Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina (Sofia Gubaidulina) |

Sofia Gubaidulina

N'oge awa ahụ, mkpụrụ obi, poems Ụwa n'ebe ọ bụla ị chọrọ ịchị, - a obí nke mkpụrụ obi, Mkpụrụ obi, poems. M. Tsvetaeva

S. Gubaidulina bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ Soviet kachasị mkpa nke ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. Egwu ya na-eji ike mmetụta uche dị ukwuu, nnukwu usoro mmepe na, n'otu oge ahụ, echiche dị nro nke nkwupụta ụda - ọdịdị nke timbre ya, usoro ịrụ ọrụ.

Otu n'ime ọrụ dị mkpa nke SA Gubaidulina setịpụrụ bụ ịmepụta atụmatụ nke omenala West na East. A na-eme nke a site na mmalite ya sitere na ezinụlọ Russia-Tatar, ndụ mbụ na Tataria, mgbe ahụ na Moscow. N'ịbụ nke na-abụghị nke "avant-gardism", ma ọ bụ "minimalism", ma ọ bụ "mgbagharị akụkọ ifo ọhụrụ" ma ọ bụ usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ ọ bụla ọzọ, o nwere ụdị onye ọ bụla na-egbuke egbuke nke ya.

Gubaidulina bụ onye dere ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ụdị dị iche iche. Opuses olu na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya niile: "Facelia" nke mbụ dabere na uri nke M. Prishvin (1956); cantatas "N'abalị na Memphis" (1968) na "Rubaiyat" (1969) na St. ndị na-agụ uri oriental; oratorio "Laudatio pacis" (n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri J. Comenius, na mmekorita ya na M. Kopelent na PX Dietrich - 1975); "Echere" maka ndị soloists na eriri ensemble (1983); "Nraranye nye Marina Tsvetaeva" maka ukwe cappella (1984) na ndị ọzọ.

Ndị kasị ukwuu otu nke ụlọ mejupụtara: Piano Sonata (1965); Ọmụmụ ihe ise maka ụbọ akwara, bass abụọ na ịgba egwu (1965); "Concordanza" maka nchịkọta ngwá ọrụ (1971); 3 eriri quartets (1971, 1987, 1987); "Egwu maka ụbọ akwara na ngwá egwú si na nchịkọta Mark Pekarsky" (1972); "Detto-II" maka cello na 13 ngwá (1972); Etudes iri (Mmalite) maka cello solo (1974); Concerto maka bassoon na obere eriri (1975); "Ìhè na ọchịchịrị" maka akụkụ (1976); "Detto-I" - Sonata maka akụkụ na percussion (1978); "De prolundis" maka bọtịnụ accordion (1978), "Jubilation" maka ndị na-egwu egwu anọ (1979), "Na croce" maka cello na akụkụ (1979); "Na mmalite e nwere rhythm" maka 7 drummers (1984); "Quasi hoketus" maka piano, viola na bassoon (1984) na ndị ọzọ.

Mpaghara nke ọrụ Symphonic nke Gubaidulina gụnyere "Nzọụkwụ" maka ndị egwú (1972); "Oge awa nke mkpụrụ obi" maka ịgba egwu solo, mezzo-soprano na egwu egwu egwu na St. Marina Tsvetaeva (1976); Concerto maka ndị egwu egwu abụọ, ụdị dị iche iche na egwu egwu (1976); concertos maka piano (1978) na violin na ndị egwú (1980); Ihe egwu egwu “Stimmen… Verftummen…” (“Anụ m… Ọ gbachiri nkịtị…” - 1986) na ndị ọzọ. Otu ihe mejupụtara bụ naanị eletrọnịkị, "Vivente - non vivante" (1970). Egwú Gubaidulina maka sinima dị ịrịba ama: "Mowgli", "Balagan" (cartoons), "Vertical", "Department", "Smerch", "Scarecrow", wdg Gubaidulina gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kazan Conservatory na 1954 dị ka pianist ( ya na G. Kogan), mụụrụ A. Lehman n'ụdị nhọrọ. Dị ka onye na-ede egwú, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Moscow Conservatory (1959, na N. Peiko) na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ (1963, na V. Shebalin). N'ịchọ itinye onwe ya naanị maka imepụta ihe, ọ họọrọ ụzọ onye na-ese ihe n'efu maka oge ndụ ya niile.

Creativity Gubaidulina amachaghị nke ọma n'oge oge “nkwụsịtụ”, naanị perestroika wetara ya amara. Ọrụ nke nna ukwu Soviet nwetara nyocha kachasị elu na mba ọzọ. Ya mere, n'oge Boston Festival of Soviet Music (1988), a kpọrọ otu n'ime isiokwu ndị ahụ: "The West Discovers the Genius of Sofia Gubaidulina."

N'ime ndị na-egwu egwu nke Gubaidulina bụ ndị a ma ama: onye nduzi G. Rozhdestvensky, onye na-egwu violin G. Kremer, cellists V. Tonkha na I. Monighetti, bassoonist V. Popov, onye ọkpụkpọ F. Lips, onye na-egwu egwu M. Pekarsky na ndị ọzọ.

Ụdị mkpọ nke Gubaidulina n'otu n'otu weere ọnọdụ n'etiti 60s, malite na Etudes ise maka ụbọ akwara, bass abụọ na ịkwa ụda, jupụtara na ụda ime mmụọ nke mkpokọta ngwá ọrụ na-adịghị mma. Nke a sochiri 2 cantatas, isiokwu a na-agwa East - "N'abalị na Memphis" (na ederede sitere na egwu Ijipt oge ochie nke A. Akhmatova na V. Potapova sụgharịrị) na "Rubaiyat" (na amaokwu Khaqani, Hafiz, Khayyam). Abụọ cantatas na-ekpughe isiokwu mmadụ ebighi ebi nke ịhụnanya, iru uju, owu ọmụma, nkasi obi. N'ime egwu, a na-ejikọta ihe egwu nke oriental melismatic na ihe nkiri dị irè nke ọdịda anyanwụ, yana usoro nhazi nke dodecaphonic.

Na 70s, ọ bụghị ebu site na ma "ọhụrụ mfe" style na-agbasa na Europe, ma ọ bụ usoro nke polystylists, nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eji site na-eduga composers nke ọgbọ ya (A. Schnittke, R. Shchedrin, wdg). ), Gubaidulina gara n'ihu na-achọ mpaghara nkwupụta ụda (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Ten Etudes maka Cello) na egwu egwu. Ihe egwu maka bassoon na eriri dị ala bụ mkparịta ụka dị nkọ "ihe nkiri" n'etiti "dike" (solo bassoon) na "ìgwè mmadụ" (otu cellos na okpukpu abụọ). N'otu oge ahụ, a na-egosipụta esemokwu ha, bụ nke na-agafe ọkwa dị iche iche nke nghọtahie: "ìgwè mmadụ" na-etinye ọnọdụ ya na "dike" - mgba n'ime ime nke "dike" - "nkwenye ya nye ìgwè mmadụ" na omume fiasco nke isi "agwa".

"Oge awa nke mkpụrụ obi" maka ịgba egwu solo, mezzo-soprano na orchestra nwere mmegide nke mmadụ, ukwe na ike ike, ụkpụrụ adịghị mma; ihe si na ya pụta bụ mmechi olu egwu egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ruo n'amaokwu "Atlantean" nke M. Tsvetaeva. N'ime ọrụ Gubaidulina, nkọwa ihe atụ nke ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche pụtara: "Ìhè na Ọchịchịrị" maka akụkụ ahụ, "Vivente - non vivente". ("Living --adịghị ndụ") maka eletrọnịkị synthesizer, "Na croce" ("Crosswise") maka cello na akụkụ (2 ngwá na-agbanwe isiokwu ha n'oge mmepe). N'ime afọ 80. Gubaidulina na-emepụtakwa ọrụ nke nnukwu atụmatụ buru ibu, wee gaa n'ihu na isiokwu "oriental" ọkacha mmasị ya, na-abawanye nlebara anya ya na egwu olu.

Ogige ọṅụ na iru uju maka ọjà, viola na ụbọ akwara ka e nyere ekpomeekpo oriental a nụchara anụcha. Na nke a mejupụtara, aghụghọ melismatics nke abụ ọma bụ whimsical, interweaving nke elu ndekọ ngwá bụ ihe magburu onwe.

Ihe nkiri maka violin na orchestra, nke onye edemede na-akpọ "Offertorium", na-agụnye echiche nke ịchụ àjà na ịmụghachi ndụ ọhụrụ site na egwu egwu. Isiokwu sitere na “onyinye egwu” JS Bach na nhazi ndị egwu egwu nke A. Webern na-eme dị ka akara egwu. Ụdọ eriri nke atọ (otu akụkụ) na-esi n'ọdịnala nke quartet oge gboo, ọ dabere na ọdịiche nke pizzicato "mmadụ mere" na egwu egwu "emeghị eme", nke a na-enyekwa ihe atụ pụtara ìhè. .

Gubaidulina na-ewere "Perception" ("Perception") maka soprano, baritone na ngwa eriri 7 na akụkụ iri na atọ dị ka otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha mma. Ọ malitere n'ihi nzikọrịta ozi ya na F. Tanzer, mgbe onye na-ede uri zigaara ihe odide nke uri ya, onye dere ya zara ma okwu ọnụ na nke egwu. Otu a ka mkparịta ụka ihe atụ dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị siri bilie na isiokwu ndị a: Onye Okike, Okike, okike, okike. Gubaidulina nwetara ebe a ụbara, penetrating expressiveness nke olu akụkụ na-eji a dum ọnụ ọgụgụ nke olu usoro kama nkịtị ịbụ abụ: dị ọcha na-abụ abụ, aspirated abụ, Sprechstimme, dị ọcha okwu, aspirated okwu, intoned okwu, ntakwu nta. N'ọnụọgụgụ ụfọdụ, agbakwunyere teepu magnetik nwere ndekọ nke ndị sonyere na arụmọrụ ahụ. Mkparịta ụka lyrical-nkà ihe ọmụma nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-agafe na ọkwa nke ọdịdị ya n'ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ (Nkeji 13 "Lee", Nke 1 "Anyị", Nke 2 "M", Nke 9). "Mụ na Gị"), na-abịa na njedebe ya na Nke 10 "Ọnwụ nke Monty" Akụkụ a kacha dị egwu bụ ballad banyere ịnyịnya ojii Monty, bụ onye na-ewerebu ihe nrite na agbụrụ, ma ugbu a, a raara ya nye, ree ya, tie ya ihe. , nwụrụ anwụ. Nke 12 "olu" na-eje ozi dị ka okwu na-agwụ agwụ. Okwu mmeghe na mmechi nke ikpeazụ – “Stimmen… Verstummen…” (“Voices... Silenced…”) jere ozi dị ka ndepụta okwu maka Gubaidulina nnukwu ngagharị iri na abụọ nke mbụ Symphony, nke gara n'ihu n'echiche nka nke “Perception”.

Enwere ike igosi ụzọ Gubaidulina na nka site n'okwu ndị sitere na cantata ya "N'abalị na Memphis": "Mee omume gị n'ụwa site na ọchịchọ nke obi gị."

V. Kholopova