adọta jụụ. onyonyo nke agwa egwu. Site na ụdị polyphonic dị iche iche, okirikiri V. na-ewere ọnọdụ n'etiti njedebe nke Prokofiev's Concerto No 1. Ihe oyiyi nke àgwà egwu na-ebilite na V. site na etiti scherzo trio op. 25 Taneeva. Ewubere etiti abalị nke Debussy “Ememme” n'ụdị timbre nke isiokwu ahụ, nke na-ebuga ngagharị nke usoro mmemme carnival mara mma. N'okwu ndị dị otú ahụ niile, a na-adọta V. n'ime okirikiri, na-atụgharị uche na akụkụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke ụdị ahụ.

A na-ahọrọ ụdị V. mgbe ụfọdụ maka isi ma ọ bụ nke abụọ na sonata allegro (Glinka's Jota of Aragon, Balakirev's Overture on themes of Three Russian Songs) ma ọ bụ maka akụkụ dị oke egwu nke ụdị atọ dị mgbagwoju anya (akụkụ abụọ nke Rimsky). Korsakov's Scheherazade). Mgbe ahụ V. ikpughe. A na-ewere akụkụ dị iche iche na nkwụghachi azụ wee mepụta mgbanwe gbasasịrị. okirikiri, mgbagwoju anya nke udidi na Krom na-usoro kesara n'elu ma akụkụ ya. Frank's “Prelude, Fugue and Variation” maka akụkụ ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke otu mgbanwe na Reprise-B.

Ọdịiche ekesara. okirikiri ahụ na-etolite dị ka atụmatụ nke abụọ nke ụdị ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na c.-l. isiokwu dịgasị iche na ikwugharị. N'akụkụ a, rondo nwere ohere dị ukwuu: isi na-alọghachi. isiokwu ya abụrụla ihe dị iche iche (ngwụcha nke sonata op. 24 nke Beethoven's sonata op. 3 maka violin na piano: enwere V. abụọ na isi isiokwu na nkwughachi). N'ụdị akụkụ atọ dị mgbagwoju anya, otu ohere ahụ maka ịmepụta mgbanwe nke gbasasịrị. A na-emepe usoro okirikiri site n'ịgbanwe isiokwu mbụ - oge (Dvorak - n'etiti akụkụ nke atọ nke quartet, op. 96). Nlaghachi nke isiokwu ahụ nwere ike imesi ike dị mkpa na isiokwu ndị mepere emepe. Ọdịdị nke ngwaahịa ahụ, mgbe mgbanwe, na-agbanwe ọdịdị na àgwà nke ụda, ma na-echekwa ihe dị mkpa nke isiokwu ahụ, na-enye gị ohere ime ka okwu ya dịkwuo omimi. pụtara. Ya mere, na atọ nke Tchaikovsky, ihe jọgburu onwe ya. ch. isiokwu ahụ, na-alọghachi na akụkụ nke 1st na 2nd, site n'enyemaka nke mgbanwe dị iche iche na-eme ka ọ bụrụ njedebe - ngosipụta kachasị nke obi ilu nke ọnwụ. Na Largo sitere na Symphony nke Shostakovich No. 5, isiokwu dị mwute (Ob., Fl.) mechara, mgbe a na-eme ya na njedebe (Vc), na-enweta àgwà dị egwu nke ukwuu, na coda ọ na-ada ụda udo. Usoro mgbanwe ahụ na-etinye ebe a isi eri nke echiche Largo.

Ndịiche gbasasịrị. okirikiri na-enwekarị ihe karịrị otu isiokwu. N'ụzọ dị iche nke usoro okirikiri ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-ekpughe ụdị nkà dị iche iche. ọdịnaya. Ihe dị n'ụdị dị otú ahụ pụtara na egwu egwu dị oke egwu. prod. Tchaikovsky, to-rye jupụtara na ọtụtụ V., na-echekwa ch. egwu-isiokwu na-agbanwe so ya. Egwu. Andante Tchaikovsky dị nnọọ iche na ọrụ ya, nke e dere n'ụdị isiokwu na V. Mgbanwe na ha adịghị eduga na c.-l. mgbanwe na ụdị na ọdịdị nke egwu, Otú ọ dị, site na mgbanwe nke lyric. ihe onyonyo a na-arịgo elu nke egwu egwu. generalizations (nwayọọ mmegharị nke symphonies No. 4 na No. 5, pianoforte concerto Nke 1, quartet No. 2, sonatas op. 37-bis, n'etiti na symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", isiokwu nke ịhụnanya na "The Tempest". ", Joanna's aria sitere na opera "Maid of Orleans", wdg). Nhazi nke mgbanwe gbasasịrị. okirikiri, n'otu aka ahụ, bụ ihe si na mgbanwe dị iche iche pụta. usoro na music. ụdị, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-adabere na idoanya nke isiokwu. Ọdịdị nke ngwaahịa, nkọwa ya siri ike. Ma variant usoro mmepe nke thematism bụ obosara na iche iche nke na ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-eduga n'ichebe nke iche iche. cycles n'echiche nkịtị nke okwu ahụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ụdị efu.

Site na Ser. narị afọ nke 19 V. ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke ụdị ọtụtụ isi Symphonic na concert ọrụ, deploying a sara mbara nka echiche, mgbe ụfọdụ na a mmemme ọdịnaya. Ndị a bụ egwu nke ọnwụ Liszt, Brahms ' Variations on a Theme of Haydn, Franck's Symphonic Variations, R. Strauss's Don Quixote, Rakhmaninov's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Variations on a Theme of Rus. nar. abụ "Ị, ubi m"" nke Shebalin, "Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell" nke Britten na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dere. N'ihe gbasara ha na ndị ọzọ dị ka ha, onye kwesịrị ikwu banyere njikọ nke mgbanwe na mmepe, banyere ọdịiche-thematic usoro. iwu, wdg, nke na-esote site na nka pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju anya. ebumnuche nke ngwaahịa ọ bụla.

Mgbanwe dị ka ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ usoro thematically. mmepe bụ echiche sara mbara ma gụnye nkwugharị ọ bụla gbanwetụrụ nke dị iche n'ụzọ ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama site na ngosipụta mbụ nke isiokwu ahụ. Isiokwu dị na nke a na-aghọ egwu nọọrọ onwe ya. ihe owuwu nke na-enye ihe maka mgbanwe. N'echiche a, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ahịrịokwu mbụ nke oge, njikọ ogologo n'usoro, operatic leitmotif, Nar. abụ, wdg Isi ihe dị iche iche dị na ichekwa isiokwu. ntọala na n'otu oge ahụ na nkwalite, imelite ihe owuwu dị iche iche.

Enwere ụdị mgbanwe abụọ dị iche iche: a) nkwughachi nke isiokwu gbanwetụrụ. ihe na b) na-ewebata ihe ọhụrụ n'ime ya, na-esite na isi ihe. Na nhazi usoro, a na-egosipụta ụdị nke mbụ dị ka + a1, nke abụọ dịka ab + ac. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'okpuru bụ iberibe sitere na ọrụ WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven na PI Tchaikovsky.

N'ihe atụ sitere na sonata Mozart, myirịta ya bụ ụda olu ụtọ. ịbịaru ihe owuwu abụọ na-enye anyị ohere ịnọchite anya nke abụọ n'ime ha dị ka mgbanwe nke mbụ; N'ụzọ dị iche, na Beethoven's Largo, a na-ejikọta ahịrịokwu ndị ahụ naanị site na ụda olu mbụ. intonation, ma ya aga n'ihu na ha dị iche iche; Andantino nke Tchaikovsky na-eji otu usoro ahụ Beethoven's Largo, ma na-abawanye na ogologo nke abụọ ahịrịokwu. N'ọnọdụ niile, a na-echekwa àgwà nke isiokwu ahụ, n'otu oge ahụ, a na-eme ka ọ baa ọgaranya site n'ime ya site na mmepe nke innations mbụ ya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe owuwu isiokwu mepere emepe na-agbanwe dabere na nka izugbe. ebumnuche nke mmepụta dum.

PI Tchaikovsky. 4th Symphony, ngagharị II.

Mgbanwe bụ otu n'ime ụkpụrụ mmepe kachasị ochie, ọ na-achịkwa na Nar. egwu na ụdị ochie prof. ikpe. Mgbanwe bụ njirimara nke Western Europe. ihunanya dere . ụlọ akwụkwọ na maka Russian. oge ochie 19 - mmalite. Narị afọ 20, ọ na-agbasa "ụdị efu" ha wee banye n'ụdị eketara site na oge ochie nke Viennese. Ngosipụta nke mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịdị iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, MI Glinka ma ọ bụ R. Schumann na-ewu a mmepe nke sonata ụdị si nnukwu sequential nkeji (overture si opera "Ruslan na Lyudmila", akụkụ mbụ nke quartet op. 47 site Schumann). F. Chopin na-eduzi ch. isiokwu nke E-dur scherzo na mmepe, na-agbanwe ya modal na tonal ngosi, ma ịnọgide na-enwe Ọdịdị, F. Schubert na akụkụ mbụ nke sonata B-dur (1828) Nleta ọhụrụ isiokwu na mmepe, na-eduzi ya. n'usoro (A-dur – H-dur), wee wulite ahịrịokwu mmanya anọ site na ya, nke na-agakwa na igodo dị iche iche ka ọ na-ejigide egwu egwu. ịbịaru. Ihe atụ ndị yiri ya na egwu. lit-re na-adịghị agwụ agwụ. Ngbanwe, ya mere, abụrụla ụzọ dị mkpa na isiokwu. mmepe ebe ụkpụrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na-ewu ewu, dịka ọmụmaatụ. sonata. Na mmepụta, gravitating kwupụta Nar. ụdị, ọ na-enwe ike ijide isi ọnọdụ. Symphony ihe osise "Sadko", "Night on Bald Mountain" nke Mussorgsky, "Egwú ndị Russia asatọ" nke Lyadov, ndị mbụ ballet nke Stravinsky nwere ike ịbụ nkwenye nke a. Mkpa mgbanwe dị na egwu nke C. Debussy, M. Ravel, SS Prokofiev dị oke egwu. DD Shostakovich na-eme mgbanwe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche; maka ya, ejikọtara ya na iwebata ihe ọhụrụ, na-aga n'ihu n'ime isiokwu a maara nke ọma (ụdị "b"). N'ozuzu, n'ebe ọ bụla ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite, ịga n'ihu, melite isiokwu, na-eji intonations nke ya, ndị na-ede egwú na-atụgharị na mgbanwe.

Ụdị dị iche iche na-esonye n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche, na-eme ka ịdị n'otu mejupụtara na nkọwapụta dabere n'ụdị dị iche iche nke isiokwu ahụ. Mmepe dị iche iche na-egosi nnwere onwe ụfọdụ nke ụda olu ụtọ. na tonal ije na ọnụnọ nke a udidi nkịtị na isiokwu (n'ụdị nke mgbanwe usoro, n'ụzọ megidere, udidi na-enwe mgbanwe na mbụ). Isiokwu a, yana ụdịdị dị iche iche, mebere ụdị dị mkpa nke ezubere ikpughe onyonyo egwu kachasị. Sarabande sitere na 1st French suite nke JS Bach, ịhụnanya Pauline "Ezigbo Enyi" sitere na opera "The Queen of Spades", abụ nke ndị ọbịa Varangian sitere na opera "Sadko" nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ nke ụdị dị iche iche.

Mgbanwe, na-ekpughe ohere ndị a na-egosipụta nke isiokwu ahụ ma na-eduga n'ichepụta ihe dị adị. nka. image, bụ fundamentally dị iche iche na mgbanwe nke usoro na ọgbara ọhụrụ dodecaphone na Oghere Usoro music. N'okwu a, mgbanwe na-atụgharị gaa na myirịta n'ezie na ezigbo mgbanwe.

References: Berkov V., Glinka's variational development of nkwekọ, n'akwụkwọ ya: Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948, ch. VI; Sosnovtsev B., Ụdị dị iche iche, na mkpokọta: Saratov State University. Ihe ndekọ nchekwa, sayensị na usoro, Saratov, 1957; Protopov Vl., Ọdịiche dị na opera oge ochie nke Russia, M., 1957; ya, Usoro mgbanwe nke mmepe nke thematism na egwu Chopin, na Sat: F. Chopin, M., 1960; Skrebkova OL, Na ụzọ ụfọdụ nke harmonic mgbanwe na-arụ ọrụ nke Rimsky-Korsakov, na: Ajụjụ nke Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Adigezalova L., The variational ụkpụrụ nke mmepe nke song themes na Russian Soviet symphonic music, na: Ajụjụ nke Contemporary Music, L., 1963; Müller T., Na cyclicity nke ụdị na Russian folk songs dere site EE Lineva, na: Usoro nke Department of Music Theory nke Moscow. steeti conservatory ha. PI Tchaikovsky, vol. 1, Moscow, 1960; Budrin B., okirikiri mgbanwe dị iche iche na ọrụ Shostakovich, na: Ajụjụ nke ụdị egwu, vol. 1, M., 1967; Protopopov Vl., Usoro dị iche iche na ụdị egwu, M., 1967; nke ya, Na mgbanwe na egwu Shebalin, na mkpokọta: V. Ya. Shebalin, M., 1970

Vl. V. Protopov