Nwa nwoke |

Greek armonia, lat. modulatio, modus, French na Bekee. mode, ital. modo, germ. Tongeschlecht; ebube. nkwekọrịta - nkwekọ, udo, nkwekọ, usoro

ọdịnaya:

I. Nkọwa nke ọnọdụ II. Etymology III. Isi ọnọdụ IV. The intonation ọdịdị nke ụda ihe nke mode V. Isi edemede na ụdị nke modal usoro, ha genesis VI. Organism na dialectics VII. Usoro nrụpụta Fret VIII. Nkewa Fret IX. Akụkọ Fret X. Akụkọ nke nkuzi na ọnọdụ

I. Nkọwa nke ọnọdụ. 1) L. na mma. uche – ekwekọrịtara na ntị ndakọrịta n'etiti ụda nke pitch usoro (ntụgharị, n'ezie, otu ihe ahụ kwekọrọ na musical-aesthetic uche); 2) L. na egwu egwu-nkà mmụta uche - ọdịdị usoro nke njikọ elu dị elu, jikọtara ya na ụda etiti ma ọ bụ nkwenye, yana otu ụda ụda kpọmkwem na-etinye ya (na-emekarị n'ụdị ọnụ ọgụgụ). N'ihi ya, ọ ga-ekwe omume ikwu maka L. dị ka usoro ọ bụla a na-enye iwu n'usoro iwu mba ụwa, yana gbasara ụdịdị dịka gbasara iche. usoro ndị dị otú ahụ. Okwu a bụ "L." a na-ejikwa ya egosipụta isi ma ọ bụ obere (n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ọchịchọ), iji gosi usoro ụda dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ (n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ọnụ ọgụgụ). Aesthetic na egwu-usoro iwu. akụkụ mejupụtara akụkụ abụọ nke otu echiche nke L., na aesthetic. oge na-eduga n'ịdị n'otu a. N'echiche sara mbara nke echiche "L." na "mmekọrịta" dị ezigbo nso. Karịa kpọmkwem, nkwekọ na-ejikọta ya na consonances na ha nọchiri anya (karịsịa na vetikal akụkụ nke pitch usoro), na linearity na interdependence na semantic iche nke ụda nke usoro (ie, predominantly na kehoraizin akụkụ). Akụkụ ndị Russia. echiche nke "L." zaa Grik n'elu, Lat., French, English, Italian, German. okwu, yana okwu ndị dị ka "tonality", "ọnụọgụ" na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ.

II. Etymology nke okwu a "L." o doro anya kpamkpam. Nwa nwoke Czech - ịtụ; Nwa nwoke Polish - nkwekọ, iwu; Ukrainian L. - nkwenye, ịtụ. Russian emetụtara. "nwekọrịta", "dị mma", "ọ dị mma", Russian ọzọ. "laditi" - ime ka udo; "Lada" - di (nwunye), na-hụrụ n'anya (onye hụrụ n'anya). Ikekwe ejikọtara okwu ahụ na okwu "lagoda" (udo, usoro, nhazi, mmegharị), Czech. lahoda (ihe ụtọ, amara), ndị Russia ọzọ. lagoditi (ime ihe mara mma). Ihe mgbagwoju anya pụtara okwu ahụ "L." nso armonia Greek (njide, njikọ; nkwekọ, udo, usoro; usoro, nkwekọ; nkwekọ; nkwekọ, nkwekọrịta); ya mere, a na-etolite di na nwunye site na "imekọrịta" (imezigharị, dabara adaba, ịhazi usoro, ịtọlite ​​​​ ngwa egwu; ibi ndụ n'udo, nkwekọrịta) na armozo, armotto (dabara, ịgbado, imezigharị, imezigharị, ịkwado nke ọma, ịlụ di na nwunye). Rus. echiche nke "L." tinyekwara Grik. udi “genus” (genos), ọmụmaatụ. diatonic, chromatic, "enharmonic" genera (na otu ha kwekọrọ, àgwà nke ụdịdị).

III. Ihe kacha mkpa nke nkwekọ. L. dị ka nkwekọrịta n'etiti ụda bụ nke aesthetic nwa amaala. ụdị egwu, dabara n'echiche a na echiche nke "nkwekọ" (German: Harmonie; n'ụzọ dị iche na Harmonik na Harmonielehre). Egwu ọ bụla. ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị ọdịnaya ya kpọmkwem, ga-ebu ụzọ bụrụ egwu, ntụgharị mmekọrịta nke ụda; otu aesthetic. pụtara ụdị L. (na nkwekọ) gụnyere dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa na echiche nke egwu dị ka ihe mara mma (egwu abụghị dị ka ihe na-ewu ụda, ma dị ka ụdị nkwekọrịta nke na-enye obi ụtọ na ntị). L. dị ka aesthetic. Atiya (“njikọ”) bụ ihe ndabere maka mpụta na nkwado n'ime ọha mmadụ. akọwara nsụhọ. usoro mmekọrịta n'etiti ụda. The "radiance of order" (akụkụ ezi uche nke L.) gosipụtara site na ụda nke L. na-ezo aka n'ụzọ bụ isi nke aesthetic ya. mmetụta. Ya mere, L. na otu ngwaahịa. mgbe niile na-anọchi anya ihe egwu egwu. A na-ejikọta ike nke lexicon (n'otu n'otu, mmetụta aesthetic ya) na ikike ịma mma ya iji hazie ihe ụda "raw", n'ihi ya ọ na-aghọ ụdị nkwekọrịta nke "ụda consonant". N'ozuzu, L. na-ekpughe n'uju nke nhazi ahụ, na-ekpuchi ihe mgbagwoju anya nke akụkụ ya - site na ụda ụda site na ezi uche. ịtụ ihe na crystallization kpọmkwem aesthetic. Mmekọrịta usoro nke nha, nha nha, nzikọrịta ozi (n'echiche sara mbara - symmetry). Ọzọkwa mkpa bụ onye concretization nke ụfọdụ L. na a nyere mejupụtara, na-ekpughe ọgaranya nke ohere ya na ndammana unfolding n'ime nnukwu modal ewu. Site aesthetic kacha mkpa nke L. na-eso a gburugburu nke isi theoretical nsogbu: embodiment nke L. na a ụda ewu; usoro iwe iwe na ụdị ya; ezi uche na akụkọ ihe mere eme njikọ ha na onye ọ bụla ọzọ; nsogbu nke ịdị n'otu nke evolushọn modal; arụ ọrụ nke L. dị ka ihe na ụda ndabere nke muses. ihe mejupụtara. Ụdị bụ isi nke mmekọrita nke mmekọrịta modal na ụda ihe nke egwu bụ ụda olu. ebumnobi (n'okwu ụda - usoro nha nha nha) - na-anọgide na-adị mfe mgbe niile (ma ya mere ihe kachasị mkpa, bụ isi) ihe ngosi nke isi nke L. N'ihi ya, ọ pụtara kpọmkwem ihe okwu ahụ bụ "L." jikọtara ya na melodic. akpịrịkpa, nke a na-akpọkarị frets.

IV. The innation ọdịdị nke ụda ihe nke mode. Ụda ụda nke sitere na lantern dị mkpa maka ihe ọ bụla n'ime ya na maka ụdị oriọna ọ bụla. d1-c1, d1-e1, f1-e1, wdg) na consonance (n'ụzọ bụ isi c1-e1-g1 dị ka etiti), na-egosipụta àgwà ya ("ethos"), okwu, agba, na ndị ọzọ mma mma.

N'aka nke ya, a na-ekpebi ihe ụda ụda site na akụkọ ihe mere eme. ọnọdụ maka ịdị adị nke egwu, ọdịnaya ya, ọha mmadụ kpebisiri ike ụdị egwu egwu. Ụdị "ọmụmụ" nke L. (ya bụ, oge mgbanwe nke egwu dị ka ahụmahụ mmetụta uche n'ime ụda ụda ya) na-ekpuchi echiche nke innation (nakwa intonation) nke BV Asafiev webatara. N'ịbụ ndị "oke ala" n'ụzọ bụ isi (guzo na saịtị nke kọntaktị kpọmkwem n'etiti ndụ okike na nka na egwu), echiche nke "intonation" si otú ahụ na-ejide mmetụta nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze-akụkọ ihe mere eme. ihe na-eme ka evolushọn nke ụda ihe - innation. mgbagwoju na ụdị nke modal nzukọ na-adabere na ha. N'ihi ya, nkọwa nke modal formulas dị ka a echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme kpebisiri ike ọdịnaya nke music: "genesis na ịdị adị nke ... intonational complexes bụchaghị n'ihi na ha na-elekọta mmadụ ọrụ,"Ya mere, intonational (na modal) usoro nke otu akụkọ ihe mere eme. A na-ekpebi oge site na "usoro nke nguzobe mmekọrịta a" (BV Asafiev). Ya mere, nwere innation n'ime ẹmbrayo. Ogbe nke oge ya, usoro nke L. bụ innation. ihe mgbagwoju anya jikọtara ya na echiche ụwa nke oge ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Middle Ages. frets na njedebe - ihe ngosi nke nsụhọ nke oge feudal na nkewa ya, isi ike; usoro dur-moll bụ ngosipụta nke ike nke dynamism. nsụhọ egwu nke oge a na-akpọ oge oge Europe wdg). N'echiche a, usoro modal bụ ihe atụ nkenke nkenke nke ụwa na ihe nnọchianya nke oge ya, ụdị "koodu mkpụrụ ndụ egwu". Dị ka Asafiev si kwuo, L. bụ "nhazi nke ụda nke mebere usoro egwu nke oge na-emekọrịta ihe na mmekọrịta ha," na "usoro a adịghị ezu oke," ma "mgbe ọ na-adị n'ọnọdụ nhazi na mgbanwe. ”; L. fixes na generalizes "Intonation akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke oge" e ji mara nke ọ bụla akụkọ ihe mere eme, oge ("nchikota nke music na ike biri na ọha nsụhọ" - Asafiev). Nke a na-akọwakwa “ọgba aghara intonation”, nke na-emeghachiwanye ụda ụda ma ọ bụ karịa. ihe, ya mere, na-esonụ nke a, na n'ozuzu Ọdịdị nke odida obodo (karịsịa na verges nke nnukwu oge, ihe atụ, na ntụgharị nke 16-17 ma ọ bụ 19th-20 narị afọ). Dị ka ihe atụ, mmasị ihunanya mesiri dissonant dominant-dị ka harmonies (L.'s sound material) na Scriabin's later work has a new qualitative result and duga a radical restructuring of the dum L. system in music ya. Eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme - mgbanwe nke usoro modal - bụ ya mere, mpụga (nke edobere na atụmatụ usoro ihe omume) nke usoro miri emi nke evolushọn nke asụsụ dị ka ndụ na-aga n'ihu n'ichepụta innation. ụdị nke ụwa.

V. Isi edemede na ụdị nke usoro modal, genesis ha. Isi edemede na ụdị egwu na-etolite n'okpuru mmetụta nke mmepe egwu. nsụhọ (akụkụ nke n'ozuzu usoro nke na-aga n'ihu mmepe nke nsụhọ, n'ikpeazụ n'okpuru mmetụta nke bara uru na-elekọta mmadụ omume nke mmadụ na mmepe nke ụwa). Ọnọdụ dị mkpa nke ụda bụ ịtụ "nkwenye" ​​nke ụda (ụdị ụda na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile) na-enwe ọganihu (na dum) ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke ụda ụda na ókèala ya. Nke a na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa ịkwado. ihe dị ịrịba ama na evolushọn nke isi mgbanwe qualitative n'ụdị ịdị adị nke L. na-emepụta ohere nke mpụta nke ọhụrụ ụdị modal Ọdịdị. N'otu oge ahụ, dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke L. si dị na akụkụ atọ ya - ụda (intonation), ezi uche (njikọ) na aesthetic (nkịtị, ịma mma) - e nwere n'ime. perestroika (n'eziokwu, Atọ n'Ime Otu a bụ otu na otu indivisible kacha mkpa: nkwenye, L., ma na-atụle dị iche iche akụkụ). Oge ịkwọ ụgbọala bụ mmeghari ohuru nke innation. Sistemu (ruo “nsogbu nke intonations” nke dị n'okpuru L.), nke na-eme mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Kpọmkwem, ụdị na ụdị nke phonics na-ghọtara dị ka usoro nke etiti oge na ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na vetikal otu (chords) mebere nke ha (lee ụda usoro). "Ọnọdụ bụ ngosipụta nke ngosipụta niile nke intonations nke oge, belata na usoro nke etiti oge na akpịrịkpa" (Asafiev). L. ka a na-emepụta usoro ụda ụfọdụ dabere na iji anụ ahụ. (acoustic) Njirimara nke ụda ihe, nke mbụ, mmekọrịta nke ezigbo ikwu na ya, kpughere site na etiti oge. Otú ọ dị, etiti oge, ụda olu ụtọ, na mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ anaghị arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbakọ na mwepụ. ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ. nyere, ma dị ka "quintessence" nke "okwu ụda" nke mmadụ n'ozuzu ha (Asafiev). (N'ihi ya, isi ihe na-ezighi ezi n'ihe metụtara L. ihe a na-akpọ kpọmkwem, ya bụ, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ, ụzọ, "ntụgharị nka".)

Nke mbụ nke kacha mkpa nkebi na evolushọn nke edemede nke linear - guzobe ntọala n'ime kpuchie nke oge ochie "ecmelic" (ie, na-enweghị a ụfọdụ pitch) gliding. The nnọgidesi ike dị ka a Atiya nke modal echiche bụ genetically mbụ oruru nke doro anya nke linearity n'ịdị elu (ndị na-achị ụda dị ka ezi uche ịtụ Central element) na na oge (amata nke nnọgidesi ike n'onwe ya, chekwara n'agbanyeghị fluidity nke oge site na. ịlaghachi n'otu ụda ahụ fọdụrụ na ebe nchekwa); na ọbịbịa nke ụdị ntọala, echiche nke L. dị ka ụdị ụda nhazi na-ebilite. Ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme L. - na-abụ abụ ụda (nke kwekọrọ na "ogbo nke nkwụsi ike" na evolushọn nke L.) dị na agbụrụ. otu dị iche iche na ọkwa dị ala nke mmepe. Ụdị lyricism nke na-esote (n'ụzọ ezi uche na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme) bụ lyricism monodic nwere ụdị abụ ọma mepere emepe na nke doro anya. ahịrị ụda (ụdị modal, usoro modal) bụ nke a na-ahụkarị maka egwu ochie Europe. ndị mmadụ, gụnyere. na Russian, Middle Ages. European chorale, Russian ọzọ. ikpe chanter; nakwa na akụkọ ifo nke ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe. ndị mmadụ. Ụdị "ịbụ abụ ụda", o doro anya, dị n'akụkụ modal (ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụkwa monodic). Ụdị modal pụrụ iche bụ nke a na-akpọ. accordion h. tonality euro. egwu nke oge ọhụrụ. A na-ejikọta aha ndị kasị ukwuu amamihe nke egwu ụwa. harmonic tonality dị iche iche na polyphony nke bagpipe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe heterophonic (n'etiti ndị oge ochie, na ndị mmadụ, egwu Europe ọzọ). Na narị afọ nke 20 (karịsịa na mba ndị Europe omenala) ụdị ihe owuwu dị elu nke dị iche na nke mbụ niile (na serial, sonorous, electronic music) aghọwo ebe niile. Onwere ike nkewa ha dịka L. bụ isiokwu nke esemokwu; nsogbu a ka dị anya ka edozi ya. Na mgbakwunye na ụdị isi nke L., e nwere ọtụtụ etiti, dịtụ kwụsiri ike na ụdị onwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwekọrịta modal nke European Renaissance, karịsịa narị afọ nke 15-16).

VI. Organism na dialectics nke usoro evolushọn mode. Usoro evolushọn nke ihe ahụ na echiche nke "L." organic na, ọzọkwa, nwere olumba. agwa. The organic ọdịdị nke usoro dabeere na ichekwa na mmepe nke otu isi edemede nke linearity, ntoputa nke ndị ọzọ edemede na ha ndabere. edemede na mmepe ha dị ka ndị nwere onwe ha, na-edobe evolushọn niile n'otu ụkpụrụ izugbe. Ihe kacha mkpa n'ime ha bụ uto (nọmba. mmụba, dịka ọmụmaatụ. uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na tetrachord ruo hexachord), mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị nkwekọrịta, mgbanwe nke ọnụọgụ. mgbanwe na qualitative, otu-atụ nke dum evolushọn. Ya mere, ịbụ abụ nke a kọwara n'ụzọ dị mma, na-emeghachikwa ụda mgbe niile, na-agbasa na otu ndị ọzọ. ụda (eto eto), na-achọ ka ụdị nhazi ọhụrụ dị iche iche - ikewapụ ụda dị n'akụkụ na nhọrọ nke ụda olu kacha nso dị ka ntọala nke abụọ. consonances (mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị nkwekọrịta; lee. Consonance); n'ihi na elu ụdị L. ugbua niile ụda (nke mbụ àgwà) na-atụgharị na-qualitatively kọwaa na mgbe ụfọdụ ọhụrụ; Otú ọ dị, nnwere onwe nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ejedebe na nchịkwa nke otu, mgbe ụfọdụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ (àgwà ọhụrụ). Ịkwado nke quart ma ọ bụ quint, dị ka otu ụda na-arụ ọrụ nke mkpara fret, na-eto n'ime usoro nke modality, na-eme ka o kwe omume ịtụgharị consonances ndị a kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a kwekọrọ na Middle Ages. Ee, na V. Oddington (ca. 1300) nha nha nke consonances kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ dị ka ụdị nke L. edozi na nkọwa ha site n'otu okwu ahụ "nkwekọ" (harmonia simplex na harmonia multiplex). Echiche nke consonance dị ka ngosipụta nke njirimara ọrụ na-agbatịkwu n'ihu ruo oge mgbagwoju anya na-esote - ụzọ atọ (uto); N'ihi ya, nhazigharị nke usoro niile nke L. (mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị nkwekọrịta). Na 20 in. a na-eme nzọụkwụ ọhụrụ n'otu ntụziaka ahụ: a na-ewebata otu nkeji oge na-esote n'ime okirikiri nke oge kachasị mma - sekọnd, nke asaa na tritones (uto), na iji ụda ụda ọhụrụ na-ejikọta ya na nke a (consonances nke a na-atụgharị n'asụsụ sonorally). , usoro nke otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ nkeji oge mejupụtara, wdg) na kwekọrọ ekwekọ mgbanwe n'ụdị nke harmonization nke ụda ọcha na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Olumba nke evolushọn L. mejupụtara n'eziokwu na genetically ụdi, elu ụdị modal nzukọ, na ikpeazụ analysis, bụ ihe ọ bụla ma nke gara aga, mepụtara na ọhụrụ ọnọdụ. Ya mere, modality bụ, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, "abụ" nke usoro dị elu: a na-achọ isi ụda-nọdụ na njem site na ọzọ. ụda, to-rye, n'aka nke ya, nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka ntọala; n'ikwekọ. Ọtụtụ usoro na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ na ụda olu (na ọkwa dị iche iche nke usoro modal): ụda ụda ụda na ụda dị n'akụkụ ( inyeaka), tonic na ndị na-abụghị tonic, mpaghara ch. tonality na deviations, izugbe ch. tonality na subordinate tonalities. Ọzọkwa, mgbe elu modal iche-iche na-anọgide na-nhazi mgbanwe nke otu, abụ olu ụtọ na ọdịdị bụ isi ụdị - intonation ("isi nke intonation bụ melodic" - Asafiev). Ụkọ a bụkwa innational (consonance, kpụrụ dị ka verticalization nke otu nwa oge, na-ejigide àgwà mbụ ya n'ụdị "apịaji" - melodic. ije), na mgbagwoju timbre-sonor (anaghị "ebuga" dị ka ụdọ, mana a tụgharịrị ya na ndabere nke ụdọ na àgwà ọhụrụ ya). Otu ihe ahụ dịkwa maka akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke L. N'ihi ya, dialectical isi metamorphosis. ngalaba L.

Nguzogide: - isi. ụda isi. isi etiti etiti conson. isi ụdọ. diss. usoro chord - finalis tonic center. ụda ma ọ bụ consonance – ụda (= mode) tonality ụfọdụ innation. Sphere – isi igodo isi ntinye. gburugburu

N'ihi ya, olumba okwu nke echiche nke "L." (ọ na-amịkọrọ ma nwee ya n'onwe ya, dị ka ọkwa semantic dị iche iche, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nhazi oge nke ọtụtụ narị afọ):

1) oke nke nkwụsi ike na enweghị ntụkwasị obi (site na ogbo nke "ịkwe ụda"; ya mere omenala na-anọchi anya ụda L. ch. dịka ọmụmaatụ, "IV Ụda Ụka", ntụgharị ụda Mi),

2) usoro ụda olu dị ụtọ nke mmekọrịta ụda dị iche iche nke ọma (site na ogbo nke modality; ya mere ọdịnala na-anọchi anya ụda olu n'ụdị tebụl ọnụ ọgụgụ, ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụda olu abụọ nwere otu ụda isi, ntụgharị ụda kwesịrị ekwesị na ụda). ,

3) ọrụ na udi L. nke usoro na harmonic-chord ụdị, ọ bụchaghị dị iche iche n'ihe metụtara definiteness nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke isi. ụda (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ọrụ ikpeazụ nke Scriabin, nke e debere na tonality harmonic). Usoro ụda na-anọchi anya L. na-amalitekwa n'asụsụ. The prototype (oke ochie) bụ etiti ụda-nguzo, nke melismatic gbara ya gburugburu. akwa ("mgbanwe" nke ụda). Ụkpụrụ oge ochie nke ụdị abụ-ụdị (na omenala dị iche iche: nom, raga, poppies, pathet, wdg .; abụ abụ Russian) kwesịrị ka e weere dị ka ezigbo ihe atụ nke L .. Ụkpụrụ nke abụ-nlereanya bụ àgwà bụ isi maka ọwụwa anyanwụ. ụdịdị (India, Soviet East, Middle East mpaghara). Na harmonic. tonality - mmegharị ọnụ ọgụgụ, etiti a na-agbanwe agbanwe. triad (ekpughere na ọrụ G. Schenker). Usoro dodecaphone, nke na-ekpebi innation, nwere ike ịtụle dị ka ihe analog. Ọdịdị na nhazi ọkwa nke usoro ihe omume (lee Dodecaphony, Series).

VII. Usoro nke nguzobe iwe. Usoro nke ihe ndị na-emepụta L. abụghị otu na decomp. usoro. Enwere ike igosipụta ụkpụrụ izugbe nke nguzobe iwe dị ka mmejuputa ihe okike. mee ihe site n'ụzọ dị elu, na-eji ohere ịtụ ihe dị na ụda a, innation. ihe. Site na teknụzụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ iji nweta a bara uru coherence nke ụda, nke a na-eche dị ka ihe musically kwekọrọ, ya bụ L. The kasị ochie ụkpụrụ nke mejupụtara L. dabeere na Njirimara nke mbụ consonance – unison (1). : 1; nhazi nke abutment na abụ melismatic ya). Na ochie melodic L. isi ihe na nhazi ahụ, dị ka a na-achị, na-aghọkwa ndị na-esonụ mfe etiti oge. N'ime ndị na-enye ụda nke àgwà dị iche, ndị a bụ nke ise (3:2) na nke anọ (4:3); ekele na mmekọrịta ya na linear melodic. na-emekarị ha na-agbanwe ebe; n'ihi ya, nke anọ na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa karịa nke ise. Quarte (yana nke ise) nhazi nke ụda na-ahazi ọnụ ọgụgụ; ọ na-achịkwa nguzobe na ndozi nke ụda ntụaka ndị ọzọ nke L. (nke a na-ahụkarị maka ọtụtụ egwu ndị mmadụ). N'ihi ya, usoro diatonic yiri L. Ụda ntụaka nwere ike ịdị na-adịgide adịgide, ma na-agbanwekwa (mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbanwe), nke bụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi ọdịdị ọdịdị nke abụ olu ụtọ. Ọnụnọ nke ụda ntụaka na nkwughachi ya bụ isi isi nke L .; nke anọ quint diatonic bụ ngosipụta nke njikọ modal kachasị mfe nke usoro dum.

Ihe odide "Opekalovskaya" (narị afọ nke 17?). "Bịa, ka anyị mee ihe dị Josef ụtọ."

Nkwụsi ike - ụda g1; a1 - n'akụkụ g1 na njikọ chiri anya na ya site na d1 (g: d=d: a). Ọzọkwa, a1 na g1 na-emepụta tetrachord a1-g1-f1-e1 na nke abụọ, ụda abụ dị ala f1 (nkwado mpaghara). Ọga n'ihu nke ahịrị gamma na-enye tetrachord f1-e1-d1-c1 nwere nkwụsị mpaghara d1. Mmekọrịta nke ntọala g1-d1 mejupụtara usoro nke L. Na njedebe nke ihe atụ bụ atụmatụ izugbe nke L. nke dum stichera (nke a na-enye naanị 1/50 nke akụkụ ya ebe a). Ihe dị iche iche nke usoro modal dị na àgwà "na-ese n'elu", enweghị ike nke mmegharị na ike ndọda (enweghị ike ndọda adịghị egbochi linearity, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụnọ nke nkwụsi ike na ike ndọda bụ isi ihe onwunwe nke ọ bụghị ụdị ọ bụla. linearity).

L. nke ndị isi-obere ụdị na-adabere na mmekọrịta ọ bụghị nke "troika" (3:2, 4:3), kama nke "ise" (5:4, 6:5). Otu nzọụkwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụda mmekọrịta (mgbe nkeji iri na ise, tert kacha nso) pụtara, Otú ọ dị, a gigantic dị iche na Ọdịdị na okwu nke L., mgbanwe na musical-akụkọ ihe mere eme. oge. Dị nnọọ ka ụda ọ bụla nke ochie L. na-achịkwa ya site na mmekọ ọnụ ọnụ zuru oke, ebe a na-achịkwa ya site na mmekọ ọnụ na-ezughị okè (lee ihe atụ n'okpuru; n bụ ngafe, c bụ ụda inyeaka).

Na egwu nke oge ochie nke Viennese, a na-emesikwa mmekọrịta ndị a ike site n'ịgbachi nkịtị nke ụda. ngbanwe na symmetry nke ụda olu (ogwe 2 na nkwekọ ya D - oge siri ike, 4th - T - ike okpukpu abụọ).

(T|D¦D|T) |1+1| |1 1|

Ya mere, ezigbo modal proportions na-ekwu maka isi nke tonic. nkwekọ n'elu-achị. (N'okwu a, ọ dịghị S; maka oge ochie nke Viennese, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị iji zere nzọụkwụ n'akụkụ nke na-eme ka L. dịkwuo mma, ma n'otu oge ahụ na-egbochi ya njem.) Ihe dị iche iche nke L. - kpochapụ. centralization, ike, arụmọrụ; nnukwu nkọwa na ike ndọda; ọdịdị multilayered nke usoro ahụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'otu oyi akwa a na-enye ụda na-eguzosi ike n'ihe metụtara ụda na-adọrọ adọrọ n'ime ya; na nke ọzọ, ọ na-ejighị n'aka, n'onwe ya na-atụgharị na tonic mpaghara, wdg).

WA Mozart. Ọjà Ime Anwansi, Papageno's aria.

Na egwú ọgbara ọhụrụ, e nwere ọchịchọ kwupụta n'onwe nke L., ya bụ, ịmata ya na onye kpọmkwem mgbagwoju nke intonations (melodic, chordal, timbre-coloristic, wdg) e ji mara nke a nyere ibe ma ọ bụ isiokwu. N'ụzọ dị iche na usoro ụdịdị a na-ahụkarị (ihe atụ na-abụ abụ n'oge ochie L., usoro abụ ọma ma ọ bụ ụgbụ a na-egosipụta na Middle Ages L., na sistemu obere obere usoro oge gboo), a na-ewere ụdị mgbagwoju anya nke onye ọ bụla dị ka ntọala, mgbe ụfọdụ kpamkpam kpamkpam. dochie omenala . ihe nke L., ọbụlagodi n'etiti ndị na-agụ egwú na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ụda olu. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-etolite modal ihe owuwu nke na-ejikọta ihe ọ bụla modal ọcha n'ụzọ ọ bụla (dịka ọmụmaatụ, isi ọnọdụ + ụda ụda dum + nwayọọ nwayọọ dissonant chord progressions n'èzí isi-obere usoro). Enwere ike kewaa ihe owuwu ndị dị otú ahụ n'ozuzu ya dị ka polymodal (ọ bụghị naanị n'otu oge, kamakwa n'usoro na nchikota nke ihe mejupụtara ha).

Ọ bụghị triad T C-dur nyere agwa onye ọ bụla nke ibe, kama site na chord cgh- (d) -f (tụnyere 1st chord nke isi isiokwu: chdfgc, nọmba 3). Nhọrọ nke harmonies naanị na isi ndabere na na-egbusi dissonances, yana sonorant (timbre-coloristic) agba nke consonances duplicating abụ olu ụtọ, pụta a ụfọdụ mmetụta, Otú ọ dị peculiar naanị na nke a iberibe – nnọọ ike na nkọ. isi, ebe a na-ebute ndò ìhè nke ụda dị na isi ihe na-egbuke egbuke.

WA Mozart. Ọjà Ime Anwansi, Papageno's aria.

VIII. Nhazi nke ụdịdị dị oke mgbagwoju anya. Ihe na-ekpebi ya bụ: usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mmepe nke echiche modal; mgbagwoju anya etiti oge nke nhazi; agbụrụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala, ụdị atụmatụ. Naanị na mkpokọta na n'ikpeazụ nyocha ka akara evolushọn nke L. na-atụgharị ka ọ bụrụ unidirectional. Ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ka mgbanwe gaa na elu n'ozuzu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. nzọụkwụ n'otu oge ahụ pụtara ọnwụ nke akụkụ nke ụkpụrụ nke gara aga na, n'echiche a, a ije azụ. Ya mere, mmeri nke polyphony nke Western Europe. mmepeanya bụ nzọụkwụ kachasị n'ihu, mana e jikọtara ya (maka 1000-1500 afọ) site na ọnwụ nke akụ na ụba chromatic. na "enarmonic". genera nke monodic ochie. usoro obi mgbawa. Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ ahụ bụkwa n'ihi na ọtụtụ edemede na-atụgharị ka ọ bụrụ njikọ chiri anya, ọ bụghị nke ọma iji mezue nkewa: L., tonality (tonal system), ụda ụda, ọnụ ọgụgụ, wdg. na-akọwapụta ụdị usoro modal kachasị mkpa dị ka isi ihe na-etinye uche nke isi. usoro nke nguzobe iwe: ecmelica; anhemitonics; diatonic; chromaticity; microchromatic; ụdị pụrụ iche; Ngwakọta usoro (nkewa n'ime ụdị ndị a dabara na ọdịiche nke genera, Greek genn).

Ekmelika (nke sitere na Greek exmelns - extra-melodic; usoro ebe ụda anaghị enwe kpọmkwem ụda) dịka usoro n'echiche ziri ezi nke okwu ahụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị mgbe ahụ. A na-eji ya naanị dị ka usoro n'ime usoro mepere emepe ka ukwuu (ntụgharị amịlị, ihe ntinye okwu, usoro mmemme pụrụ iche). Ekmelik gụnyekwara melismatic (ịdị elu na-akaghị aka) ịbụ abụ a kapịrị ọnụ - upstoi (dị ka Yu. N. Tyulin si kwuo, n'abụ nke Armenian Kurds "otu ụda na-adịgide adịgide… na-eji amara dị iche iche juputara na ike mgbaka pụrụ iche"; agaghị ekwe omume. ”).

Anhemitonics (n'ụzọ ziri ezi, anhemitonic pentatonics), e ji mara ọtụtụ. na omenala oge ochie nke Asia, Africa na Europe, o doro anya na ọ bụ usoro izugbe na mmepe nke echiche modal. Ụkpụrụ na-ewuli elu nke anhemitonics bụ nkwurịta okwu site na consonances kacha mfe. Oke nhazi bụ semitone (ya mere njedebe nke nzọụkwụ ise na octave). Ụdị ụda olu bụ trichord (dịka egga). Anhemitonics nwere ike ezughị ezu (3-4, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna usoro 2), zuru ezu (nzọụkwụ 5), mgbanwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ntụgharị site na cdega gaa na cdfga). Semitone pentatonic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị hcefg) na-ekewa ụdị mgbanwe na diatonic. Otu ihe atụ nke anhemitonics bụ abụ "Paradise, Paradaịs" ("50 songs nke ndị Russia" nke AK Lyadov).

Diatonic (n'ụdị ya dị ọcha - usoro 7-nzọụkwụ, ebe enwere ike ịhazi ụda n'ime awa nke ise) - usoro kachasị mkpa na nke nkịtị nke L. Usoro nhazi bụ chromatism (2 semitones n'usoro). Ụkpụrụ imewe dị iche iche; Ihe kachasị mkpa bụ nke ise (Pythagorean) diatonic (ihe nhazi bụ nke dị ọcha nke ise ma ọ bụ quart) na triadic (ihe nhazi bụ consonant nke atọ), ihe atụ bụ ụdị Greek oge ochie, ụdị ochie, ụdị Europe. nar. egwu (nakwa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Europe); Ụka polyphonic L. europ. egwu nke Renaissance, L. isi-obere usoro (na-enweghị chromatization). Innations ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ tetrachord, pentachord, hexachord, na-ejuputa oghere dị n'etiti ụda nke tertian chords, wdg. Diatonic bara ụba n'ụdị. Ọ nwere ike ezughị ezu (nzọụkwụ 3-6; lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, hexachords guidon, tetrachords folk na Greek; ihe atụ nke diatonic nzọụkwụ 6 bụ ukwe "Ut quant laxis"), zuru ezu (ụdị hcdefga 7-nzọụkwụ ma ọ bụ octave). cdefgahc; ọmụmaatụ enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ), mgbanwe (dịka mgbanwe nke ahcd na dcba na ụda ụka nke mbụ), ihe mejupụtara (dịka ọmụmaatụ Russian kwa ụbọchị L.: GAHcdefgab-c1-d1), ọnọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ "hemiol" frets na nke abụọ na-abawanye - nke na-emekọ ihe ọnụ. na isi, "Hungarian" ọnụ ọgụgụ, wdg .; "Podgalian ọnụ ọgụgụ": gah-cis-defg; melodic obere na isi, wdg), polydiatonic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ibe site B. Bartok "Na Russian style" na nchịkọta "Microcosmos", Nke 1). Nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eduga na chromatics.

Chromatics. Ihe akara akọwapụtara - usoro nke abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa semitones n'usoro. Oke nhazi bụ microchromatics. Ụkpụrụ imewe dị iche iche; ihe kacha mkpa - melodic. chromatic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na monody ọwụwa anyanwụ), chord-harmonic (mgbanwe, akụkụ D na S, kọlụ nwere ụda linear chromatic na European isi-obere sistemu), enharmonic. Chromatics na European (na n'ihu na egwu ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe) nke narị afọ nke 20. dabere na nha nha. Chromatics nwere ike ịbụ ezughi oke (Grik chromatic; mgbanwe na European kwekọrọ; L. symmetrical Ọdịdị, ya bụ nkerisi 12 semitones nke octave n'ime hà akụkụ) na zuru ezu (complementary polydiatonic, ụfọdụ ụdị chromatic tonality, dodecaphonic, microserial na Oghere Usoro Ọdịdị).

Microchromatic (microinterval, ultrachromatic). Akara - ojiji nke etiti oge na-erughị otu semitone. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke L. nke usoro atọ gara aga; nwere ike jikọta ya na ecmelica. Ụdị microchromatic - Grik. Enharmonic genus (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụda - 2, 1/4, 1/4), India shruti. Na egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ a na-eji ihe ndabere dị iche iche (karịsịa site na A. Khaba; nakwa site na V. Lutoslavsky, SM Slonimsky, na ndị ọzọ).

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, East Asia slindro na pylog (n'otu n'otu - 5- na 7-nzọụkwụ, nha nha nhata nke octave) nwere ike ịpụta na L. Pụrụ iche. , ma n'otu oge na n'usoro (n'ime otu ihe owuwu).

IX. Akụkọ nke ụdịdị bụ n'ikpeazụ mkpughe na-aga n'ihu nke ohere nke "nkwekọrịta" ("L.") n'etiti ụda; N'ezie akụkọ ihe mere eme abụghị naanị ihe ọzọ nke decomp. usoro nke L., na mkpuchi nke nta nke nta nke mmekọrịta ụda dị anya na mgbagwoju anya. Ugbua na Dr. ụwa bilitere (na ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ echekwara) usoro modal nke mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ: China, India, Persia, Egypt, Babylonia, wdg (lee isiokwu ndị kwekọrọ). Ihe akpịrịkpa pentatonic na-abụghị nke semitone (China, Japan, mba ndị ọzọ nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa, akụkụ India), 7-nzọụkwụ (diatonic na ndị na-abụghị diatonic) phonics aghọwo ebe niile; n'ihi na ọtụtụ omenala bụ kpọmkwem ka L. na-abawanye. nke abụọ (egwu Arab), microchromatic (India, mba Arab nke East). Achọpụtara ngosipụta nke ụdịdị dị ka ike sitere n'okike (myirịta n'etiti aha ụda na anụ ahụ nke eluigwe, ihe okike, oge, akụkụ ahụ mmadụ, njirimara ụkpụrụ omume nke mkpụrụ obi, wdg); ngwa ngwa nke mmetụta L. na mkpụrụ obi mmadụ ka e mesiri ike, L. nke ọ bụla nwere otu okwu. pụtara (dị ka egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ - isi na obere). A. Jami (ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 2) dere, sị: “Onye ọ bụla n'ime iri na abụọ (maqams), avaze na shu'be nke ọ bụla nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche nke ya (na ndị na-ege ntị), na mgbakwunye na ihe onwunwe nke ha niile na-enwe. nye obi ụtọ.” Oge kachasị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ ndị Europe bụ usoro modal oge ochie (ọ bụghị Europe dị ka Mediterranean; ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke mbụ) na usoro "Europe nke kwesịrị ekwesị" nke narị afọ nke 15-1, na akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. okwu typological. uche - usoro "Western", German. abendländische, kewara n'ime mmalite emepe emepe. usoro modal (oke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enweghị njedebe: ọ sitere na abụ abụ nke ụka Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ, gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na narị afọ nke 9-20, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ nkwekọ n'usoro nke Renaissance; na typologically, usoro modal Russia ọzọ bụkwa ebe a). cf. usoro modal nke narị afọ nke 7-9, usoro Renaissance (n'ọnọdụ nke narị afọ nke 9-13), usoro tonal (isi obere) (narị afọ 14-16; n'ụdị gbanwetụrụ, a na-ejikwa ya na narị afọ nke 17). usoro ịdị elu ọhụrụ nke 19th. (Lee isiokwu igodo, ụdị okike, ụdịdị Symmetrical).

Antich. usoro modal dabere na tetrachords, site na nchikota nke na ibe octave Ls na-etolite. N'etiti ụda nke quart, ụda midtone dị iche iche na ịdị elu ga-ekwe omume (ụdị tetrachords atọ: diatone, chromium, "enarmony"). Na L., a na-eji mmetụta mmetụta uche ha kpọmkwem (dị ka nke a ma ọ bụ "ethos") dị iche iche, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụdị L. (ihe atụ: Skoliya Seikila).

L. mmalite ọdịda anyanwụ-European. Middle Ages n'ihi atụmatụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge gbadara anyị Ch. arr. n'ihe metụtara ụka. egwu. Dị ka ihe ngosi nke usoro innation dị iche iche, a na-eji ha dị njọ (ruo asceticism) diatonicism ma yie ka ndị na-enweghị agba na mmetụta uche dị n'otu akụkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere izu oke anụ ahụ nke oge ochie. N'otu oge ahụ, Middle Ages. A na-amata L. site na itinye uche dị ukwuu n'ime oge dị n'ime (na mbụ, ọbụna na-emebi akụkụ nka nke nka n'ezie, dịka ntuziaka nke ụka). Wed-narị afọ. L. gosi mgbagwoju anya ọzọ nke nhazi nke diatonic. L. (guidonian hexachord kama tetrachord ochie; West-European harmonic polyphony na-ekpughe ọdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere heterophony oge ochie). Egwu ndị mmadụ na nke ụwa nke Middle Ages, dị ka o doro anya, ji usoro dị iche iche na ngosipụta nke L.

Ngwa yiri ya. Wed-narị afọ. omenala chorale other-rus. chanter art-va gụnyekwara ihe ndị ọzọ modal oge ochie (quart extra-octave nke “ụkpụrụ ụbọchị ọ bụla”; mmetụta siri ike nke ụkpụrụ oge ochie nke ihe nlere abụ olu dị na abụ, olu).

Na Middle Ages (narị afọ nke 9-13), polyphony ọhụrụ (tụnyere oge ochie) bilitere ma na-eto nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na usoro modal na ụdị ya, ma kwadebe akụkọ ihe mere eme. fundamentally dị iche iche ụdị. L. (L. dị ka ihe owuwu polyphonic).

Usoro modal nke Renaissance, mgbe ọ na-ejigide ihe dị ukwuu site na usoro nke Middle Ages, bụ ihe dị iche iche site na mmetụta zuru oke nke mmetụta uche nke mepụtara na ntọala ọhụrụ, ikpo ọkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ, na ọganihu bara ụba nke nkọwa. àgwà nke L. (karịsịa njirimara: polyphony lush, ụda mmeghe, ikike nke triads).

Na oge nke a na-akpọ. oge ọhụrụ (narị afọ 17-19), usoro modal isi-obere, nke sitere na Renaissance, ruru ọchịchị. Aesthetically, ndị kasị baa ọgaranya tụnyere ndị niile mbụ (n'agbanyeghị mmachi site na nke kacha nta nke phonics) isi-obere usoro bụ a dị iche iche ụdị lyric, ebe polyphony, chord bụghị nanị a ụdị ngosi, ma ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa nke li. . ụkpụrụ nke isi-obere usoro, dị ka L., dị iche iche mgbanwe na "micro-modes," ma ọ bụ chords. N'ezie, "harmonic tonality" tụgharịrị bụrụ mgbanwe pụrụ iche nke ụdị L., "otu ọnọdụ" (Asafiev) nwere ọnọdụ abụọ (isi na obere).

N'otu aka ahụ na mmepe nke harmonic tonality na-aga n'ihu na narị afọ nke 19 na 20. enwere mmụghachi dịka onye nọọrọ onwe ya. udi na L. melodic. ụdị. Site na ịgbasawanye ma na-agbanwe usoro tonal isi-obere, pụrụ iche diatonic L. (nke Mozart na Beethoven depụtara ya, nke ejirila ya mee ihe na narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 site na romantics na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ọhụrụ - F. Chopin, E. Grieg, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, Ọ BỤRỤ na Stravinsky na ndị ọzọ), yana ọnụ ọgụgụ pentatonic anhemitone (nke F. Liszt, R. Wagner, Grieg, AP Borodin, na ọrụ mbụ nke Stravinsky, wdg). Ịbawanye chromatization nke L. na-akpali uto nke symmetrical L., ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-ekewa 12 semitones nke octave n'ime akụkụ nke nha nha; nke a na-enye dum tonic, nha-thermal na tritone usoro (na Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, K. Debussy, O. Messiaen, MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin, Stravinsky, AN Cherepnin na ndị ọzọ. ).

Na egwu Europe nke narị afọ nke 20 ụdị ụdị L. na usoro dị iche iche na-ejikọta ibe ha na-ejikọta ibe ha ruo microchromatic (A. Haba), iji ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe. ụkpụrụ (Mesaịa, J. Cage).

X. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkuzi banyere mode. Ozizi nke L., na-egosipụta akụkọ ihe mere eme ha, bụ isiokwu kachasị ochie nke nyocha na egwu. sayensị. Nsogbu nke L. na-abanye na tiori nke nkwekọ na akụkụ dabara na nsogbu nke nkwekọ. Ya mere, nchọpụta nsogbu nke L. mbụ rụrụ dị ka ọmụmụ nke nsogbu nke nkwekọ (armonia, harmonie). Nkọwa sayensị mbụ L. (nkwekọrịta) na Europe. musicology bụ nke Pythagorean ụlọ akwụkwọ (6-4 narị afọ BC). BC.). Na-akọwa nkwekọrịta na L. dabere na tiori nke ọnụọgụgụ, ndị Pythagorean mesiri ike mkpa nke mmekọrịta ụda kacha dị mfe (n'ime ihe a na-akpọ. tetrad) dị ka ihe na-achịkwa nhazi ice (ntụgharị uche na tiori nke L. phenomena nke tetrachords na "ụda siri ike" nke consonance nke anọ). A tụgharịrị sayensị Pythagorean site na L. na egwu. nkwekọ dị ka ngosipụta nke nkwekọ ụwa, na-enweghị nke ụwa ga-adaba (ntụgharị n'ezie lere L. dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ụwa - a microcosm). Site ebe a mepụtara mgbe e mesịrị (na Boethius, Kepler) cosmological. идеи egwu ụwa na egwu mmadụ. A na-emegharị mbara igwe n'onwe ya (dị ka ndị Pythagoreans na Plato) n'ụzọ ụfọdụ (a na-atụnyere ahụ́ eluigwe na ụda olu Grik. Ụdị Dorian: e1-d1-c1-hagfe). Sayensị Gris (Pythagoreans, Aristoxen, Euclid, Bacchius, Cleonides, wdg) kere ma mepụta egwu. tiori L. na ụdịdị ndị akọwapụtara. Ọ mepụtara echiche kachasị mkpa nke L. - tetrachord, octave ahiri (armonia), ntọala (nstotes), Central (n'etiti) ụda (menn), dynamis (dunamis), ecmelika (mpaghara nke etiti oge na mgbagwoju anya mmekọrịta, yana ụda na-enweghị a ụfọdụ pitch), wdg. N'ezie, ihe niile Greek tiori nke nkwekọ bụ tiori nke L. na frets dị ka ihe owuwu dị elu nke monophonic. Egwu. sayensị nke mmalite Middle Ages reworked ochie na ọhụrụ ndabere. (Pythagorean, Platonic, Neoplatonic) echiche gbasara nkwekọrịta na L. dị ka ihe aesthetic edemede. Nkọwa ọhụrụ ahụ jikọtara ya na nkà mmụta okpukpe nke Ndị Kraịst. nkọwa nke nkwekọ nke eluigwe na ala. The Middle Ages kere ọhụrụ ozizi nke frets. N'ịbụ ndị pụtara na mbụ n'ọrụ Alcuin, Aurelian nke Reome na Regino nke Prüm, onye na-amaghị aha dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bụ "Alia musica" (c. narị afọ nke 9). Ebitere na Greek echiche nke aha L. (Dorian, Phrygian, wdg), narị afọ etiti. sayensị kwuru na ha bụ ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ndị ọzọ (ụdị ebe niile, agbanyeghị, e kwupụtakwara echiche dị iche; lee. ọrụ nke M. Dabo-Peranycha, 1959). Na nhazi nke Middle Ages. L. mmalite nke okwu "finalis", "repercussion" (tenor, tuba; site na narị afọ nke 17 ruo na "na-achị"), "ambitus", nke jigidere mkpa ha maka monophonic L. N'otu aka ahụ na tiori nke octaves L. site na narị afọ nke 11 (site na Guido d'Arezzo) mepụtara ihe bara uru. usoro solmization dabere na isi hexachord dị ka ngalaba nhazi na sistemụ modal (lee. Solmization, Hexachord). Omume nke solmization (dịruola ruo 18th c. wee hapụ akara pụtara ìhè na okwu okwu nke tiori nke L.) kwadebere ụfọdụ edemede nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-agbaso ụdịdị nke Middle Ages na Renaissance nke isi-obere modal usoro. N'akwụkwọ nke Glarean "Dodecachord" (1547), abụọ L. - Ionian na Aeolian (ya na ụdị plagal ha). Site na narị afọ nke 17 nke L. isi-obere tonal-arụ ọrụ usoro. Nke mbụ vasatail usoro nkọwa nke Ọdịdị nke ndị isi na obere dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ (n'ụzọ dị iche na akụkụ na-emegide ha ụzọ - Ionian na Aeolian ụka. ụda) enyere na ọrụ nke J. F. Rameau, karịsịa na "Ngwọta na Harmony" (1722). Ọhụrụ L. Europe

hcdefga na-ada ụda isi GCCFCF. | – || – |

Ụdị (ụkpụrụ) bụ ma iwu nke usoro ụda, na usoro nke usoro ha.

Dị ka akụkụ nke ozizi nke nkwekọrịta 18-19 narị afọ. Theory of tonality mepụtara dị ka tiori nke ụda olu nwere echiche na okwu ndị e ji mara ya (FAJ Castile-Blaz bu ụzọ jiri okwu ahụ bụ "tonality" mee ihe na 1821).

Usoro modal ọhụrụ (ma ndị na-abụghị diatonic na diatonic) na Western Europe. echiche e gosipụtara na ọrụ F. Busoni ("113 dị iche iche akpịrịkpa", microchromatics), A. Schoenberg, J. Setaccioli, O. Messiaen, E. Lendvai, J. Vincent, A. Danielu, A. Khaba na ndị ọzọ.

Ozizi zuru ezu nke L. mepụtara na nyocha Nar. egwu V. F. Odoevsky A. N. Serova, P. AP Sokalsky A. C. Famintsyna, A. D. Kastalsky, B. M. Belyaeva X. C. Kushnareva, K. AT. Tiketi, wdg. Na Russia, otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke kpuchiri phenomena nke L. bụ “Ideagrammar Onye egwu…” nke N. AP Diletsky (ọkara nke abụọ. narị afọ nke 17). Onye edemede ahụ kwadoro egwu egwu okpukpu atọ ("dị ka ọ pụtara"): n'ime "obi ụtọ" (ihe doro anya na nhọpụta nke isi nke Zarlino webatara - harmonie "allegra"), "obi ebere" (dakọtara na obere; na Tsarlino - "Mesta"; na ihe atụ egwu Diletsky harmonic obere) na "agwakọta" (ebe abụọ ụdị ọzọ). Ndabere nke "egwu obi ụtọ" bụ "ụda ut-mi-sol", "obi ebere" - "ụda re-fa-la". Na 1st mmekọahụ. 19 na. M. D. Frisky (onye, ​​dị ka Odoevsky si kwuo, "guzobere maka oge mbụ asụsụ egwu nka anyị") nwetara na obodo nna. okwu ice n'onwe ya okwu a bu "L". Mmepe nke usoro modal na njikọ Russian. ụka. egwu na narị afọ nke 19 na 20. na-eme D. AT. Razumovsky, I. NA. Voznesensky, V. M. Metalov, M. AT. Brazhnikov, N. D. Uspensky. Razumovsky haziri usoro na-agbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke L. ụka. music, mepụtara tiori nke Russian. nkwekọrịta n'ihe metụtara ụdị nke "mpaghara", "isi" na "ikpeazụ" ụda (ihe atụ nke zap. «ambitus», «reperkusse» na «finalis»). Metallov kwusiri ike mkpa nke ngụkọta nke abụ na njirimara nke olu. N. A. Lvov (1790) dọọrọ uche gaa na nsọpụrụ pụrụ iche aka L. site na usoro Europe. Odoevsky (1863, 1869) mụrụ ihe e ji mara atụmatụ nke iwe iwe na Russian. Nar (na ụka) egwu na akụrụngwa na-amata ọdịiche dị na ngwa ahụ. melodics (izere ụfọdụ jumps, enweghị mmeghe ụda gravitation, siri ike diatonicism), tụrụ aro iji okwu ahụ bụ "glamor" (diatonic. heptachord) kama "ụda" ọdịda anyanwụ. Maka nkwekọ na mmụọ nke Russian. Frets Odoevsky weere na triads dị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị, na-enweghị ụdọ nke asaa. Ihe dị iche n'etiti nhazi nke planks. arụmọrụ na "ọnụọgụ dị njọ" fp. dugara ya n'echiche nke "ịkwado piano na-enweghị ọkụ" (a na-echekwa ngwá ọrụ Odoevsky). Serov, na-amụ akụkụ modal nke Rus. Nar songs "na-emegide Western European music" (1869-71), megidere "ajọ mbunobi" nke West. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle egwu niile naanị “site n'echiche nke igodo abụọ (ya bụ ụdịdị) - isi na obere. Ọ ghọtara nha nha nke ụdị abụọ nke "otu" (nhazi) nke ọnụ ọgụgụ - octave na anọ (na-ezo aka na tiori nke Grik. L.). Rus. ogo nke L. ọ (dị ka Odoevsky) tụlere diatonicism siri ike - na-emegide zap. isi na obere (ya na ndetu ya nwere ezi uche), enweghị mgbanwe ("abụ Russia amaghị isi ma ọ bụ obere, ọ dịghịkwa agbanwe agbanwe"). Ọdịdị nke L. ọ kọwara dị ka njigide (“bunches”) nke tetrachords; kama ịgbanwe agbanwe, o kwenyere na "ntụfu tetrachords n'efu." N'imekọrịta egwu maka ikiri Russian. agwa, ọ jụrụ iji ụda tonic, nke na-achị achị na nke dị ala (dika I, V na IV nzọụkwụ), na-atụ aro akụkụ ("obere") triads (na isi - II, III, VI nzọụkwụ). Famintsyn (1889) mụrụ ozu ndị kasị ochie (ka na-ekpere arụsị) n'ígwé na Nar. egwu na nhazi usoro (nke na-atụ anya na nke a ụfọdụ echiche nke B. Bartoka na Z. Kodaya). O weputara echiche nke "oyi akwa" ato n'ime usoro mmepe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwe iwe - "nke kacha ochie" - pentatonic, "ọhụrụ" - 7-nzọụkwụ diatonic, na "ọhụrụ" - isi na obere. Kastalsky (1923) gosiri “mmalite na nnwere onwe nke usoro Russia. Nar polyphony si iwu na ozizi nke Europe. na usoro.

BL Yavorskii nyere mmepe sayensị pụrụ iche nke echiche na echiche nke linearity. Uru ya bụ nhọrọ nke ụdị L. dị ka onye nweere onwe ya. Muses. ọrụ, dị ka Yavorsky si kwuo, abụghị ihe ọzọ karịa mkpughe nke ụda n'ime oge (aha echiche Yavorsky bụ "Theory of Modal Rhythm"; lee Modal Rhythm). N'adịghị ka omenala dual fret nke European Na isi-obere usoro, Yavorsky kwadoro multiplicity nke L. (mmụba, yinye, agbanwe agbanwe, ebelata, okpukpu abụọ isi, okpukpu abụọ obere, okpukpu abụọ augmented, X-modes, wdg). Site na tiori nke modal rhythm na-abịa omenala Russian. musicology ekwesịghị ikwu na pitch usoro nke gafeworo isi na obere ụdị ụfọdụ na-adịghị ahazi "atonalism", ma kọwaa ha dị ka pụrụ iche ụdịdị. Yavorsky kewara echiche nke linearity na tonality (otu ụlọ elu dị elu kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ya na ọkwa dị elu). BV Asafiev gosipụtara ọtụtụ echiche miri emi banyere L. n'ihe odide ya. Na-ejikọta nhazi nke L. na ntinye. ọdịdị egwu, ọ bụ n'ezie kere isi nke echiche mbụ na nke mkpụrụ nke L. (leekwa akụkụ mbụ nke isiokwu a).

Asafiev mekwara nsogbu nke iwebata tonalities na Europe. L., evolushọn ya; bara uru na tiori. n'ihe gbasara mkpughe ya nke ụdị dị iche iche nke Glinka's Ruslan na Lyudmila, nkọwa Asafiev nke 12-nzọụkwụ L., nghọta nke L. dị ka mgbagwoju nke intonations. pụtara. ntinye aka na nyocha nke nsogbu nke L. bụ ọrụ nke ikwiikwii ndị ọzọ. Theoreticians - Belyaev (echiche nke a 12-nzọụkwụ n'afọ iri na ụma, systematization nke ụdịdị nke Oriental music), Yu. sekọnd; Ozizi nke ọrụ mgbanwe modal, wdg).

AS Ogolevets (nnwere onwe - "diatonicity" - ụda 12 nke usoro ụda olu; semantics nke nzọụkwụ; tiori nke modal genesis), IV Sposobina (ọmụmụ nke ọrụ nhazi nke modal tonal functionality, nkwekọ n'usoro nke ụdịdị na mgbakwunye na isi na obere, nkọwa nke ụda na mita dị ka ihe na-eme ka ice guzobe), VO Berkova (systematics nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke phenomena nke ice guzobe). Nsogbu nke L. raara onwe ya nye. na-arụ ọrụ (na ngalaba nke ọrụ) site AN Dolzhansky, MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HF Tiftikidi na ndị ọzọ.

References: Odoevsky V. F., leta V. F. Odoevsky nye onye mbipụta maka egwu primordial Great Russian, na Sat: Ịgafe Kaliki. Satọde abụ na nyocha nke P. Bessonova, h. 2, Mba. 5, Moscow, 1863; nke ya, egwu Mirskaya, nke edere n'olu asatọ nwere nko na akara cinnabar, na mkpokọta: Usoro nke ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ihe ochie nke mbụ na Moscow, 1869, vol. 2, M., 1871; nke ya, ("Russian commoner"). Iberibe, 1860s, n'akwụkwọ: B. F. Odoevsky. Ihe nketa egwu na agụmagụ, M., 1956 (gụnyere mbịgharị nke akụkọ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu); Razumovsky D. V., Abụ Ụka na Rọshịa, vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Serov A. N., egwu ndị Russia dịka isiokwu nke sayensị, "Oge egwu", 1869-71, otu ahụ, Izbr. akụkọ, wdg. 1, M., 1950; Sokalsky P. P., egwu ndị Russia…, Har., 1888; Famintsyn A. S., Gamma Indochinese ochie na Eshia na Europe…, St. Petersburg, 1889; Metalov V. M., Osmoglasie znamenny egwu, M., 1899; Yavorsky B. L., Ọdịdị nke okwu egwu. Akụrụngwa na ndetu, mba. 1-3, M., 1908; Kastalskiy A. D., Akụkụ nke usoro egwu ndị mmadụ-Russian, M.-P., 1923, M., 1961; Rimsky-Korsakov G. M., Ezi-ezi nke usoro egwu nkeji nkeji iri na ise, n'ime akwụkwọ: De Musica, vol. 1, L., 1925; Nikolsky A., Ụda nke egwu ndị mmadụ, n'akwụkwọ: Nchịkọta ọrụ nke ngalaba ethnographic nke HYMN, vol. 1, M., 1926; Asafiev B. V., Ụdị egwu dị ka usoro, akwụkwọ. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; nke ya, Okwu mmalite. na Russian kwa. akwụkwọ: Kurt E., Fundamentals of linear counterpoint, M., 1931; nke ya, Glinka, M., 1947, M., 1950; Mazel L. A., Ryzhkin I. Ya., Edemede na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke theoretical musicology, vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1934-39; Tyulin Yu. N., Ozizi nke ịdị n’otu, vol. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; nke ya, eke na ụdị mgbanwe, M., 1971; Gruber R. I., Akụkọ omenala egwu, vol. 1, h. 1, M., 1941; Ogolevets A. S., Okwu mmalite nke echiche egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, M.-L., 1946; Dolzhansky A. N., Na usoro nke ihe odide Shostakovich, "SM", 1947, Mba 4; Kushnarev X. S., Ajụjụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na tiori nke Armenian monodic music, L., 1958; Belyaev V. M., Nkwupụta, n'ime akwụkwọ: Jami Abdurakhman, Treatise on Music, trans. sitere na Persian, ed. na nkọwa. AT. M. Belyaeva, Tash., 1960; ya, Essays na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu nke ndị USSR, vol. 1-2, Moscow, 1962-63; Berkov V. O., Harmony, h. 1-3, M., 1962-1966, M., 1970; Slonimsky S. M., Symphonies Prokofiev, M.-L., 1964; Kholopov Yu. N., Ihe dị ka usoro nkwekọ nke mba ọzọ atọ, na: Egwu na Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; Tiftikidi H. F., Usoro Chromatic, na: Musicology, vol. 3, A.-A., 1967; Skoryk M. M., Ladovaya sistemu S. Prokofieva, K., 1969; Sposobin I. V., Nkuzi nkuzi gbasara usoro nkwekọ, M., 1969; Alekseev E., Na ọdịdị dị ike nke ọnọdụ ahụ, "SM", 1969, Mba 11; Nsogbu nke iwe, Sat. Nkà., M., 1972; Tarakanov M. E., New tonality na egwu nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, na: Nsogbu nke Sayensị Egwu, vol. 1, M., 1972; Tiketi K. V., Esq. na-arụ ọrụ, ya bụ 1-2, M., 1971-73; Harlap M. G., Usoro egwu Folk-Russian na nsogbu: mmalite nke egwu, na nchịkọta: Ụdị mmalite nke nkà, M., 1972; Silenok L., onye na-egwu egwu Russia-theorist M. D. Rezvoy, "onye egwu Soviet", 1974, Eprel 30; cm.

Yu. N. Kholopov