Ụdị Polyphonic |

Polyphonic Ọdịiche - ụdị egwu dabere na ịmegharị isiokwu ugboro ugboro nwere mgbanwe nke ọdịdị mgbochi. AP a. nwere ike ịbụ egwu kwụụrụ onwe ya. prod. (aha to-rogo mgbe ụfọdụ na-ekpebi ụdị ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. “Mgbanwe Canonical na Abụ ekeresimesi” nke I. C. Bach) ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu cyclic. prod. (N'ezie sitere na fp. quintet g-moll op. 30 Taneyev), ihe omume na cantata, opera (ịgba egwu "The Wonderful Heavenly Queen" sitere na opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia" nke Rimsky-Korsakov dere); Ọtụtụ mgbe P. a. - akụkụ nke nke ka ukwuu, gụnyere. na-abụghị polyphonic, ụdị (mmalite nke Central ngalaba nke 2nd ije nke Myaskovsky 5th symphony); mgbe ụfọdụ a na-etinye ha na ndị na-abụghị polyphonic. okirikiri mgbanwe ("Symphonic etudes" nke Schumann). KP. a. njirimara izugbe niile nke ụdị dị iche iche dị (ịkpụzi, nkewa n'ime siri ike na n'efu, wdg); okwu a juru ebe nile. arr. na ikwiikwii musicology. AP a. jikọtara ya na echiche nke polyphony. mgbanwe, nke na-egosi contrapuntal. nwelite isiokwu, ngalaba ụdị, akụkụ nke okirikiri (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmalite nke ngosi, Ogwe 1-26, na nkwughachi, Ogwe 101-126, na ngagharị nke abụọ nke egwu egwu Beethoven nke mbụ; chimes II nwere okpukpu abụọ na Bach's English Suite No 2; "Chromatic mepụtara" Mba. 145 sitere na "Microcosmos" nke Bartok dere); Mgbanwe polyphonic bụ ihe ndabere nke ụdị agwakọtara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, P. narị afọ, fugue na akụkụ atọ dị na aria No 3 si Bach's cantata No 170). Isi pụtara polyphonic. mgbanwe dị iche iche: iwebata olu mgbochi (nke ogo nnwere onwe dị iche iche), gụnyere. na-anọchi anya melodic-rhythmic. isi nhọrọ. Isiokwu; ngwa nke ịdị ukwuu, ntụgharị isiokwu, wdg; polyphonization nke chord ngosi na melodicization nke na-eso ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-enye ha àgwà nke ostinato, ojiji nke iṅomi, canons, fugues na ha iche; ojiji nke mgbagwoju anya counterpoint; na polyphony nke narị afọ nke 20. - aleatorics, mgbanwe nke usoro dodecaphone, wdg. Na P. a. (ma ọ bụ karịa - na polyphonic. mgbanwe), a na-enye echiche nke ihe mejupụtara ya site n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, nke ọ dị mkpa iji chekwaa otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa nke isiokwu ahụ na-agbanweghị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe ngosi mbụ na ogwe 1-3 na polyphonically dịgasị iche iche). na mmanya 37-39 nke minuet nke g-moll symphony Mozart); Otu n'ime ụzọ nhazi kachasị mkpa bụ ostinato, nke dị na metric. na-adịgide adịgide na nkwekọ. nkwụsi ike; ịdị n'otu nke ụdị P. a. na-ekpebikarị site na nlọghachi mgbe niile na c.-l. ụdị ngosi polyphonic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na canon), mgbagwoju anya nke nkà na ụzụ nke nta nke nta, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ olu, wdg. Maka P. a. mmecha na-adịkarị, ka-rye nchikota dara polyphonic. ngosipụta ma chịkọta usoro eji eme ihe; o nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi siri ike. ngwakọta (dịka na Bach's Goldberg Variations, BWV 988), canon (Largo si na 8th symphony, prelude gis-moll op. 87 Ọ dịghị 12 Shostakovich); pl. okirikiri mgbanwe (gụnyere ndị na-abụghị polyphonic, nke, agbanyeghị, a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa site na polyphonic. usoro mmepe) mechie na fugue-iche, ọmụmaatụ. na op. AP NA. Tchaikovsky, M. Regera, B. Britt na ndị ọzọ. N'ihi na a na-ejikọkarị usoro a na ihe ngosi homophonic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ibufe egwu site na olu elu gaa na bass, dị ka ebe a na-ebugharị kwụ ọtọ), yana na P. a. A na-eji ụzọ homophonic nke mgbanwe eme ihe, oke n'etiti polyphonic. na-abụghị polyphonic. ọdịiche bụ ikwu. AP a. A na-ekewa n'ime ostinato (gụnyere ikpe ebe isiokwu na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na-agbanwe, dịka fp. "Basso ostinato" Shchedrin) na neostinato. Ihe kachasị P. a. na bass isi ike. Enwere ike idowe egwu na-emegharị ugboro ugboro n'olu ọ bụla (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị nna ukwu nke ụdị siri ike na-etinyekarị cantus firmus na tenor (2)) ma bufee ya n'otu olu gaa na nke ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nke atọ "Akpagbula, ezigbo" sitere na opera Glinka “Ivan Susanin” ); nkọwa izugbe maka okwu ndị a bụ P. a. ka ụda na-adịgide adịgide. Ụdị ostinate na neostinate na-ebikọkarị ọnụ, enweghị oke doro anya n'etiti ha. AP a. si na Nar bia. omume ice, ebe egwu nwere nkwugharị ugboro na-enweta polyphonic dị iche. ihe ndozi. Ihe atụ mbụ nke P. a. na prof. egwu bụ nke ostinato ụdị. Otu ihe atụ e ji mara bụ motet nke narị afọ nke 13. ụdị galliard (lee na Art. Polyphony), nke dabere na ahịrị bass 3 nke abụ Gregorian. Ụdịdị dị otú ahụ juru ebe nile (motets “Speravi”, “Trop plus est bele – Biauté paree – je ne sui mie” nke G. de Machot). Ndị nna ukwu nke ụdị siri ike na-eme na P. a. ga-ekwupụta. usoro polyphonic. ire, wdg. usoro egwu egwu. mgbanwe. Типичен мотет «La mi la sol» X. Izaka: cantus firmus na-emegharị ugboro ise na tenor na uda na-ebelata na geometric. ọganihu (na-esote njide na ugboro abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ), a na-emepụta ihe mgbochi site na isi. isiokwu na mbelata (lee ihe atụ n'okpuru). Ụkpụrụ P. a. mgbe ụfọdụ na-eje ozi dị ka ntọala nke Mass - na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbụ isi cyclic. ụdị: cantus firmus, rụrụ dị ka ostinato n'akụkụ nile, bụ ogidi nkwado nke nnukwu mgbanwe okirikiri (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na masses on L'homme armé nke Josquin Despres, Palestrina). Sov. ndị nchọpụta V. AT. Protopov na S. C. A na-ewere scrapers polyphonic. mgbanwe (na ostinato, dị ka ụkpụrụ nke germination na strophic si dị. ụdị) ndabere nke ụdị nṅomi nke narị afọ nke 14-16. (cm. Polyphony). N'oge ochie P. a. A naghị eme cantus firmus iche iche tupu ọdịiche ahụ; A kwadoro omenala nke ikwupụta isiokwu kpọmkwem maka mgbanwe site n'itinye okwu (cf. Intonation, VI) - site n'ịbụ abụ okwu mmeghe nke chorale tupu Mass; Edebere nnabata n'oge na-adịbeghị anya karịa narị afọ nke 16. na ọbịbịa nke passacaglia na chaconne, nke ghọrọ ụdị ndị isi nke P.

Ihe mkpali maka mmepe P. nke narị afọ. (gụnyere neostinata) bụ ngwá ọrụ na ohere ihe atụ ya.

Ụdị ọkacha mmasị bụ mgbanwe ụda olu, bụ nke organ P. v. S. Scheidt gosipụtara na "Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz".

Organ P. in. Ya. P. Sweelinka na "Est-ce Mars" - ornamental (a na-eche isiokwu ahụ na ederede na njedebe na-ahụkarị (3)), siri ike (a na-echekwa ụdị isiokwu ahụ), neostinata - dị iche iche na-ewu ewu na 16. -17 narị afọ. ọdịiche dị na isiokwu egwu.

N'etiti neostinatny P. na. 17th-18th narị afọ ndị kasị mgbagwoju bụ ndị na-na kọntaktị na fugue. Ya mere, ruo P. narị afọ. nsochi nke mkpughe, dịka na fugues F-dur na g-moll D. Buxtehude.

Ihe mejupụtara ya siri ike karị. G. Frescobaldi: mbụ 2 fugues, mgbe ahụ 3rd fugue mgbanwe (ijikọta isiokwu nke gara aga fugues) na 4th fugue mgbanwe (na ihe nke 1st).

Egwu nke JS Bach - akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma nke P. v. Bach kere okirikiri nke choral iche, to-rye na ọtụtụ. ikpe na-abịaru nso n'efu n'ihi ntinye mmezi n'etiti nkebiokwu nke chorale. Otu ụdị ahụ na-agụnye ememe " Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song "(BWV 769) - usoro nke ụda olu abụọ-iche na cantus firmus (na octave, ise, asaa na octave n'ịdị elu; nke atọ na 3th canons nwere n'efu. olu); na mgbanwe nke 4 ikpeazụ, chorale bụ ihe nke canons na-ekesa (na nke isii, nke atọ, nke abụọ, ọ dịghị) na olu abụọ n'efu; n'ememe. coda isii na-ejikọta nkebiokwu niile nke chorale. Akụ na ụba pụrụ iche nke mgbanwe polyphonic na-ekewapụ "Goldberg Variations": a na-ejikọta okirikiri site na bass dị iche iche na nloghachi - dị ka nkwụsị - na usoro nke canon. A na-etinye canons ụda olu abụọ nwere olu efu na mgbanwe nke atọ ọ bụla (enweghị olu efu na mgbanwe nke 5), oge nke canons na-agbasa site n'otu n'otu na nke ọ bụla (na-ekesa na 27th na 12th variation); na ndị ọzọ ọdịiche - ọzọ polyphonic. ụdị, n'etiti ha fughetta (nke iri) na quadlibet (15th mgbanwe), ebe ọtụtụ isiokwu song ndị na-eji obi ụtọ na-emegide. A na-amata akụkụ passa-calla na c-moll (BWV10) site na ike na-enweghị atụ nke mmepe n'ụdị na-aga n'ihu, nke ejiri fugue kpuchie ya dị ka njikọ semantic kacha elu. Ngwa ọhụrụ nke echiche na-ewuli elu nke ihe mejupụtara okirikiri na-adabere n'otu isiokwu na-akọwa "Art nke Fugue" na "onyinye egwu" nke Bach; dị ka free P. in. ụfọdụ cantatas na-wuru na chorales (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mba 30).

Site n'ala nke abụọ. Ọdịiche nke narị afọ nke 2 na polyphony ka edobere: polyphonic. mgbanwe na-eje ozi na-ekpughe isiokwu homophonic, gụnyere na kpochapụwo. ụdị mgbanwe. Ya mere, L. Beethoven ji fugue mee ihe dị ka otu n'ime ọdịiche (mgbe maka dynamization, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 18 dị iche iche op. 33, fugato na Larghetto site na 120th symphony) ma kwupụta ya dị ka njedebe nke mgbanwe mgbanwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdịiche Es-dur op .7). Ọtụtụ P. na okirikiri ha na-etolite ngwa ngwa "ụdị atụmatụ nke abụọ" (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Brahms' "Variations on a Theme of Handel", nke 35th mgbanwe-canon na-achikota mmepe gara aga ma si otú a na-atụ anya fugue ikpeazụ. ). Ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa sitere na iji polyphonic eme ihe. ọdịiche - ngwakọta homophonic-polyphonic. ụdị (lee ụdị efu). Nlereanya kpochapụwo – na Op. Mozart, Beethoven; na Op. ndị na-emepụta oge ndị na-esote - njedebe nke piano. quartt op. 2 Schumann, 6nd mmegharị nke Glazunov's 47 Symphony (a na-ejikọta sarabandes na agwa ya na mmegharị atọ, concentric na sonata ụdị), njedebe nke egwu egwu 2 nke Myaskovsky (rondo sonata na mgbanwe nke isi isiokwu). Otu pụrụ iche bụ nke ọrụ ebe P. v. na fugue: Sanctus si Berlioz's Requiem (mmeghe na fugue laghachi na nnukwu polyphonic na orchestral mgbagwoju); ngosi na strettas na fugue si na Glinka Okwu Mmalite na opera Ivan Susanin na-ekewa site na ukwe nke na-ewebata àgwà nke mgbanwe polyphonic. ụdị njikọ; na mmalite nke opera Lohengrin, Wagner tụnyere P. v. isiokwu na nzaghachi nzaghachi. Ostinatnye P. v. na egwu 7nd floor. A na-eji narị afọ nke 27-2 eme ihe na-adịkarị obere ma na-atọ ụtọ. Beethoven dabere na omenala chaconnes oge ochie na 18 ọdịiche dị na c-moll, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-akọwa P. v. na basso ostinato dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu ụdị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na coda dị egwu nke 19st ije nke 32th symphony); ndabere nke ikpeazụ obi ike nke 1rd symphony bụ P. v. on basso ostinato (isi okwu mmalite), nke na-ekpughe atụmatụ nke rondo (nkwughachi nke 9nd, isi isiokwu), tripartite (nlaghachi nke isi igodo na 3nd fugato). ) na ụdị concentric. Ngwakọta pụrụ iche a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nduzi maka I. Brahms (ngwụcha nke 2th symphony) na ndị na-agụ egwú nke narị afọ nke 2.

Na narị afọ nke 19 na-aghọ polyphonic zuru ebe niile. mgbanwe na abụ a kwadoro; Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ soprano ostinato - ụdị ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere basso ostinato, na-adịchaghị mma, ma nwere nnukwu agba. (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe nke abụọ na ndị egwu Peshia sitere na Glinka's Ruslan na Lyudmila) na visual (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngosipụta na abụ Varlaam sitere na Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov) ohere, ebe ọ bụ na P. v. na soprano ostinato isi. mmasị na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe polyphonic. (yana nkwekọ, orc., wdg) imepụta egwu. Isiokwu ndị a na-atọkarị ụtọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Et incarnatus sitere na Mass Es-dur Schubert, mmalite nke mmegharị Lacrimosa sitere na Verdi's Requiem), dịkwa n'oge a. egwu (2nd nke Messiaen's "Liturgies Atọ nke nta"). Yiri P. in. na-esonye n'ụdị isi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Larghetto sitere na egwu egwu Beethoven nke asaa) na-ejikarị ụdị ndị ọzọ dị iche iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Glinka's Kamarinskaya, Glazunov iche na piano op. 2, Reger's Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart). ). Glinka na-achịkọta ọnụ P. narị afọ. n'abụ abụ na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ụdị ihe abụọ nwere ike ibugharị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe a na-ebugharị kwụ ọtọ n'ụdị dị iche iche nke atọ ahụ "Akwụsịla, ezigbo" site na opera "Ivan Susanin"; na akwụkwọ akụkọ "Kedu oge magburu onwe ya" site na opera. "Ruslan na Lyudmila" contrapuntal gburugburu ebe obibi na-abanye na rispost dị ka P. v. na propost). Mmepe nke omenala Glinka mere ka ọdịdị ọdịdị ahụ pụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. op. Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov, Tchaikovsky na ndị ọzọ. Ejiri ya na nhazi nke bunks. Abụ nke AV Alexandrov (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Ọ bụghị otu ụzọ n'ọhịa"), Ukraine. onye na-ede egwú ND Leontovich (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "N'ihi ugwu nkume", "Poppy"), Uzbek. onye na-ede egwú M. Burkhanov ("N'elu ugwu dị elu"), onye na-ede egwú Estonia V. Tormis (ụdị ostinato dị iche iche na-eji usoro harmonic na polyphonic nke oge a na usoro choral "Abụ nke St John's Day") na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. ndị ọzọ

Na narị afọ nke 20 P. uru in. (nke bụ isi na basso ostinato) abawanyela nke ukwuu; ikike nhazi nke ostinato na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-emebi emebi nke oge a. nkwekọ, na n'otu oge ahụ basso ostinato, na-enye ohere maka ihe ọ bụla contrapuntal. na polytonal layers, anaghị egbochi harmonic. nnwere onwe. Na nlọghachi na ụdị ostinato, aesthetics na-ekere òkè. nrụnye nke neoclassicism (dịka ọmụmaatụ, M. Reger); n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ P. na - ihe eji eme ihe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, njedebe nke ballet "Orpheus" nke Stravinsky). Na neostinatny P. narị afọ. Achịcha omenala iji usoro nke canon nwere ike ịchọta (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Free Variations" Nke 140 site na Bartok's "Microcosmos", nke ikpeazụ nke Webern's symphony op. 21, "Variazioni polisonici" sitere na piano sonata nke Shchedrin, “Ukwe” maka cello, harp na timpani nke Schnittke) . Na P. in. a na-eji ụzọ polyphony ọhụrụ eme ihe: ihe dị iche iche nke dodecaphony, polyphony nke layers na polyphonic. aleatoric (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na orchestral op. V. Lutoslavsky), ọkaibe metrical. na rhythmic. Usoro (dịka ọmụmaatụ, P. v. na Messiaen's Four Rhythmic Etudes), wdg. A na-ejikọtakarị ha na polyphonic omenala. aghụghọ; nke a na-ahụkarị bụ iji usoro ọdịnala n'ụdị ha kachasị dị mgbagwoju anya (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe owuwu mgbochi na ngagharị nke abụọ nke Shchedrin's sonata). N'oge a enwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ pụtara ìhè nke egwu oge gboo na egwu; mkpesa na ahụmahụ Bach na Beethoven na-emepe ụzọ nkà nke nkà ihe ọmụma dị elu (ọrụ P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich). Ya mere, na njedebe nke Shostakovich's late (op. 2) violin sonata (ostinato double pianos, ebe counterpoint na gis-moll nwere pụtara akụkụ akụkụ), omenala Beethoven nwere mmetụta na usoro nke omimi muses. echiche, n'usoro nke ịgbakwunye dum; nke a bụ ngwaahịa. - otu n'ime ihe akaebe nke ohere nke oge a. Ụdị P.

References: Protopopov Vl., Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke polyphony na ihe ndị kacha mkpa. Russian oge ochie na egwu Soviet, M., 1962; ya, History of polyphony na ya kacha mkpa phenomena. Oge ochie nke Western Europe nke narị afọ XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; ya, Usoro dị iche iche n’ụdị egwu, M., 1967; Asafiev B., Ụdị egwu dị ka usoro, M., 1930, otu, akwụkwọ. 2, M., 1947, (akụkụ abụọ) L., 1963, L., 1971; Skrebkov S., Ụkpụrụ nka nke ụdị egwu egwu, M., 1973; Zuckerman V., Nyocha nke ọrụ egwu. Ụdị mgbanwe, M., 1974.

VP Frayonov