Instrumentovedenie |

Alaka nke musicology nke na-ekwu banyere ọmụmụ nke mmalite na mmepe nke ngwá ọrụ, nhazi ha, timbre na acoustic. Njirimara na egwu.-kwupụta. ohere, yana nhazi nke ngwaọrụ. I. nwere njikọ chiri anya na muses. akụkọ ifo, ethnography, nkà na ụzụ ngwá ọrụ na acoustics. Enwere akụkụ abụọ sara mbara nke I. Ihe nke otu n'ime ha bụ Nar. ngwá ọrụ egwu, ọzọ - ihe a na-akpọ. ọkachamara, gụnyere na symphony, spirit. na estr. orchestras, iche. ụlọ ensembles na etinyere onwe ya. E nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịmụ ngwá ọrụ - musicological na organological (organographic).

Ndị nnọchianya nke usoro mbụ na-atụle ngwá ọrụ dị ka ụzọ isi mepụtaghachi egwu ma mụọ ha na njikọ chiri anya na egwu. okike na arụmọrụ. Ndị na-akwado usoro nke abụọ na-elekwasị anya n'ichepụta ngwá ọrụ na mmalite ya. Ihe nke I. - ihe oyiyi mbụ nke ngwá ọrụ na nkọwa ha - malitere ọbụna tupu oge anyị. n'etiti ndị mmadụ nke Dr. East - na Egypt, India, Iran, China. Na China na India, ụdị mbụ nke usoro nhazi nke muses etolitekwara. ngwá ọrụ. Dị ka usoro whale si dị, a na-ekewa ngwá ọrụ ahụ na klas 8 dabere na ihe eji eme ha: nkume, ígwè, ọla kọpa, osisi, akpụkpọ anụ, gourd, ụrọ (ụrọ) na silk. Ind. Usoro ahụ kewara ngwa ndị ahụ n'ime otu 4 dabere na nhazi ha na usoro mkpali nke ụda ụda. Ozi gbasara ọwụwa anyanwụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-ede uri na ndị na-agụ egwú nke Middle Ages mejupụtara ngwá ọrụ ndị ahụ nke ọma: Abu Nasr al-Farabi (narị afọ nke 8-9), onye dere "Great Treatise on Music" ("Kitab al-musiki al-kabir"). Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (narị afọ nke 9-10). 11 narị afọ), Ganjavi Nizami (12-14 narị afọ), Alisher Navoi (15-17 narị afọ), yana ndị dere ọtụtụ. ọgwụgwọ na egwu - Dervish Ali (XNUMXth century), wdg.

Nkọwa ndị Europe mbụ gbasara ngwa egwu bụ nke Grik ndị ọzọ. ọkà mmụta sayensị Aristides Quintilian (narị afọ nke atọ BC). Ọrụ pụrụ iche nke mbụ na I. pụtara na narị afọ nke 3 na 16. na Germany - "Egwu ewepụtara ma gosipụta ya na German" ("Musica getutscht und ausgezogen ...") nke Sebastian Firdung (ọkara nke abụọ nke 17th - mmalite narị afọ nke 2), "Egwu egwu German" ("Musica Instrumentalis deudsch") Martin Agricola ( 15-16) na Syntagma Musicium nke Michael Praetorius dere (1486-1556). Ọrụ ndị a bụ isi mmalite nke ozi gbasara Europe. ngwa egwu nke oge ahụ. Ha na-akọ banyere usoro nke ngwá ọrụ, otú e si akpọ ha, ojiji nke ngwá na solo, ensemble na orc. omume, wdg, a na-enye ihe oyiyi ha. Nke dị oke mkpa maka mmepe nke I. bụ ọrụ nke Bela kasị ukwuu. Onye edemede egwu FJ Fetis (1571-1621). Akwụkwọ ya bụ La musique mise a la porte de tout le monde (1784), nke nwere nkọwa nke ọtụtụ ngwa egwu, na 1871 ka e bipụtara na Russian. ntụgharị asụsụ n'okpuru aha "Egwu nwere nghọta nye mmadụ niile". Ọrụ a ma ama na ọmụmụ egwu. ngwaọrụ dị iche. mba ndị na-akpọ "Encyclopedia of Music" ("Encyclopedie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire") nke French a ma ama. ọkà mmụta egwu A. Lavignac (1830-1833).

Ozi mbụ banyere East.-Slav. egwu (Russian). ngwaọrụ dị na annals, nhazi-ime mmụọ na hagiographic. (hagiographic) akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke 11. na mgbe e mesịrị. A na-ahụ ntụaka ndị e debiri iberibe n’ebe ha nọ n’etiti ndị Byzantium. ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke asaa Theophylact Simocatta na Arab. onye edemede na onye njem mbubreyo 7th - mmalite. narị afọ nke 9 Ibn Rusty. Na narị afọ 10-16. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nkọwa pụtara (“ABCs”), ebe a na-ahụ aha muse. ngwa na Russian metụtara. okwu. Nke mbụ pụrụ iche Russian nkọwa. nar. eji arụ ọrụ na narị afọ nke 17. Y. Shtelin na isiokwu bụ "Akụkọ banyere Music na Russia" (18, na German, Russian nsụgharị n'akwụkwọ. Y. Shtelin, "Egwu na Ballet na Russia na 1770 Century", 1935), SA Tuchkov na ya "Notes. " (1780-1809, ed. 1908) na M. Guthrie (Guthrie) n'akwụkwọ "Discourses on Russian antiquities" ("Dissertations sur les antiquitйs de Russie", 1795). Ọrụ ndị a nwere ozi gbasara nhazi ngwaọrụ na ojiji ha na Nar. ndụ na muz.-art. omume. Isi egwu. Ngwa sitere na Guthrie's "Reasoning" ka ebipụtala ugboro ugboro n'asụsụ Russian. asụsụ (n'uju na n'ụdị nke mbiri). Na mmalite. Narị afọ nke 19 nnukwu anya na ọmụmụ asụsụ Russian. nar. E nyere VF Odoevsky, MD Rezvoy na DI Yazykov ngwá ọrụ, bụ ndị bipụtara akụkọ banyere ha na Encyclopedic Dictionary of AA Plushar.

Mmepe na narị afọ nke 19 symp. egwu, uto nke solo, ensemble na orc. arụmọrụ, ịba ụba nke ndị egwu egwu na nkwalite nke ngwá ọrụ ya mere ka ndị na-egwu egwu na-achọ nyocha miri emi nke njirimara njirimara na ihe ngosi nka. ngwá ọrụ ike. Malite na G. Berlioz na F. Gevaart, ndị na-ede egwú na ndị nduzi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ha na ngwá ọrụ malitere ịṅa ntị nke ọma na nkọwa nke ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla na njirimara nke iji ya na orc. arụmọrụ. pụtara. Ọ bụkwa Rus nyere onyinye ahụ. ndị na-agụ egwú. MI Glinka na "Ihe edeturu na orchestration" (1856) akọwara nke ọma nke ọma. ma rụọ ọrụ. ohere nke symphonic ngwaọrụ. ìgwè egwu. A ka na-eji ọrụ isi obodo NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (1913). Wepu. PI Tchaikovsky gbakwunyere mkpa ọ dị na ịmara atụmatụ nke ngwá ọrụ yana ike iji ha mee ihe nke ọma na ndị egwú. O nwere nsụgharị n'asụsụ Russian (1866) nke "Nduzi maka Ngwá Ọrụ" ("Traité général d'instrumentation", 1863) nke P. Gevart dere, nke bụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka mbụ banyere I. N'okwu mmalite ya, Tchaikovsky dere, sị: " Ụmụ akwụkwọ… ga-ahụ n'akwụkwọ Gevaart echiche dị mma na nke bara uru gbasara ndị agha egwu n'ozuzu yana ụdị ngwa ngwa ọ bụla.

Mmalite nke nguzobe nke I. dị ka nnwere onwe. alaka nke musicology e debere na 2nd floor. Ndị na-ahụ maka narị afọ nke 19 na ndị isi nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie kachasị ukwuu. ngwá ọrụ - V. Mayyon (Brussels), G. Kinsky (Cologne na Leipzig), K. Sachs (Berlin), MO Petukhov (Petersburg), wdg Mayyon bipụtara akwụkwọ nkà mmụta sayensị nke ise. katalọgụ nke ngwa kacha ochie na nke kachasị ukwuu nke Brussels Conservatory n'oge gara aga (“Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Musée instrumental (historique et technique) du Conservatoire Royale de musique de Bruxelles”, I, 1880).

Ọtụtụ mmadụ enwetala aha ọma n'ụwa niile. nyocha nke K. Zaks na ngalaba nke nar. na prof. ngwá ọrụ egwu. Ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ "Dictionary of Musical Instrument" ("Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente", 1913), "Nduzi maka Ngwá Ọrụ" ("Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde", 1920), "Mmụọ na Nhazi nke Musical Ngwa" ("Geist und). Werden der Musikinstrumente, 1929), "akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngwá egwú" (" Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngwá egwú", 1940). N'asụsụ Russian, e bipụtara akwụkwọ ya "Modern Orchestral Musical Instrument" ("Die modernen Musikinstrumente", 1923, Russian nsụgharị - M.-L., 1932). Mayon webatara ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Muses. ngwá ọrụ, na-ekewa ha dị ka ahụ na-ada ụda na klas 4: autophonic (ịda ụda onwe onye), akpụkpọ ahụ, ifufe na eriri. N'ihi nke a, I. enwetawo ntọala sayensị siri ike. E. Hornbostel na K. Sachs mepụtara ma nụchaa atụmatụ Mayon ("Systematics of Musical Instrument" - "Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", Jahrg. XLVI, 1914). Usoro nhazi ha dabere na njirisi abụọ - isi iyi nke ụda (atụmatụ otu) na otu esi ewepụta ya (ụdị ụdị). N'ịbụ ndị jigidere otu anọ ahụ (ma ọ bụ klaasị) - idiophones, membranophones, aerophones na chordophones, ha kewara nke ọ bụla n'ime ha n'ọtụtụ nkebi. ụdị. Usoro nhazi ọkwa Hornbostel-Sachs bụ nke kachasị mma; ọ natawo nkwanye ugwu kacha ukwuu. Ma otu, n'ozuzu nabatara usoro nke nhazi nke muses. ngwaọrụ adịbeghị. Ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mba ọzọ na ndị Soviet na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ịkwalite nhazi nke nhazi, mgbe ụfọdụ na-atụ aro atụmatụ ọhụrụ. KG Izikovich na-arụ ọrụ ya na egwu. Ngwa ndị South America (“Egwu na ngwa ụda ndị ọzọ nke ndị South America India”, 1935), na-agbasokarị atụmatụ otu anọ Hornbostel-Sachs, gbasaara nke ukwuu ma mezie nkewa nke ngwa n'ụdị. N'ime edemede gbasara ngwaọrụ egwu, publ. na mbipụta nke abụọ nke Great Soviet Encyclopedia (vol. 2, 28), IZ Alender, IA Dyakonov na DR Rogal-Levitsky gbalịsiri ike ịgbakwunye otu "amị amị" (gụnyere flexatone) na "efere" (ebe tubophone). ya na tubes ígwè ya dakwara), si otú ahụ dochie àgwà otu (isi ụda) na subspecies otu (nghazi ngwá ọrụ). Onye nyocha nke Slovak Nar. ngwa egwu L. Leng n'ọrụ ya na ha ("Slovenskй lаdove hudebne nastroje", 1954) gbahapụrụ usoro Hornbostel-Sachs kpamkpam wee dabere na usoro nhazi ọkwa ya na njiri mara anụ ahụ. Ọ na-ekewa ngwa n'ime ụzọ atọ: 1959) ekwe ntị, 3) ekwe ntị membranophone, ekwe ntị na ikuku, 1) eletrọnịkị na electrophonic. ngwá ọrụ.

Usoro nhazi ọkwa dị ka ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na-ahụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na akwụkwọ AD. ngwa, nke ejiri ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche mara, na ọrụ ndị a na-etinye na prof. ngwa ọrụ, ọkachasị na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na uch. akwụkwọ ntuziaka na ngwá ọrụ, ejirila ya ogologo oge (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ Gewart a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu) bụ nke siri ike na omenala. nkewa nke ngwa n'ime ikuku (osisi na ọla), eriri na-ehulata na nke a kpụrụ akpụ, ịgba egwu na ahụigodo (organ, piano, harmonium). N'agbanyeghị na usoro nhazi ọkwa a abụghị ihe na-enweghị ntụpọ site na echiche sayensị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ na-ekewa ọjà na saxophone nke ígwè dị ka ifufe osisi), a na-ekewa ngwá ọrụ n'onwe ha dị ka usoro dị iche iche si dị - ifufe na eriri dị iche iche site na ụda. isi iyi, percussion - n'ụzọ ọ na-ada. mmịpụta, na igodo igodo - site na imewe), ọ na-egbozu ihe achọrọ nke ndekọ ego. ma rụọ ọrụ. omume.

Na-arụ ọrụ na I. pl. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si mba ọzọ, ch. arr. organologists (gụnyere K. Sachs), ndị a na-akpọ. Usoro nyocha mpaghara dabere na mmeghachi omume nke F. Grebner weputara. ethnographic tiori nke "omenala okirikiri". Dị ka ozizi a si kwuo, a na-ahụ ihe ndị yiri ya na omenala Dec. ndị mmadụ (na ya mere ngwa egwu) si n'otu etiti. N'ezie, ha nwere ike ime na Dec. ndị mmadụ n'onwe ha, n'ihe metụtara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ha. mmepe. Ọ dịghị obere ewu ewu bụ ụdị atụ atụnyere. usoro nke na-adịghị echebara ma ọ bụ njikọ nke mpụta nke ụdị dị mfe, ma ọ bụ ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị nkwurịta okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala n'etiti ndị mmadụ nwere otu ma ọ bụ ikwu. ngwá ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a raara nye maka nsogbu nke typology na-aghọwanye ebe niile. Dị ka a na-achị, a na-atụle ngwá ọrụ n'ime ha dị iche iche site na iji ha eme ihe na egwu. omume. Dị ka ihe atụ, bụ ọmụmụ G. Möck (Germany) banyere ụdị nke Europ. ọjà (“Ursprung und Tradition der Kernspaltflöten…”, 1951, ed. 1956) na O. Elshek (Czechoslovakia) n'usoro eji arụ ọrụ nke ụdị ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ (“Typologische Arbeitverfahren bei Volksmusikin”), ụlọ ọrụ. na "Studies of Folk Musical Instruments" ("Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis", t. 1, 1969). Ọ bụ ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ a nyere nnukwu aka n'ịmụ ngwa egwu ndị mmadụ. ndị na-eji ngwá ọrụ eme ihe, dị ka I. Kachulev (NRB), T. Alexandru (SRR), B. Saroshi (Hungary), ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara Arabic. ngwá ọrụ nke G. Farmer (England) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. wdg Institute of Ethnology nke German Academy of Sciences (GDR) nkwonkwo. na Swedish Musical History Na 1966, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie malitere ibipụta multi-volume capital work Handbook of European Folk Musical Instruments (Handbuch der europdischen Volksmusikinstrumente), nke E. Stockman na E. Emsheimer deziri. A na-emepụta ọrụ a na ntinye aka nke ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ decomp. mba na bụ data zuru oke na nhazi nke ngwá ọrụ, otu esi egwu ha, egwu egwu. ohere, ahụkarị repertoire, ngwa na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, akụkọ ihe mere eme. gara aga, wdg. Otu n'ime mpịakọta "Handbuch" na-arara nye muses. ngwa nke ndị Europe. akụkụ nke Soviet Union.

Ọtụtụ ndị bara uru n.-i. ọrụ pụtara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke prof. ngwá egwú - akwụkwọ "The History of Orchestration" (" History of Orchestration", 1925) A. Kaps (Russian translation 1932), "Musical Instruments" ("Hudebni nastroje", 1938,1954) A. Modra (Russian nsụgharị). 1959), "Egwuregwu egwu ochie nke Europe" ("Egwuregwu egwu ochie nke Europe", 1941) H. Bessarabova, "Egwuregwu ikuku na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha" ("Woodwind ngwa na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha", 1957) A. Baynes, "Mmalite nke egwuregwu na ụbọ akwara” (“Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels”, 1964) nke B. Bachmann dere, monographs, ewepụtara na otd. ngwá ọrụ, - "Bassoon" ("Der Fagott", 1899) nke W. Haeckel, "Oboe" ("The Oboe", 1956) nke P. Bate, "Clarinet" ("The clarinet", 1954) nke P. Rendall dere. na ndị ọzọ.

pụtara. Mbipụta nke ọtụtụ mpịakọta "History of Music in Illustrations" ("Musikgeschichte na Bildern"), nke a na-eme na GDR, bụkwa mmasị sayensị; ga-aba. isiokwu na sep. mpịakọta na nkọwa nke mbipụta a nwere ọtụtụ ozi gbasara muses. ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche. ndị nke ụwa.

Na Russia na njedebe nke 19th - mmalite. Narị afọ 20 na mpaghara ngwá ọrụ egwu na-arụ ọrụ pl. ndị nchọpụta - AS Famintsyn, AL Maslov, NI Privalov, VV Andreev, NF Findeizen, NV Lysenko, DI Arakchiev (Arakishvili), N. Ya Nikiforovsky, AF Eikhgorn, A. Yuryan, A. Sabalyauskas na ndị ọzọ. Ha chịkọtara egwu kachasị baa ọgaranya na ethnographic. ihe, karịsịa na Russian. ngwaọrụ, pụtara pụtara. ọnụ-ọgụgụ nke ọrụ ma tọọ ntọ-ala nke ala nna. I. Uru pụrụ iche na nke a bụ Famintsyn na Privalov. Nlereanya n'ihe gbasara obosara mkpuchi nke ederede na iconographic. Isi mmalite na iji nkà ha eme ihe bụ ọrụ Famintsyn, karịsịa "Gusli - ngwá egwú ndị Russia" (1890) na "Domra na ngwá egwú ndị metụtara ya nke ndị Russia" (1891), ọ bụ ezie na Famintsyn bụ onye na-akwado organological. usoro wee mụọ Ch. arr. ngwá ọrụ aghụghọ, fọrọ nke nta ka kpamkpam gafere okwu metụtara ha were na nar. ndu na nka. arụmọrụ. N'adịghị ka ya, Privalov ugwo isi. anya na okwu ndị a. Privalov dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na isi ọmụmụ gbasara Russian. na Belarusian. ngwá ọrụ, banyere nguzobe na mbụ ogbo nke mmepe nke Nar. ngwá ọrụ nke VV Andreev. Ọrụ Famintsyn na Privalov jere ozi dị ka ihe nlereanya maka ndị ọzọ na-eji ngwá ọrụ. Maslov dere "Nkọwa ihe atụ nke ngwa egwu echekwara na Dashkovsky Ethnographic Museum na Moscow" (1909), nke jere ozi dị ka ịdị n'otu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. isi iyi nke ndị na-egwu egwu mba ọzọ si nweta ozi gbasara ngwá ọrụ ndị mmadụ bi na Russia. Ịmụ Russian. nar. ngwaọrụ, nke Andreev duziri, bụ kpamkpam subordinated na bara uru. ihe mgbaru ọsọ: ọ na-achọ ime ka ndị mejupụtara nke ya orchestra na ọhụrụ ngwá. N'ihi ọrụ nke Lysenko, Arakishvili, Eichhorn, Yuryan na ndị ọzọ muses. ngwá ọrụ nke ndị Ukraine, ndị Jọjia, Uzbek, Latvia na ndị ọzọ abụrụla nke a maara nke ọma na mpụga ókèala ebe ejirila ha ogologo oge.

Ikwiikwii. I. na-achọ ịmụ egwu. Ejikọtara ngwa na egwu egwu. okike, nka. na onye na-eme ihe n'ụlọ. omume na n'ozuzu akụkọ ihe mere eme. usoro mmepe nke omenala na nka-va. Mmepe egwu. okike na-eduga n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ. nka, n'ihe banyere nke a, a na-etinye ihe ọhụrụ chọrọ na nhazi nke ngwá ọrụ. Ngwá ọrụ zuru oke karị, n'aka nke ya, na-emepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa maka mmepe nke ngwá ọrụ, egwu na nkà ịrụ ọrụ.

Na Sov. Njikọ ahụ nwere akwụkwọ sayensị sara mbara yana nke ama ama na I. Ọ bụrụ na Ch. arr. Ndị agha Russia. ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ugbu a ọ na-relenished site musicologists si fọrọ nke nta niile Union na kwụụrụ onwe mba na mpaghara. Edewo ọmụmụ ihe na ngwá ọrụ nke ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị USSR, e meela nnwale iji tụnyere. ọmụmụ ihe ha. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị ịrịba ọrụ: "Musical Instruments maka Ukraine People" G. Khotkevich (1930), "Musical Instruments nke Uzbekistan" site VM Belyaev (1933), "Georgian Musical Ngwa" nke DI Arakishvili (1940, na Georgian asụsụ. ), “Ngwa egwu mba nke Mari” nke YA Eshpay (1940), “Egwu egwu ndị Ukraine” nke A. Gumenyuk (1967), “Egwu egwu ndị Abkhazia” nke IM Khashba (1967), “Egwuregwu ndị mmadụ nke Moldovan” LS Berova (1964), "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the People of the USSR" (1963), wdg.

Ikwiikwii. instrumentalists na musicologists kere pụtara. ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwụkwọ sayensị gbasara prof. ngwa egwu na prof. rụọ ọrụ. ekwu-ve. Otu n'ime ha bụ BA Struve's The Process of Viols and Violins Formation (1959), PN Zimin's The Piano in Its past and Present (1934, akpọrọ The History of the Piano and Its Predecessors, 1967) na ndị ọzọ. ., yana akwụkwọ ntuziaka dị mpịakọta anọ nke isi obodo "Orchestra Modern" nke DR Rogal-Levitsky (1953-56).

Mmepe nke nsogbu nke I. na ọmụmụ egwu. ngwa na-etinye aka na akụkọ ihe mere eme. ma rụọ ọrụ. ngalaba nke conservatories, na musical research institute; na Leningrad. n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri, egwu na sinima enwere ihe pụrụ iche. ngalaba I.

Ikwiikwii. I. na-achọkwa inye aka maka ndị na-egwu egwu, ndị na-emepụta ihe na instr. nna ukwu na-arụ ọrụ na mma na nwughari nke bunks. ngwá ọrụ, na-emeziwanye àgwà ụda ha, nkà na ụzụ-arụ ọrụ na nka.-gosipụta. ohere, na-eke ezinụlọ maka ensemble na orc. arụmọrụ. Usoro iwu na nnwale. A na-arụ ọrụ na ntụziaka a n'okpuru isi nat. ensembles na orchestras, na institutes, music. uch. ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ imewe, yana dep. ndị omenkà ukwu.

N'ụfọdụ ikwiikwii. conservatories na-agụ pụrụ iche. egwu egwu. I., na-aga n'ihu usoro ihe eji eme ihe.

References: Privalov HI, Ngwa ikuku ikuku nke ndị Russia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1906-08; Belyaev VM, egwu Turkmen, M., 1928 (ya na VA Uspensky); nke ya, Ngwa egwu egwu nke Uzbekistan, M., 1933; Yampolsky IM, nka violin Russia, akụkụ 1, M., 1951; Guiraud E., Traité pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1895, Russian. kwa. G. Konyusa, M., 1892 (tupu ebipụta nke mbụ French), M., 1934; Onye ọrụ ugbo H., Egwu na ngwa egwu nke Arab, NY-L., 1916; nke ya, Studies in Oriental musical ngwá, ser. 1-2, L., 1931, Glasgov, 1939; Sachs K., Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngwa egwu, NY, 1940; Bachmann W., Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels, Lpz., 1964 ngwá ọrụ egwu.

KA Vertkov