Fret ọrụ |
Ọrụ fret - nkọwa nke ụda na consonances kwekọrọ (usoro elu).
F.l. na-anọchi anya ngosipụta nke njikọ egwu-semantic, site na nke a na-enweta ezi uche na ịdị n'otu nke muses. dum. Na omenala nke Russian okwu mode na-emekarị na-akọwa dị ka a generalizing Atiya n'ihe niile ụdị pitch usoro (si oge ochie, Oriental, ndiife ụdịdị ka iche iche na mgbagwoju pitch Ọdịdị nke ọkachamara music nke narị afọ nke 20). N'ihi ya, echiche nke F.l. bụkwa nke a na-ahụkarị, jikọtara ya na decomp kacha. ụdị egwu-semantic pụtara nke ụda na consonances, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-ekwe ka nkọwapụta na otu n'ime ụdị (mpụta ha na modal usoro - pụrụ iche "ụdị" nke music nke 14-15 narị afọ, n'ụzọ dị iche na ụkpụrụ, ihe atụ, na. tonality harmonic nke narị afọ nke 18-19 dị ka ụdị pụrụ iche nke usoro modal). Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị ọdịdị nke ọnọdụ ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mgbe ahụ F.l. ka otu mmekọrita ụda dị iche iche siri pụta n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana mgbanwe gaa na ụdị ph. n'ikpeazụ na-egosipụta ọganihu nke muses. na-eche echiche.
Usoro nhazi F.l. na-adabere na ihe ndị dị elu nke nzukọ dị elu, nke n'ime ihe mejupụtara ya na-enweta ihe ụfọdụ pụtara, na n'ụdị okwu egwu (ụda) nke ihe ezi uche dị na ya. mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nke usoro modal (elu). Ihe niile dị na ọnọdụ ahụ na-enweta uru usoro, ma dị mfe (na ọkwa elementrị nke ihe) na ihe mejupụtara (na ọkwa dị elu nke njikọta nke ihe dị mfe n'ime otu mgbagwoju anya). Ihe dị mfe - otd. ụda ("monads"), etiti oge, ụda abụọ ("dyads"), triads ("triads"), kọlụm ndị ọzọ dị ka ihe nke usoro. Ngwakọta - Dec. ụdị "microlads" na nhazi nke ọnọdụ ahụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, tetrachords, pentachords, trichords n'ime usoro nke monodich ndị ọzọ. ụdịdị; ụfọdụ chord otu, subsystems, a chord na n'akụkụ ụda ma ọ bụ consonances, wdg na polygonal ụdịdị. ). Ụfọdụ F.l. nweta, ọmụmaatụ, c.-l. nnukwu modal nkeji (otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ tonality, usoro) n'ihe metụtara ndị ọzọ nke otu n'ime otu nnukwu dum (ụda nke isiokwu nke abụọ dị ka D na isi tonic, wdg). Muz.- ezi uche. A na-egosipụta mmekọrịta dị n'ọhịa nke ọnọdụ na nkewa nke modal ọcha n'ime isi (central) na subordinate (mpaghara), mgbe ahụ, na nkọwa zuru ezu nke semantic iche nke ikpeazụ; ya mere isi ọrụ nke ụdị ntọala dị ka Central F. l. na mgbanwe ya dị iche iche (lee Nwanyị). Ezi nghọta zuru oke (ịnụ) nke egwu na-eche echiche n'ụdị nke F.l., nke dị na egwu a. usoro (dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji usoro Western-European nke ndị isi na ndị nta na phonograph ha maka nhazi egwu egwu ochie nke ndị Russia, nkọwa nke sistemu olulu niile site na nkwekọ nke Western-European nke narị afọ 18-19 na F ya. l., wdg).
Ọ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa maka F.l. iche 2 isi. ụdị modal (ụda) usoro dabere na nhazi nke ihe ha - monophonic ma ọ bụ polyphonic (na narị afọ nke 20 nakwa sonorant). N'ihi ya, ndị kasị n'ozuzu nkewa nke ụdị F. l. n'ime monodic na chord-harmonic. P.l. n'oge ochie dị iche iche, etiti narị afọ. na Nar. monodic. ụdịdị (ya bụ, monodic F.l.) n'ụdị ụdị nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na ibe ya. Ka monodich dị mfe. F.l. (ya bụ, ụkpụrụ modal nke ụda onye ọ bụla na consonances) gụnyere ụkpụrụ nke Ch. akwado iwe iwe: etiti. ụda (nkwụsị, ụda ntụaka, tonic; ebumnuche ya bụ ịbụ nkwado modal nke echiche egwu egwu), ụda ikpeazụ (finalis; n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ọ dabara na ụda etiti, nke nwekwara ike ịkpọ finalis), ụda ntụaka nke abụọ. (mmeghachi omume , ụda ugboro ugboro, confinalis, ụda na-achị achị, na-achị achị; na-ejikọta ya na nke ikpeazụ); nwekwara nkwado mpaghara (ebe mpaghara, ebe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe; ọ bụrụ na nkwado ahụ na-esi na ụda isi nke ọnọdụ ahụ gaa n'akụkụ), ụda mbụ (initialis, mbụ; ụda olu nke mbụ; na-adabakarị na nke ikpeazụ). Ka monodich mejupụtara. F.l. gụnyere ụkpụrụ ekpebiela. mgbanwe ụda olu, egwu egwu - nkwubi okwu ahụkarị. usoro, nkebi ahịrịokwu (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụda ha nwekwara ọrụ nhazi nke ha, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ultima, penultima na antepenultima; lee Cadence), ntụgharị mbido mbụ (mmalite, mmalite), usoro egwu egwu Russia oge ochie. abụ, abụ olu ụtọ Gregorian. Lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdịiche F.l. etiti. ụda (as1) na ụda ikpeazụ (es1) na ihe atụ na St. Ụdị Grik oge ochie (kọlụm 1), finalis na ihe ọ pụtara - na Art. Oge ochie; hụ mgbanwe nke nkwado mpaghara (e306, d1, e1) n'abụ "Onyenwe m kwara ákwá" na St. Usoro ụda (ogidi 1), ọdịiche F. l. ụda mbụ na nke ikpeazụ n'abụ "Antarbahis" na St. Egwu India (ogidi 447). Hụkwa ụkpụrụ modal (ie F.l.) egwu egwu. mgbanwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbido, ikpeazụ) na nka. Ụdị oge ochie (ogidi 511), Melody (ogidi 241), Full cadence (ogidi 520), egwu egwu Znamenny (ogidi 366-466), Melody (ogidi 67).
Sistemụ F.l. na polygon frets, synthesizing fret material nke 2 ụdị (otu-isi na multi-isi), nwere akụkụ abụọ (interdimensional) agwa. Na ụda olu, karịsịa na isi (lee Melody), na-apụta monodich. F.l.; ha na-abanye na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya na F.l. vetikal consonances (lee. Harmony), na-amụba, akpan akpan, ụkpụrụ nke ọcha nke otu oyi akwa F. l. n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda olu ụtọ metụtara kọlụm, ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ; "interlayer", interdimensional phlebotomy, nke sitere na mmekọrịta nke monodic na chord-harmonic phlebodies). N'ihi ya nka. akụ F.l. na egwu nke polyphony mepere emepe. Ntụle nke chord-harmonic. F.l. a na-emetụta abụ abụ site na ụbara ụda ụda (ịwụli elu), nke a ghọtara dị ka otu-arụ ọrụ (ha na-emegide dị ka ọrụ dị iche iche "transit" na-agafe na ụda inyeaka), na mbelata uru nke isi ihe nke esemokwu linear (dị elu). – ọzọ ufiop) na ihu ọma nke harmonic-arụ ọrụ (uto esemokwu mgbe na-ahapụ ntọala, ọdịda – mgbe laghachi na ntọala), na-edochi melodic basso continuo na a zigzag na-awụlikwa elu akara basse fondamentale, wdg Mmetụta nke monodic F. l. na chord-harmonic ka a na-egosipụta na echiche nke isi. ọrụ tonal (ụda etiti - ụda etiti, tonic; repercussion - akara kachasị), na mmetụta ha na usoro ụdọ na-egosipụta na nhazi site na isi. ụda nzọụkwụ (ha monophonic phonographs) nke nhọrọ na semantic pụtara nke chords kwekọrọ na abụ olu ụtọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ikpeazụ cadence nke ukwe "Ebube" si opera "Ivan Susanin" - uru maka nkwekọrita nke n'azụ ọkpụkpụ. ụda na-akwado nke abụ abụ:
cf. Sistemụ dijitalụ), na-ezo aka. harmonic nnwere onwe nke modal complexes nke a abụ olu n'ime kpuchie nke polyphony (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mmetụta nke adabako iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke modal mgbagwoju nke otu isiokwu isiokwu n'ime polygonal ákwà nke fugue, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna megidere Ph. .l. nke ndị ọzọ olu). A na-ahụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọrụ n'ọnọdụ nke abstraction sitere na normative F.l. ụda na consonances nke usoro nyere n'okpuru mmetụta nke mmekọrịta nke heterogeneous (monodic na chord-harmonic) F.l. Ee, monodic. F.l. n'abụ abụ nọ n'okpuru ụdọ F.l. D 7, na-agbanwe ruo ngbanwe zuru oke nke ike ndọda (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda nke 1st nzọụkwụ gravitates n'ime 7th, wdg); nrubeisi nke eriri na F.l. Ụdị ụda olu dị ụtọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ nke nsụgharị (na faubourdon, mmalite organum, na egwu nke narị afọ nke 20, lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nakwa piano prelude nke C. Debussy "The Sunken Cathedral").
Nkwekọrịta modal nke Middle Ages na Renaissance (karịsịa na narị afọ nke 15-16) bụ nguzozi nke monodic. na chord harmonic. F.l. (nke na-eche echiche linear-polyphonic); ihe na-egosi bụ iwu maka ikpebi ọnọdụ na isi F.l. “site na tenor”, ya bụ, otu olu nke ọ bụla; dị ka ụda olu ụtọ nke consonance decomp. usoro n'efu na-eso ibe gị, ma kọwaa. enweghị mmasị doro anya maka kọlụm dị ka ndị bụ isi na nkwekọ; n'èzí nke cadences, "njikọ ụda nwere ike ghara kpamkpam, na nke ọ bụla n'ime ha… nwere ike soro ibe ha" (SI Taneev, 1909; lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe atụ nke egwu J. Palestrina na St. Polyphony, kọlụm 347, 348). 692, Josquin Despres - na isiokwu Canon, kọlụm XNUMX).
Tonal nkwekọ (narị afọ 17-19) bụ akara nke chord-harmonic kachasị. F.l. karịrị monodic (lee Harmonic tonality, Harmonic function, Tonality, Dominant, Subdominant, Tonic, Major, Minor, Modulation, Deviation, Variable Ọrụ, Mmekọrịta nke igodo). Dị nnọọ ka abụọ-fret “harmonic. tonality "West-Europe. egwu bụ sịntetik. usoro modal nke ụdị pụrụ iche, ụdị ya dị iche iche nke F.l. e nwere nke pụrụ iche. ụdị ha, nke a na-akpọ "ọrụ tonal" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Ọrụ Classic (T, D, S) na-arụ ọrụ na ndabere nke mmekọrịta okike kachasị elu - njikọ quintal n'etiti isi. ụda ụda na nzọụkwụ IV-IV - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ nke njirimara modal ha (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ma tonic bụ isi ma ọ bụ obere); ya mere ọ bụ kpọmkwem ebe a. Okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ tonal" (dakọtara na okwu ahụ "ọrụ modal"), ọ bụghịkwa "F. l." (ijikọta ha abụọ). Harmonic tonality bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-arụ ọrụ siri ike na etiti. chord (tonic), na-abanye n'ime usoro niile nke iwe ahụ, njirimara dị iche iche nke harmonics. ọrụ nke consonance ọ bụla na otd. ụda etiti oge. N'ihi ike nke ọrụ ụda, " ụda nke otu ngalaba na-emetụta ụda nke ọzọ, mmalite nke mpempe akwụkwọ na-emetụta njedebe ya" (SI Taneev, 1909).
Mgbanwe gaa na egwu narị afọ nke 20 nke e ji mara mmalite site na imelite kpochapụ. arụmọrụ (na-eje ozi dị ka isi ihe nlereanya maka ọtụtụ usoro ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta), ịmepụta ụda ụda ọhụrụ site na omenala. yana ihe tonal emelitere. Ya mere, usoro nke inversion na-arụ ọrụ ("ntụgharị" na n'ihu ọmụmụ nke tonal ike ndọda) bụ ebe nile: ntụziaka nke ije si n'etiti na mpụta (R. Wagner, okwu mmeghe na opera "Tristan na Isolde"), site na-eguzo na-eguzo na. unsteady (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Akụkọ nke obodo a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke Kitezh na Maiden Fevronia", njedebe nke 3rd d.; AN Skryabin, nkwekọ na mmepụta op. 40-50), si consonance na dissonance na, n'ihu, ọchịchọ nke ịzere consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), Site na ụda na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma (mpụta nke ụda akụkụ na ụda n'ihi na-edozi oge, inyeaka na ụda ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma na ya. nhazi). Na mmụgharị nke ọdịnala. ochie F.l. n'ụzọ dị otú a, ka ihe atụ, dissonant tonality na-ebilite (Scriabin, mbubreyo sonatas maka pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st act, 2nd scene, dissonant cis-moll, lee egwu atụ na Art. Accord, kọlụm 82, 1st chord – T ), usoro mmepụta (SS Prokofiev, "Ịgbapụ", Mba 2, March si opera "Ịhụnanya maka Oranges atọ" - sitere na C-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, 1st ije, mmalite nke akụkụ akụkụ nke ngosi - dị ka -moll dị ka mwepu nke T sitere na G-dur), ihe owuwu atonic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, 6th symphony, 1st part, isi ngalaba nke akụkụ akụkụ; Tonic chord Fis-dur na-egosi naanị na akụkụ ikpeazụ). Na ndabere ọhụrụ, a na-emegharị ụdịdị dị iche iche; ya mere, ụdị dị iche iche nke F.l. (ọrụ usoro, nkọwa nke ụda na consonances n'ime usoro nyere).
Na egwu ọhụrụ nke narị afọ nke 20. tinyere ụdị omenala F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, akpan akpan tonal) a na-egosipụtakwa ọrụ sistemu ndị ọzọ, na-akọwapụta nkọwa semantic nke ihe ndị ahụ, ọkachasị na usoro nke etiti (“na-etolite mgbanwe” dị ka ntughari nke ahọpụtara nke ọma. otu ụda, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, mgbanwe dị na ya). Ọrụ etiti dị mkpa. elu (elu-elu abutment) n'ụdị otd. ụda ( ụda etiti, dị ka Ọ BỤRỤ na Stravinsky - "osisi"; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na egwu piano "Akara ngosi na White", 1974, ụda a2 nke EV Denisov; hụkwa ihe atụ na Art. Dodecaphony, kọlụm 274, Central ụda es. ), etiti. consonances (dịka polychord Fis-dur + C-dur na ndabere nke abụọ ọnọdụ nke Stravinsky si ballet "Petrushka", lee ihe atụ na Art. Polychord, kọlụm 2), center. ọnọdụ nke usoro (dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro dị n'ọkwa ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis na usoro ụda olu Webern op. 329, lee ihe atụ na isiokwu Pointillism). Mgbe ị na-eji sonorno-harmonic. Usoro, a n'echiche nke n'aka nke a elu-elu abutment bụ achievable na-enweghị ikpughe doro anya isi. ụda (njedebe nke ikpeazụ nke 25nd piano concerto nke RK Shchedrin). Agbanyeghị, iji okwu a “F. l." n'ihe metụtara ọtụtụ phenomena nke nkwekọ na narị afọ nke 2. yiri ka ọ nwere nsogbu (ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-agaghị ekwe omume), nkọwa ha chọrọ ka e mepụta okwu nke ọma karị.
References: lee n'okpuru isiokwu ndị a kpọtụrụ aha.
Yu. N. Kholopov
