Egwu ihe nkiri |

egwu ihe nkiri - egwu maka ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri. ihe nkiri, na njikọ na ụdị art-va ndị ọzọ na-ekere òkè na ogbo. ihe ngosi nke ejije. Enwere ike ịnye egwu site na onye na-ede egwuregwu, ma mgbe ahụ, ọ bụ, dịka iwu, na-akpali site na ibé ahụ ma ghara ịgafe ụdị ụbọchị ọ bụla (ịkọma, fanfares, songs, njem, ịgba egwú). Muses. Ihe ngosi ewebata n'ime arụmọrụ ahụ site na arịrịọ onye nduzi na onye na-ede egwú na-enwekarị àgwà n'ozuzu ya ma nwee ike ọ gaghị enwe mkpali nkata kpọmkwem. T.m. bụ onye na-ede egwuregwu na-arụsi ọrụ ike. ihe dị oke mkpa na ntụgharị uche na nhazi; ọ na-enwe ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ mmetụta uche, mesie DOS ike. echiche nke egwuregwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Symphony nke Beethoven's Victorious na egwu maka ihe nkiri Egmont site Goethe, egwu nke Mozart's Requiem na Pushkin's Mozart na Salieri), kọwaa oge na ebe ihe omume ahụ, kọwaa àgwà, mmetụta. tempo na rhythm nke arụmọrụ, pụta ìhè isi . njedebe, inye ịdị n'otu na arụmọrụ site n'enyemaka nke site na ntinye. mmepe na isi okwu. Dị ka ọrụ onye na-ede egwuregwu si kwuo, egwu nwere ike kwekọọ n'ihe na-eme na ogbo (mkpọpụta egwu egwu) ma ọ bụ dị iche na ya. Chọpụta egwu egwu, nke ewepụrụ na oke ogbo. omume (overture, intermissions, headpieces), na intrastage. Enwere ike dee egwu pụrụ iche maka arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ mejupụta iberibe ihe ndị ama ama. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche - site na iberibe ruo ọtụtụ. cycles ma ọ bụ otd. ụda mgbagwoju (nke a na-akpọ ngwoolu) na nnukwu symphonies. ngosipụta. T.m. na-abanye n'ime mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe ngosi nke egwuregwu na nduzi: onye na-ede egwú aghaghị ime ka ebumnuche ya kwekọọ n'ụdị egwuregwu ahụ, ụdị onye na-ede egwuregwu, oge a na-eme ihe omume, na ihe onye nduzi chọrọ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke t. m. na-aga azụ na ụdị ihe nkiri kacha ochie, nke e ketara n'okpukpe. omume ememe nke ha sịntetik. agwa. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na oge ochie. ejije ejikọtara ọnụ okwu, egwu, ịgba egwu na nha nhata. Na Grik ọzọ. ọdachi nke tolitere site na dithyramb, muses. ntọala bụ ukwe. unison abụ soro na ngwá: ga-aba. abụ nke ukwe (parod), etiti. egwu (stasima), kwubiri. ukwe (eksod), ukwe so egwu (emmeley), ukwe. mkparịta ụka-mkpesa nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ukwe (kommos). Omuma na India. ihe nkiri egwu butere ihe nkiri ahụ. ụdị ihe nkiri akwa akwa . ihe ngosi: lila (egwu-egwu egwu), katakali (pantomime), yakshagana (nchịkọta egwu, mkparịta ụka, ịgụgharị, ịgụ abụ), wdg. Mgbe e mesịrị ind. ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ edebewo egwu na ịgba egwu. ọdịdị. Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke whale ihe nkiri, ndị na-eduga ọrụ bụkwa nke agwakọtara ihe nkiri-muses. ihe nnọchianya; a na-eme nchịkọta egwu na ihe nkiri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'otu n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri na-eduga. ụdị nke Middle Ages - zaju. Na zaju, ihe omume ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na gburugburu otu agwa, onye mere ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede n'ime omume ọ bụla. arias ka egwu egwu pụrụ iche canonized maka ọnọdụ enyere. Arias nke ụdị a bụ oge izugbe, itinye uche nke mmetụta uche. voltaji. Na Japan, site na ụdị ihe nkiri ochie. ihe nnọchiteanya pụtara karịsịa bugaku (8th century) – predv. mmemme na egwu gagaku (lee egwu Japanese). A na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa site na egwu na ụlọ ihe nkiri noh (site na narị afọ nke 14 ruo 15), joruri (site na narị afọ nke 16), na kabuki (site na narị afọ nke 17). Ọ dịghị egwuregwu a na-ewu n'usoro nkwuwapụta-dị ụtọ nke e ji ewepụtapụta ịkpọpụta ederede n'otu olu. stampụ. Ndị ukwe na-ekwu maka ihe omume ahụ, na-eduzi mkparịta ụka, na-akọ akụkọ, na-eso egwu ahụ. Okwu mmeghe bụ egwu wanderings (miyuki), na njedebe a na-eme egwu maka ịtụgharị uche (yugen). Na joruri - ochie Japanese. ụlọ ihe nkiri puppet - onye na-agụ egwú na-eso pantomime na-abụ abụ, na mmụọ nke nar. akụkọ ifo site n'akụkọ na-eso shamisen. N'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri kabuki, a na-agụkwa ihe odide ahụ, a na-esonyekwa ihe ngosi ahụ na ndị na-egwu egwu nar. ngwaọrụ. Egwu metụtara ime ihe n'onwe ya ka a na-akpọ "degatari" na kabuki ma na-eme ya na ogbo; mmetụta ụda (genza ongaku) ​​n'ụzọ ihe atụ na-egosi ụda na ihe ịtụnanya nke okike (ịkụ ọkpọ na-ebufe ụda mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mwụsa mmiri, otu ịkụ aka na-egosi na ọ bụ snowed, ihe ọkụkụ na mbadamba pụrụ iche pụtara ọdịdị nke mmiri ozuzo. ọnwa, wdg), na ndị na-egwu egwu - a na-etinye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'azụ ihuenyo nke osisi bamboo. Na mmalite na njedebe nke egwuregwu ahụ, nnukwu drum (egwu ememe) na-ada ụda, mgbe a na-ebuli ákwà mgbochi ahụ ma na-agbadata, a na-akpọ osisi "ki", egwu pụrụ iche na-egwu n'oge "seriage" - ihe nkiri ahụ. na-ebuli elu na ogbo. Egwu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na kabuki. nkwado pantomime (dammari) na ịgba egwu.

Na Middle Ages. Zap. Europe, ebe ihe nkiri dị. ewefere ihe nketa nke oge ochie ka ewee chefuo, prof. ejije mepụtara. arr. kwekọrọ n'ikpe nke ụka. Na narị afọ nke 9-13. na chọọchị Katọlik, ndị ụkọchukwu na-egwuri egwu n'ihu ebe ịchụàjà lat. ihe nkiri okpukpe; na narị afọ nke 14-15. n'usoro ọmụmụ ihe nkiri ahụ ghọrọ ihe omimi nke nwere mkparịta ụka a na-ekwu, nke emere na mpụga ụlọ nsọ na mba ahụ. asụsụ. Na gburugburu ụwa, egwu na-ada n'oge ọbịbịa. ememe, masquerade processions, nar. ihe nnọchianya. Site na prof. egwu maka ụwa mepere emepe. Ihe ngosi ndị a echekwala “Egwuregwu Robin na Marion” nke Adam de la Halle, nke ọnụọgụ abụ dị nta (virele, ballads, rondo) ọzọ, wok. mkparịta ụka, ịgba egwu na instr. ndu.

Na Renaissance, Western-European. nka tụgharịrị gaa n'ọdịnala nke oge ochie. ihe nkiri; Ọdachi, ihe ọchị, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ tolitere n'ala ọhụrụ ahụ. A na-ejikarị ọmarịcha ihe ngosi nka mee ihe ngosi ha. ihe atụ atụ. na akụkọ ifo. ọdịnaya, nke gụnyere wok. ọnụọgụgụ n'ụdị madrigal na egwu egwu (Egwu Chintio "Orbecchi" na egwu nke A. della Viola, 1541; "Trojanki" nke Dolce na egwu sitere n'aka C. Merulo, 1566; "Oedipus" nke Giustiniani dere na egwu nke A. Gabrieli, 1585 ; "Aminta" nke Tasso nwere egwu sitere na C. Monteverdi, 1628). N'ime oge a, egwu (ndị na-agụgharị, aria, ịgba egwú) na-adakarị ụda n'oge ọbịbịa. masquerades, usoro mmemme (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Italian Canti, Trionfi). Na narị afọ nke 16 dabere na polygons. madrigal style bilitere pụrụ iche sịntetik. ụdị - madrigal ntochi.

English ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa nkebi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke T. m. ihe nkiri narị afọ nke 16 Ekele W. Shakespeare na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ - ndị na-ede egwuregwu F. Beaumont na J. Fletcher – na bekee. Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke oge Elizabethan mepụtara omenala siri ike nke a na-akpọ. egwu mberede - obere ihe nkwụnye nkwụnye. nọmba, organically gụnyere na ejije. Ejije Shakespeare juputara n'okwu odee nke na-akọwapụta arụmọrụ nke egwu, ịgba egwu, ịgba egwu, ịgba egwu, egwu ekele, akara agha, wdg. Ọtụtụ egwu na ihe omume nke ọdachi ya na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mkpa. ọrụ (abụ Ophelia na Desdemona, njem olili ozu na Hamlet, Coriolanus, Henry VI, ịgba egwu na bọọlụ Capulet na Romeo na Juliet). Ihe ngosi nke oge a na-eji ọtụtụ ihe ngosi egwu egwu mara. mmetụta, gụnyere a pụrụ iche nhọrọ nke ngwá dabere na ogbo. ọnọdụ: na okwu mmalite na epilogues, fanfares na-ada mgbe ndị nọ n'ọkwa pụtara, mgbe ndị mmụọ ozi, mmụọ, na ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ike mmadụ pụtara. ndị agha – opi, n’ihe ngosi nke agha – ịgbà, n’ihe nkiri ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ – oboe, n’ihe nkiri ịhụnanya – ọjà, n’ihe nkiri ịchụ nta – mpi, n’usoro olili ozu – trombone, ukwe. a na-ejikọta abụ ndị ahụ na lute. Na "Globe" t-re, na mgbakwunye na egwu nke onye edemede nyere, enwere mmeghe, nkwụsịtụ, mgbe mgbe, a na-akpọkarị ederede megide ndabere nke egwu (melodrama). Edobeghị egwu egwu egwu na ihe ngosi Shakespeare n'oge ndụ onye edemede; mara naanị edemede Bekee. ndị edemede nke oge mweghachi (ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke abụọ). N'oge a, dike ahụ na-achị ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. ejije na nkpuchi. Ihe omume n'ụdị dike. ihe nkiri ahụ jupụtara na egwu; ederede ọnụ n'ezie jikọtara muses ọnụ. ihe onwunwe. Ihe nkpuchi sitere na England na con. Na narị afọ nke 17, n'oge Ndozigharị ahụ, ọ kwagara n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri ọha, na-ejigide àgwà mgbanwe dị egwu. Na narị afọ nke 16 na mmụọ nke nkpuchi, ọtụtụ ndị emegharịrị. Ejije Shakespeare ("The Tempest" na egwu J. Banister na M. Locke, "The Fairy Queen" dabere na "A Midsummer Night's Dream" na "The Tempest" na egwu nke G. Purcell). Ihe pụtara ìhè na bekee. T. m. nke oge a bụ ọrụ G. Purcell. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ nke ngalaba T. m. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha, n'ihi nnwere onwe nke muses. dramaturgy na kacha mma nke egwu na-abịarute ihe opera (The Prọfet nwanyị, The Fairy Queen, The Tempest, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-akpọ semi-operas). Mgbe e mesịrị na English ala kpụrụ ọhụrụ sịntetik. ụdị - ballad opera. Ndị na-emepụta ya J. Gay na J. Pepusch wuru ihe nkiri nke "Opera nke ndị arịrịọ" (17) na ngbanwe nke mkparịta ụka na egwu na Nar. mmụọ. Na bekee. ihe nkiri bụkwa G. F.

Na Spain, mmalite ogbo nke mmepe nke nat. ejikọrọ ihe nkiri oge gboo na ụdị nke rappresentationes (ihe ngosi dị nsọ), yana eclogues (idyll nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ) na ihe egwuregwu - ihe nkiri agwakọta na ihe ngosi nka. prod. na arụmọrụ nke songs, agụ uri uri, ịgba egwú, na omenala nke nọgidere na zarzuelas. Ihe omume nke onye na-ese ihe kacha ukwuu na Spanish jikọtara ya na ọrụ na ụdị ndị a. onye na-ede uri na comp. X. del Encina (1468-1529). N'ala nke abụọ. Narị afọ nke 2-16 na ihe nkiri nke Lope de Vega na P. Calderon, a na-eme ụdị egwu egwu na ụdị ballet.

Na France, ndị na-agụgharị akwụkwọ, ndị ukwe, instr. M. Charpentier, JB Moreau na ndị ọzọ dere akụkọ banyere ọdachi oge ochie nke J. Racine na P. Corneille. Ọrụ nkwonkwo nke JB Molière na JB Lully, bụ ndị kere ụdị agwakọta - comedy-ballet ("Alụmdi na nwunye n'amaghị ama", "Princess of Elis", "Mr. de Pursonyak", "Georges Dandin", wdg). Mkparịta ụka mkparịta ụka na-agbanwe ebe a na ndị na-agụgharị akwụkwọ, arias, ịgba egwu. ọpụpụ (entrées) na omenala French. adv. ballet (ballet de cour) 1st floor. Narị afọ nke 17

Na narị afọ nke 18 na France, ngwaahịa mbụ pụtara. na genre nke melodrama – lyric. ogbo "Pygmalion" nke Rousseau, mere na 1770 na egwu O. Coignet; sochiri ya na melodramas Ariadne auf Naxos (1774) na Pygmalion (1779) nke Venda, Sofonisba nke Nefe (1782), Semiramide nke Mozart (1778; echekwaghị ya), Orpheus nke Fomin (1791), ntị chiri na onye arịrịọ (1802). ) na The Mystery (1807) nke Holcroft dere.

Ruo n'ala nke abụọ. Egwu narị afọ nke 2 maka ihe nkiri. Ihe ngosi na-enwekarị naanị njikọ zuru oke na ọdịnaya nke ihe nkiri ahụ ma enwere ike ibugharị ya n'efu site n'otu arụmọrụ gaa na nke ọzọ. Onye Germany na-ede egwú na ọkà mmụta echiche bụ́ I. Scheibe na “Critischer Musicus” (18-1737), e mesịa G. Lessing na “Hamburg Dramaturgy” (40-1767) wepụtakwara ihe ọhụrụ a chọrọ maka egwuregwu ahụ. egwu. “Ekwesịrị ijikọ egwu egwu nke mbụ na egwuregwu ahụ n'ozuzu ya, nkwụsị na njedebe nke ihe gara aga na mmalite nke ihe ọzọ…, egwu egwu ikpeazụ nwere ngwụcha egwuregwu… Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche agwa nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na isi echiche nke egwuregwu ahụ na-eduzi ha mgbe ha na-ede egwú" (I. Sheibe). "Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-egwu egwu na egwu anyị n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-anọchi anya ndị ukwe oge ochie, ndị ọkachamara ekwupụtala ogologo oge ọchịchọ na ọdịdị nke egwu ... na-adaba na ọdịnaya nke egwuregwu ahụ, egwuregwu ọ bụla na-achọ ihe egwu egwu pụrụ iche maka onwe ya" (G) Na-ebelata). T.m. N'oge na-adịghị anya pụtara na mmụọ nke ihe ọhụrụ chọrọ, gụnyere nke nke oge ochie nke Viennese - WA ​​Mozart (maka ihe nkiri "Tamos, Eze nke Egypt" nke Gebler, 69) na J. Haydn (maka egwuregwu "Alfred, ma ọ bụ na" Eze -Patrit" Bicknell, 1779); Otú ọ dị, egwu L. Beethoven na Goethe's Egmont (1796) nwere mmetụta kachasị ukwuu na njedebe nke ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ, nke bụ ụdị ihe nkiri nke na-ebutekarị ọdịnaya nke oge dị mkpa nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Mkpa nke nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ, zuru ezu n'ụdị symphonies abawanyela. ngosipụta (overture, intermissions, final), nke nwere ike kewapụ na arụmọrụ ma mee na njedebe. ogbo (egwu maka "Egmont" tinyekwara Goethe's "Abụ nke Clerchen", melodramas "Ọnwụ nke Clerchen", "Egmont's Dream").

T.m. Narị afọ nke 19. mepụtara na ntụziaka nke Beethoven kwuru, ma na ọnọdụ nke aesthetics nke romanticism. N'etiti ngwaahịa 1st n'ala. Egwu narị afọ nke 19 nke F. Schubert gaa na "Rosamund" nke G. von Chezy (1823), nke C. Weber si na "Turandot" nke Gozzi sụgharịrị nke F. Schiller (1809) na "Preziosa" nke Wolff (1821), nke F. Mendelssohn nye “Ruy Blas” nke Hugo dere, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” nke Shakespeare (1843), “Oedipus in Colon” ​​na “Atalia” nke Racine (1845), R. Schumann sitere na “Manfred” Byron (1848-51) . A na-ekenye ọrụ pụrụ iche na egwu na Goethe's Faust. Onye edemede na-edepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke woks. na instr. ime ụlọ - ndị ukwe, egwu, egwu egwu, njem, egwu maka ihe nkiri na katidral na Walpurgis Night, ndị agha. egwu maka ebe agha. Ọtụtụ pụtara. egwu na-arụ ọrụ, echiche nke jikọtara ya na Goethe's Faust, bụ nke G. Berlioz ("Ihe ngosi asatọ si? Faust", 1829, mechara ghọọ oratorio "The Condemnation of Faust"). Ihe atụ doro anya nke ụdị-ụlọ nat. T.m. Narị afọ nke 19. – “Ndị ọgbọ Gynt” nke Grieg (na ihe nkiri nke G. Ibsen, 1874-75) na “Arlesian” nke Bizet (na ihe nkiri nke A. Daudet, 1872).

Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19-20. na nso nso T.m. e depụtara àgwà ọhụrụ. Ndị nduzi pụtara ìhè nke oge a (KS Stanislavsky, VE Meyerhold, G. Craig, O. Falkenberg, wdg) hapụrụ egwu conc. ụdị, chọrọ pụrụ iche ụda agba, unconventional instrumentation, organic nsonye nke muses. ihe nkiri nkiri. Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke onye nduzi nke oge a wetara ụdị ihe nkiri ọhụrụ. onye na-ede ihe, na-eburu n'uche na ọ bụghị naanị ihe ngosi nke ihe nkiri ahụ, kamakwa akụkụ nke mmepụta a. Na narị afọ nke 20 omume 2 na-emekọrịta ihe, na-ebute egwu nso na ihe nkiri; Nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ ihe e ji eme ka ọrụ egwu dị ike na ihe nkiri. arụmọrụ (nnwale nke K. Orff, B. Brecht, ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwú), nke abụọ jikọtara ya na theatricalization nke muses. ụdị (ogbo cantatas nke Orff, Agbamakwụkwọ nke Stravinsky, oratorios nke A. Honegger, wdg). Ịchọ ụdị ọhụrụ nke ijikọta egwu na ihe nkiri na-edugakarị n'ịmepụta njikọ pụrụ iche. ụdị ihe nkiri na egwu ("Akụkọ nke onye agha" nke Stravinsky bụ "akụkọ ifo a ga-agụ, kpọọ na ịgba egwu", "Oedipus Rex" ya bụ opera-oratorio na onye na-agụ ya, "Nwa nwanyị mara mma" nke Orff dere bụ opera nwere nnukwu mkparịta ụka), yana maka mweghachi nke ụdị sịntetik ochie. ihe nkiri: ochie. ọdachi ("Antigone" na "Oedipus" nke Orff na-agbalị iji nkà mmụta sayensị weghachi ụzọ nke ịkpọpụta ihe odide na Greek oge ochie ihe nkiri), madrigal comedy ("Akụkọ" nke Stravinsky, obere "Catulli Carmina" nke Orff), n'etiti- narị afọ. ihe omimi (“Mbilite n’ọnwụ nke Kraịst” nke Orff, “Joan nke Arc nọ n’elu osisi” nke Honegger), akwụkwọ nsọ. ihe nkiri (ilu ndị a "Ihe omume ọgba", "nwa mmefu", akụkụ nke "Osimiri Carlew" nke Britten). Ụdị nke melodrama na-aga n'ihu na-etolite, na-ejikọta ballet, pantomime, choral na solo singing, melodeclamation (Emmanuel's Salamena, Roussel's Birth of the World, Onegger's Amphion na Semiramide, Stravinsky's Persephone).

Ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu egwu a ma ama na narị afọ nke 20 na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụdị T. m .: na France, ndị a bụ ọrụ nkwonkwo. ndị otu "Six" (sketch "The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower", 1921, dị ka onye dere ederede J. Cocteau - "nchikota nke oge ochie ọdachi na ọgbara ọhụrụ revue concert revue, ukwe na egwu ọnụ ụlọ egwu"). mmemme mkpokọta ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "The Queen Margot" Bourdet na egwu J. Ibert, D. Millau, D. Lazarọs, J. Auric, A. Roussel) na ihe nkiri. prod. Honegger (egwu maka "Dance of Death" nke C. Laronde, ihe nkiri nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ "Judith" na "Eze David", "Antigone" nke Sophocles, wdg); ihe nkiri na Germany. Egwú Orff (na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, ihe nkiri satirical The Sly Ones, ederede bụ nke na-ada ụda, na-esonyere ya na nchịkọta nke ngwá egwú; ihe egwu synthetic A Midsummer Night's Dream site Shakespeare), yana egwu na ụlọ ihe nkiri. nke B. Brecht dere. Muses. nhazi nke ihe ngosi nke Brecht bụ otu n'ime ụzọ isi mepụta mmetụta nke "mwepu", nke e mere iji mebie echiche efu nke eziokwu nke ihe na-eme na ogbo. Dị ka atụmatụ Brecht si kwuo, egwu kwesịrị ịbụ nke banal nke ọma, ọnụọgụ egwu ọkụ - zongs, ballads, choirs, nke nwere agwa etinyere, ederede ọnụ nke na-egosipụta echiche onye edemede n'ụzọ gbadoro anya. Ndị ọrụ German a ma ama na Brecht rụkọrọ ọrụ. ndị na-egwu egwu - P. Hindemith (Egwuregwu nkuzi), C. Weil (The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny Opera sketch), X. Eisler (Nne, Roundheads na Sharpheads, Galileo Galilei, Dreams Simone Machar" na ndị ọzọ), P. Dessau (" Nne Obi ike na ụmụ ya "," Ezi Nwoke si Sezuan ", wdg).

N'etiti ndị ọzọ na-ede akwụkwọ nke T.m. 19 - 1st ala. Narị afọ 20 – J. Sibelius (“Eze Ndị Kraịst” nke Pọl, “Pelléas na Mélisande” nke Maeterlinck dere, “The Tempest” nke Shakespeare), K. Debussy (ihe omimi G. D'Annunzio “Martyrdom nke St. Sebastian”) na R. Strauss (egwu maka egwuregwu nke Molière "Onye ahịa na ndị ama ama" na mmegharị n'efu nke G. von Hofmannsthal). N'ime afọ 50-70. Narị afọ nke 20 O. Messiaen tụgharịrị gaa n'ebe ihe nkiri (egwu maka ihe nkiri "Oedipus" maka ebili mmiri nke Martenot, 1942), E. Carter (egwu maka ọdachi nke Sophocles "Philoctetes", "Onye ahịa nke Venice" nke Shakespeare dere), V. Lutoslavsky ("Macbeth" na "Ndị nwunye na-enwe obi ụtọ nke Windsor" Shakespeare, "Sid" Corneille - S. Wyspiansky, "agbamakwụkwọ na-agba ọbara" na "The Wonderful Shoemaker" F. Garcia Lorca, wdg), ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nke electronic na ihe ndị ọzọ. egwu, gụnyere A. Coge ("Winter na olu na-enweghị onye" J. Tardieu), A. Thirier ("Scheherazade"), F. Arthuis ("Mkpọtụ gburugburu àgwà na-alụ ọgụ J. Vautier"), wdg.

Russian T.m. nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'oge ochie, ihe nkiri mkparịta ụka nke ihe egwu na-egwu na-esonyere “abụ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ”, ịkpọ ụbọ akwara, domra, na mpi. Na Nar. ihe nkiri tolitere site na mmemme buffoon ("Ataman", "Mavrukh", "Comedy about Tsar Maximilian", wdg), dara Russian. egwu na instr. egwu. Ụdị egwú Ọtọdọks malitere na chọọchị. omume liturgical - "Ịsacha ụkwụ", "Ihe ọkụ ọkụ", wdg (narị afọ nke 15). Na narị afọ 17-18. akụ nke music imewe dị iche iche na-akpọ. ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ (ndị na-ede egwuregwu - S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, D. Rostovsky) na aria, ndị na-agụ egwú na chọọchị. style, ego ọkpọkọ, akwa akwa, instr. ọnụọgụgụ. Comedy Choromina (nke e tọrọ ntọala na 1672) nwere nnukwu ìgwè ndị egwú nwere violin, violas, ọjà, clarinet, opi, na akụkụ ahụ. Kemgbe oge Pita Onye Ukwu, ememe na-agbasa. ngosi ihe nkiri (okwu mmalite, cantatas) dabere na ngbanwe nke ihe nkiri. ihe nkiri, mkparịta ụka, monologues nwere aria, ukwe, ballet. Ndị isi Russia (OA Kozlovsky, VA Pashkevich) na ndị na-ede egwú Ịtali tinyere aka na nhazi ha. Ruo narị afọ nke 19 na Russia enweghị nkewa na opera na ihe nkiri. ndị agha; akụkụ maka nke a n'oge ga-aga n'ihu. oge, ụdị agwakọta kpara ebe a (opera-ballet, vaudeville, comedy with choirs, musical drama, drama "on music", melodrama, etc.). pụtara. ọrụ na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme. T.m. na-egwu egwu egwu na ihe nkiri "na egwu", bụ nke kwadoro Russian. opera oge gboo na narị afọ nke 19 Na egwu OA Kozlovsky, EI Fomin, SI Davydov na ọdachi na oge ochie. na akụkọ ifo. akụkọ na Russian. ihe nkiri ịhụ mba n’anya nke VA Ozerov, Ya. operas nke narị afọ nke 19 nnukwu egwu egwu. nsogbu, nguzobe nke nnukwu ukwe weere ọnọdụ. na instr. ụdị (òtù ukwe, overtures, intermissions, ballet); n'ụfọdụ mmemme ndị dị ka ụdị operatic dị ka recitative, aria, abụ e ji mee ihe. Njirimara Russian. nka. ụdị na-apụta ìhè nke ọma na ndị na-egwu egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Natalya nwa Boyar nke SN Glinka na egwu AN Titov); akara. ihe omume stylistically jikọtara omenala nke Viennese kpochapụwo. ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmalite romanticism.

N'ala nke 1st. Narị afọ nke 19 AN Verstovsky, onye mere ihe ruru. 15 AMD ngwaahịa. (dịka ọmụmaatụ, egwu maka Pushkin's Gypsies nke VA Karatygin mere, 1832, maka Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, 1829) wee mepụta ọtụtụ cantatas na omenala nke narị afọ nke 18. (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Onye na-agụ egwú na Camp of Russian Warriors" na egwu VA Zhukovsky, 1827), AA Alyabyev (egwu maka egwu ịhụnanya nke AA Shakhovsky dabere na Shakespeare's The Tempest, 1827; "Rusalka" nke Pushkin dere, 1838). ; melodrama "Onye Mkpọrọ nke Caucasus" dabere na ederede nke uri Pushkin nke otu aha, 1828), AE Varlamov (dịka ọmụmaatụ, egwu maka Shakespeare's Hamlet, 1837). Ma na-akasị na 1st floor. A na-ahọrọ egwu narị afọ nke 19 site na ngwaahịa ndị ama ama. ndị na-ede akwụkwọ dị iche iche ma jiri ya mee ihe na ihe ngosi ruo n'ókè. New oge na Russian. Ụlọ ihe nkiri na narị afọ nke 19 meghere MI Glinka na egwu maka ihe nkiri nke NV Kukolnik "Prince Kholmsky", nke e dere obere oge ka "Ivan Susanin" (1840) gasịrị. Na nkwụsịtụ na nkwụsịtụ, ọdịnaya ihe atụ nke isi oge ihe nkiri, na-emepụta egwu egwu. ụkpụrụ nke post-Beethoven tm nwekwara obere ọrụ 3 nke Glinka mere maka ihe nkiri. ihe nkiri - aria nke ohu nwere ukwe maka ihe nkiri "Moldavian Gypsy" nke Bakhturin (1836), orc. Okwu mmeghe na ukwe maka Myatlev's "Tarantella" (1841), di na nwunye nke English maka egwuregwu "Bought Shot" nke Voikov (1854).

Rus. T.m. Ala nke abụọ. Na narị afọ nke 2 ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu jikọtara ya na dramaturgy nke AN Ostrovsky. Connoisseur na onye nchịkọta nke Russian. nar. songs, Ostrovsky na-ejikarị usoro nke njirimara site na egwu egwu. Ejije ya dị ka ochie Russian. egwu, egwu egwu, ilu, ịhụnanya petty-bourgeois, egwu ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ mkpọrọ, na ndị ọzọ. – Egwu PI Tchaikovsky maka The Snow Maiden (19), nke emepụtara maka arụmọrụ nke Bolshoi Theatre, nke a ga-ejikọta opera, ballet na ihe nkiri. ndị agha. Nke a bụ n'ihi ụbara egwu. ngosipụta na ụbara ụdị ha, na-eweta arụmọrụ nso na opera (mmeghe, oge etiti oge, ihe ngosi symphonic maka ihe nkiri n'ime ọhịa, ndị ukwe, melodramas, abụ). Atụmatụ nke "akụkọ mmiri ozuzo" chọrọ itinye aka na ihe egwu ndị mmadụ (ịgba egwu, ịgba egwu gburugburu, egwu egwu).

Omenala MI Glinka gara n'ihu MA Balakirev na egwu maka Shakespeare's King Lear (1859-1861, overture, intermissions, processions, songs, melodramas), Tchaikovsky - maka Shakespeare's Hamlet (1891) na ndị ọzọ. (Egwu maka "Hamlet" nwere usoro mmemme zuru oke na ọdịnala nke egwu egwu egwu egwu na ọnụọgụ 16 - melodramas, abụ Ophelia, onye na-eli ozu, njem olili ozu, fanfare).

Site na ọrụ ndị ọzọ Russian. ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke narị afọ nke 19 ballad nke AS Dargomyzhsky site na egwu ruo "Catherine Howard" nke Dumas père (1848) na egwu ya abụọ sitere na egwu ruo "The Schism in England" nke Calderon (1866), ed. ọnụọgụgụ site na egwu nke AN Serov na "Ọnwụ Ivan the Terrible" nke AK Tolstoy (1867) na "Nero" site Gendre (1869), ndị ukwe nke ndị mmadụ (ihe ngosi na ụlọ nsọ) MP Mussorgsky si ọdachi nke. Sophocles "Oedipus Rex" (1858-61), egwu nke EF Napravnik maka ihe nkiri. uri AK Tolstoy "Tsar Boris" (1898), egwu Vas. S. Kalinnikov ka otu mmepụta. Tolstoy (1898).

Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19-20. na T.m. enweela mgbanwe dị ukwuu. KS Stanislavsky bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-atụ aro, n'aha nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke arụmọrụ, na anyị na-ejide onwe anyị naanị na muses nke onye na-ede egwuregwu na-egosi. nọmba, kpaliri ìgwè ndị egwú n'azụ ogbo, chọrọ ka onye na-ede egwú "mara" echiche onye nduzi. Egwú maka ihe ngosi mbụ nke ụdị a bụ nke AS Arensky (intermissions, melodramas, choirs to Shakespeare's The Tempest at the Maly T-re, nke AP Lensky mere, 1905), AK Glazunov (Lermontov's Masquerade) na post nke VE Meyerhold. 1917, na mgbakwunye na ịgba egwú, pantomimes, Nina's romance, Glazunov's symphonic episodes, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy na ịhụnanya ya The Venetian Night na-eji. Na mmalite. narị afọ nke 20 Ọnwụ nke Ivan the Terrible nke Tolstoy na Snow Maiden nke Ostrovsky na egwu sitere na AT Grechaninov, abalị iri na abụọ nke Shakespeare na egwu site n'aka AN Koreshchenko, Macbeth nke Shakespeare na The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish with music by NN Cherepnin. Ịdị n'otu nke mkpebi onye nduzi na egwu. ihe ngosi nke Moscow Art Theater na egwu nke IA Sats (egwu maka Hamsun's "Drama of Life" na Andreev's "Anatem", Maeterlinck's "The Blue Bird", Shakespeare's "Hamlet" na post. English duziri G. Craig, wdg) dị iche na imewe.

Ọ bụrụ na Moscow Art Ụlọ ihe nkiri na-ejedebe ọrụ nke egwu n'ihi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke arụmọrụ, mgbe ahụ, ndị nduzi dịka A. Ya. Tairov, KA Mardzhanishvili, PP Komissarzhevsky, VE Meyerhold, EB Vakhtangov kwadoro echiche nke ihe nkiri sịntetik. Meyerhold tụlere akara onye nduzi nke arụmọrụ ahụ dị ka ihe nrụpụta wuru dịka iwu egwu siri dị. O kwenyere na a ga-amụ egwu site na arụmọrụ ma n'otu oge ahụ na-akpụzi ya, ọ na-achọ contrapuntal. ngwakọta nke egwu na atụmatụ ogbo (gụnyere DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ). Na mmepụta nke The Death of Tentagil site na Maeterlinck na Studio Theatre na Povarskaya (1905, nke IA Sats dere), Meyerhold gbalịrị ịkwado ọrụ niile na egwu; "Ahụhụ ga-adịrị uche" (1928) dabere na egwuregwu "Ahụhụ sitere na Wit" nke Griboedov dere, o ji egwu JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Field, F. Schubert mee ihe; na post. Egwu AM Fayko “Teacher Bubus” (ihe dị ka 40 fp. nke egwuregwu F. Chopin na F. Liszt) na-ada n'ihu n'ihu, dị ka ọ dị na sinima nkịtị.

The peculiarity nke egwu imewe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arụmọrụ 20 - mmalite. 30s jikọtara ya na ụdị nnwale nke mkpebi nduzi ha. Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1921, Tairov mere "Romeo na Juliet" nke Shakespeare na Kamerny T-re n'ụdị "ịhụnanya dị egwu" nke nwere nnukwu ihe nkiri, na-eme ka ihe nkiri pụta ìhè, na-atụgharị uche. ahụmahụ; N'ikwekọ na nke a, na egwu nke AN Aleksandrov maka arụmọrụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ lyric. ahịrị, ikuku nke ihe ọchị nke masks meriri. Dr. ihe atụ ụdị a bụ egwu Shostakovich maka Shakespeare's Hamlet na T-re im. Evg. Vakhtangov na post. NP Akimova (1932): onye nduzi gbanwere egwuregwu ahụ "nwere aha ọma maka ọchịchịrị na ihe omimi" n'ime obi ụtọ, obi ụtọ, nchekwube. arụmọrụ, nke parody na grotesque meriri, ọ dịghị Phantom (Akimov wepụrụ àgwà a), na kama Ophelia na-agba ara, e nwere Ophelia mmanya na-egbu egbu. Shostakovich kere akara karịa ọnụọgụ 60 - site na mpempe akwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi etinyere na ederede gaa na nnukwu egwu egwu. ngosipụta. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ egwuregwu parody (cancan, gallop of Ophelia na Polonius, Argentine tango, philistine waltz), mana enwerekwa ụfọdụ ndị dị egwu. ihe omume (“Egwu Pantomime”, “Requiem”, “Olili ozu March”). Na 1929-31 Shostakovich dere music maka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arụmọrụ nke Leningrad. t-ra nke ntorobịa na-arụ ọrụ - "Gbabe" Bezymensky, "Iwu, Britannia!" Piotrovsky, ụdị dị iche iche na arụmọrụ nke egwuregwu "Egburu nwa oge" site na Voevodin na Ryss na Leningrad. Ụlọ egwu egwu, na ntụnye nke Meyerhold, na Mayakovsky's Bedbug, emesia gaa na The Human Comedy nke Balzac dere maka T-ra im. Evg. Vakhtangov (1934), maka egwuregwu Salute, Spain! Afinogenov maka Leningrad. t-ra im. Pushkin (1936). Na egwu nke Shakespeare's "King Lear" (nke GM Kozintsev, Leningrad biputere. Bolshoy drama. tr., 1941), Shostakovich na-apụ na parody nke ụdị ụbọchị ọ bụla dị n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya, ma na-ekpughe na egwu nkà ihe ọmụma pụtara ọdachi na. mmụọ nke nsogbu akara ya. creativity nke afọ ndị a, na-emepụta akara nke egwu egwu egwu. mmepe n'ime nke ọ bụla n'ime isi atọ. akụkụ ihe atụ nke ọdachi (Lear - Jester - Cordelia). N'adịghị ka ọdịnala, Shostakovich kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ ọ bụghị na njem olili ozu, kama na isiokwu nke Cordelia.

N'ime afọ 30. ụlọ ihe nkiri anọ. The scores e kere SS Prokofiev - "Egypt Nights" maka arụmọrụ nke Tairov na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Ụlọ ihe nkiri (1935), "Hamlet" maka Ụlọ ihe nkiri-Studio nke SE Radlov na Leningrad (1938), "Eugene Onegin" na "Boris Godunov". » Pushkin maka Ụlọ Nzukọ (mmepụta abụọ ikpeazụ emeghị). Egwu maka "Eri abalị Ijipt" (ihe mejupụtara ogbo dabere na ọdachi "Caesar na Cleopatra" nke B. Shaw, "Antony na Cleopatra" nke Shakespeare na uri "Egyptian Nights" nke Pushkin) na-agụnye okwu mmeghe, nkwụsịtụ, pantomimes, recitation. ya na egwu egwu, egwu na egwu nwere ukwe. Mgbe ọ na-emepụta arụmọrụ a, onye na-ede egwú ji dec. usoro symphonic. na operatic dramaturgy - usoro nke leitmotifs, ụkpụrụ nke onye n'otu n'otu na mmegide nke decomp. oghere innation (Rome - Egypt, Anthony - Cleopatra). Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri Yu. A. Shaporin. N'ime afọ 20-30. A na-eme ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na egwu ya na Leningrad. t-rah (Big Drama, Ọmụmụ t-re nke ejije); ndị kasị akpali n'ime ha bụ "The Marriage of Figaro" nke Beaumarchais (director na artist AN Benois, 1926), "Flea" site Zamyatin (mgbe NS Leskov; dir. HP Monakhov, artist BM Kustodiev, 1926), "Sir John Falstaff" "dabere na" The Merry Wives of Windsor" nke Shakespeare (dir. NP Akimov, 1927), nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ ejije site Shakespeare, ejije site Moliere, AS Pushkin, G. Ibsen, B. Shaw, ikwiikwii. ndị na-ede egwuregwu KA Trenev, VN Bill-Belo-Tserkovsky. N'ime afọ 40. Shaporin dere egwu maka ihe ngosi nke Moscow. Obere ahia "Ivan the Terrible" nke AK Tolstoy (1944) na "abalị iri na abụọ" nke Shakespeare (1945). N'etiti ihe nkiri. ọrụ nke 30s. nnukwu ọha mmadụ. Egwu TN Khrennikov maka ihe ọchị Shakespeare Much Ado About Nothing (1936) nwere mmetụta.

Na ngalaba nke T.m. enwere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. nke AI Khachaturian kere; ha na-azụlite omenala conc. akara. T.m. (ihe dị ka ihe ngosi 20; n'etiti ha - egwu maka egwu G. Sundukyan na A. Paronyan, Shakespeare's Macbeth na King Lear, Lermontov's Masquerade).

Na arụmọrụ dabere na egwuregwu nke ikwiikwii. ndị na-ede egwuregwu na isiokwu sitere n'oge a. ndụ, yana na mmepụta nke kpochapụwo. ejije kpụrụ ụdị egwu pụrụ iche. imewe, dabere na ojiji nke ikwiikwii. uka, estr. lyric na egwu egwu, ditties ("The Cook" nke Sofronov na egwu nke VA Mokrousov, "The Long Road" nke Arbuzov na egwu VP Solovyov-Sedogo, "Eze gba ọtọ" nke Schwartz na "abalị iri na abụọ" nke Shakespeare dere na egwu. site ES Kolmanovsky na ndị ọzọ); na ụfọdụ arụmọrụ, karịsịa na mejupụtara nke Mosk. t-ra ejije na ihe nkiri na Taganka (nke Yu. P. Lyubimov duziri), gụnyere abụ nke mgbanwe. na afọ ndị agha, egwu ntorobịa ("ụbọchị 10 nke na-ama jijiji ụwa", "The Fallen and the Living", wdg). N'ọtụtụ ihe nrụpụta ọgbara ọhụrụ na-agbasi mbọ ike na egwu egwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ. na egwuregwu Leningrad. t-ra im. Leningrad City Council (onye nduzi IP Vladimirov) "The Taming of the Shrew" na egwu site na GI Gladkov, ebe ndị odide na-eme estr. egwu (nke dị na egwu dị na ụlọ ihe nkiri B. Brecht), ma ọ bụ The Chosen One of Fate nke S. Yu duziri. Yursky (nke S. Rosenzweig dere). Na ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke egwu na ihe nkiri nke mmepụta ihe na-abịaru nso ụdị sịntetik. Meyerhold Ụlọ ihe nkiri ("Pugachev" na music nke YM Butsko na karịsịa "The Master and Margarita" nke MA Bulgakov na music site EV Denisov na Moscow Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Drama na Comedy on Taganka, director Yu. P. Lyubimov). Otu n'ime ihe kacha mkpa. na-arụ ọrụ - egwu GV Sviridov maka ihe nkiri AK Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1973, Moscow. Maly Tr).

B. 70s. 20 c. na mpaghara T. m. много работали Yu. M. Butsko, VA Gavrilin, GI Gladkov, SA Gubaidulina, EV Denisov, KA Karaev, AP Petrov, NI Peiko, NN Sidelnikov, SM Slonimsky, ML Tariverdiev, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, A. Ya. Eshpai et al.

References: Tairov A., onye nduzi Zaptsky, M., 1921; Dasmanov V., Egwuregwu egwu egwu na ụda imewe, M., 1929; Satz NI, Music na ụlọ ihe nkiri maka ụmụaka, n'akwụkwọ ya: Ụzọ anyị. Ụlọ ihe nkiri ụmụaka nke Moscow…, Moscow, 1932; Lacis A., Ụlọ ihe nkiri Revolutionary nke Germany, Moscow, 1935; Ignatov S., ihe nkiri Spanish nke narị afọ XVI-XVII, M.-L., 1939; Begak E., Ngwakọta egwu maka arụmọrụ, M., 1952; Glumov A., Egwu na ụlọ ihe nkiri Russia dị egwu, Moscow, 1955; Druskin M., Egwu ihe nkiri, na mkpokọta: Essays na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Russia, L., 1956; Bersenev I., Egwu na-arụ ọrụ dị egwu, n'akwụkwọ ya: isiokwu ndị anakọtara, M., 1961; Brecht B., Ụlọ ihe nkiri, vol. 5, M., 1965; B. Izrailevsky, Music na arụmọrụ nke Moscow Art Ụlọ ihe nkiri, (Moscow, 1965); Rappoport, L., Arthur Onegger, L., 1967; Meyerhold W., edemede. Akwụkwọ ozi.., ch. 2, M., 1968; Sats I., Site na akwụkwọ ndetu, M., 1968; Weisbord M., FG Lorca - onye egwu, M., 1970; Milyutin P., Ngwakọta egwu nke egwu dị egwu, L., 1975; Egwu n'ime ihe nkiri Dramatic, Sat. st., L., 1976; Konen W., Purcell na Opera, M., 1978; Tarshis N., Egwu maka ịrụ ọrụ, L., 1978; Barclay Squire W., egwu dị egwu nke Purcell, 'SIMG', Jahrg. 5, 1903-04; Pedrell F., La musique indigine dans le thûvtre espagnol du XVII siîcle, tam je; Waldthausen E. von, Die Funktion der Musik im klassischen deutschen Schauspiel, Hdlb., 1921 (Diss.); Kre11 M., Das deutsche Ụlọ ihe nkiri der Gegenwart, Münch. - lpz., 1923; Wdtz R., Schauspielmusik zu Goethes «Faust», Lpz., 1924 (Diss.); Aber A., ​​Die Musik im Schauspiel, Lpz., 1926; Riemer O., Musik und Schauspiel, Z., 1946; Gassner J., Na-emepụta egwuregwu, NY, 1953; Manifold JS, Egwu na ihe nkiri Bekee sitere na Shakespeare ruo Purcell, L., 1956; Settle R., Egwu na ụlọ ihe nkiri, L., 1957; Sternfeld FW, Musio na ọdachi Shakespearean, L., 1963; Cowling JH, Egwu na ogbo Shakespearean, NY, 1964.

TB Baranova