Carl Maria von Weber |

Carl Maria von Weber

"Ụwa - onye na-ede egwú na-emepụta n'ime ya!" - Nke a bụ otú KM Weber si kọwaa mpaghara ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe - onye na-agụ egwú German pụtara ìhè: onye na-ede egwú, onye nkatọ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede, onye mgbasa ozi, onye ọha na eze na mmalite narị afọ nke XNUMX. Na n'ezie, anyị na-ahụ Czech, French, Spanish, Oriental plots na ya egwu na egwu ọrụ, na instrumental mejupụtara - stylistic akara nke gypsy, Chinese, Norwegian, Russian, Hungarian folklore. Ma isi azụmahịa nke ndụ ya bụ mba German opera. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ na-agwụchabeghị bụ The Life of a Musician, nke nwere njirimara akụkọ ndụ a na-ahụ anya, Weber na-akọwa nke ọma, site n'ọnụ otu n'ime ihe odide ahụ, ọnọdụ nke ụdị a na Germany:

N'eziokwu, ọnọdụ dị na opera German dị nnọọ njọ, ọ na-enwe mgbagwoju anya ma ghara iguzosi ike n'ụkwụ ya. Ìgwè ndị enyemaka na-agba gburugburu ya. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ na-agbake site n'otu swoon, ọ dabara ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, site n'ịchọ ụdị ihe ọ bụla n'ebe ọ nọ, ọ na-afụli onwe ya elu nke na ọ dịghị otu uwe dabara ya ọzọ. N'efu, ndị nwe obodo, ndị na-emezigharị, na-atụ anya na-achọ ya mma, na-etinye ya ma ọ bụ French ma ọ bụ Italian caftan. Ọ naghị adabara ya n'ihu ma ọ bụ azụ. Na ka a na-adụnye aka uwe ọhụrụ na ya ma na-ebelata ala na ọdụ, otú ahụ ka ọ ga-adị njọ. N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ ndị na-akwa akwa ihunanya wepụtara echiche obi ụtọ nke ịhọrọ maka ya ihe gbasara obodo na, ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume, na-akpa n'ime ya ihe ọ bụla echiche efu, okwukwe, ọdịiche na mmetụta emeworo na mba ndị ọzọ.

A mụrụ Weber n'ime ezinụlọ onye na-egwu egwu - nna ya bụ onye na-egwu egwu opera ma kpọọ ọtụtụ ngwa. E mere onye na-egwu egwu n'ọdịnihu site na gburugburu ebe ọ nọ site na nwata. Franz Anton Weber (nwanne Constance Weber, nwunye Mozart WA) kwadoro mmasị nwa ya nwoke maka egwu na eserese, mee ka ọ mara ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ime nka. Klas nwere ndị nkuzi a ma ama - Michael Haydn, nwanne nke onye na-ede egwú a ma ama bụ Joseph Haydn, na Abbot Vogler - nwere mmetụta pụtara ìhè na onye na-eto eto na-egwu egwu. N'oge ahụ, nyocha mbụ nke ide ihe bụkwa. Na nkwenye nke Vogler, Weber banyere Breslau Opera House dị ka onye na-agba egwú (1804). Ndụ onwe ya na nkà na-amalite, ihe ụtọ, nkwenkwe na-etolite, a tụụrụ ime nnukwu ọrụ.

Kemgbe 1804, Weber na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri dị iche iche na Germany, Switzerland, ma bụrụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ opera na Prague (ebe 1813). N'otu oge ahụ, Weber guzobere njikọ ya na ndị nnọchiteanya kasị ukwuu nke ndụ nka nke Germany, bụ ndị metụtakwara ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ ya (JW Goethe, K. Wieland, K. Zelter, TA Hoffmann, L. Tieck, K. Brentano, L. Spohr). Weber na-enweta amara ọ bụghị naanị dị ka onye pianist na onye nduzi pụtara ìhè, kamakwa dị ka onye nhazi, onye na-eme mgbanwe n'atụghị egwu nke ihe nkiri egwu, bụ onye kwadoro ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka itinye ndị na-egwu egwu na opera orchestra (dị ka otu ìgwè ngwá ọrụ), usoro ọhụrụ nke ọrụ mmeghari na ụlọ ihe nkiri. N'ihi ọrụ ya, ọnọdụ nke onye nduzi na-agbanwe - Weber, na-arụ ọrụ nke onye nduzi, onye isi nke mmepụta ihe, na-ekere òkè na ọkwa niile nke nkwadebe nke arụmọrụ opera. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke iwu repertory nke ụlọ ihe nkiri ndị ọ na-aga bụ mmasị maka operas German na French, n'ụzọ dị iche na nke ndị Ịtali na-emebu. N'ime ọrụ nke oge mbụ nke imepụta ihe, njirimara nke ụdị ahụ na-egbuke egbuke, bụ nke mechara bụrụ ihe siri ike - egwu egwu na egwu egwu, ọdịdị na agba nke nkwekọ, ịdị ọhụrụ nke agba egwú na nkọwa nke ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla. Nke a bụ ihe G. Berlioz dere, dịka ọmụmaatụ:

Leekwa otu ìgwè ndị egwú na-eso abụ olu ụtọ ndị a dị mma! Gịnị mepụtara! Lee nchọpụta dị nkọ! Lee ihe mkpali dị otú ahụ na-emeghe n'ihu anyị dị oké ọnụ ahịa!

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ọrụ nke oge a bụ ịhụnanya opera Silvana (1810), the singspiel Abu Hasan (1811), 9 cantatas, 2 symphonies, overtures, 4 piano sonatas na concertos, òkù ịgba egwú, ọtụtụ ụlọ instrumental na olu ensembles, egwu (karịa 90).

Nke ikpeazụ, oge Dresden nke ndụ Weber (1817-26) ka e gosipụtara site na mpụta nke operas ya a ma ama, na njedebe ya bụ mmalite mmeri nke The Magic Shooter (1821, Berlin). opera a abụghị naanị ọrụ onye na-ede egwú na-egbuke egbuke. N'ebe a, dị ka a na-elekwasị anya, na-etinye uche n'echiche nke nkà operatic German ọhụrụ, nke Weber kwadoro wee ghọọ ihe ndabere maka mmepe nke ụdị a.

Ihe omume egwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya chọrọ ngwọta nke nsogbu ọ bụghị naanị ihe okike. Weber, n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Dresden, jisiri ike mee mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke azụmahịa niile nke egwu na ihe nkiri na Germany, nke gụnyere ma atumatu repertoire ezubere iche na ọzụzụ nke mkpokọta ihe nkiri nke ndị nwere mmasị. Emebere mgbanwe ahụ site na ọrụ egwu dị egwu nke onye dere ya. Akụkọ ole na ole o dere nwere, n'ezie, mmemme zuru oke nke ihunanya, nke e hiwere na Germany na ọbịbịa nke The Magic Shooter. Ma na mgbakwunye na ntụzịaka ya dị irè, okwu onye na-ede egwú bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche, nke mbụ e ji eyi uwe n'ụdị nka mara mma. akwụkwọ, akụkọ na-ese onyinyo nke R. Schumann na R. Wagner. Nke a bụ otu n'ime mpekere nke "Ihe ndetu Marginal" ya:

The yiri incoherence nke kediegwu, reminiscent bụghị nke ukwuu nke nkịtị mpempe music e dere dị ka iwu, dị ka nke a kediegwu play, nwere ike kere ... naanị site kasị pụta ìhè ọgụgụ isi, onye na-emepụta ụwa nke ya. Nsogbu a na-eche n'echiche nke ụwa a nwere njikọ dị n'ime, nke jupụtara na mmetụta ezi uche dị na ya, naanị ị ga-enwe ike iji mmetụta gị ghọta ya. Otú ọ dị, expressiveness nke music ama nwere ọtụtụ nke ebighị ebi, onye mmetụta nwere itinye ego dị ukwuu na ya, ya mere naanị onye mkpụrụ obi, na-ege ntị n'ụzọ nkịtị ka otu ụda, ga-enwe ike ịnọgide na-na mmepe nke mmetụta, nke na-ewe. ebe dị ka nke a, ma ọ bụghị n'ụzọ ọzọ, nke presupposes dị otú ahụ na ọ bụghị ndị ọzọ dị mkpa dị iche iche, n'ihi na nke nanị echiche a bụ eziokwu. Ya mere, ọrụ nke ezigbo nna ukwu bụ ịchị n'enweghị ike na-achị ma mmetụta nke ya na nke ndị ọzọ, na mmetụta ọ na-enye iji mụta nwa dị ka ihe na-adịgide adịgide na nke enyere naanị ya. agba ndị ahụ na nuances nke na-emepụta ozugbo ihe oyiyi zuru oke na mkpụrụ obi nke onye na-ege ntị.

Mgbe The Magic Shooter gasịrị, Weber tụgharịrị gaa na ụdị opera na-atọ ọchị (Three Pintos, libretto site na T. Hell, 1820, emechabeghị), na-ede egwu maka egwu P. Wolf Preciosa (1821). Ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke oge a bụ opera Euryanta (1823), nke a na-eme n'ike, nke a kara aka maka Vienna, dabere na nkata nke akụkọ ifo French, na opera akụkọ ifo-fantastic Oberon, nke ụlọ ihe nkiri London Covent Garden nyere ọrụ (1826). ). Emechara akara ikpeazụ site n'aka onye na-ede akwụkwọ nwere ọrịa siri ike ruo ụbọchị izizi. A hụbeghị ihe ịga nke ọma a na London. Ka o sina dị, Weber tụlere ụfọdụ mgbanwe na mgbanwe dị mkpa. Ọ naghị ewe oge iji mee ha…

Opera ghọrọ isi ọrụ nke ndụ onye dere. Ọ maara ihe ọ na-agbalịsi ike maka ya, ezigbo onyinyo ya tara ahụhụ site na ya:

… M na-ekwu banyere opera na German agụụ, na nke a bụ nkà e kere eke mechiri n'onwe ya, nke akụkụ na akụkụ nke metụtara na n'ozuzu niile na-eji nkà, soldering ruo ọgwụgwụ n'ime otu dum, na-apụ n'anya dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na. ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ọbụna na-ebibi, ma n'aka nke ọzọ na-ewu a ọhụrụ ụwa!

Weber jisiri ike wuo ihe ọhụrụ a - yana maka onwe ya - ụwa…

V. Barsky

• Ndụ na ọrụ Weber →
• Ndepụta ọrụ site na Weber →

Weber na National Opera

Weber banyere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu dị ka onye okike nke opera ndị obodo German.

Ndaghachi azụ n'ozuzu nke bourgeoisie German pụtakwara na mmepe nke ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu nke mba ahụ na-aga nke ọma. Ruo afọ 20, opera Ịtali na-achị Austria na Germany.

(Ọnọdụ na-eduga na opera ụwa nke Germany na Austria bụ ndị mba ọzọ ji: Salieri na Vienna, Paer na Morlacchi na Dresden, Spontini na Berlin. Ọ bụ ezie na n'etiti ndị nduzi na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ ndị German na Austrian obodo ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu, na repertoire. nke ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ 1832 gara n'ihu na egwu Ịtali na French na-achịkwa. Na Dresden, ụlọ opera Ịtali dịgidere ruo 20, na Munich ọbụna ruo na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ. Vienna na XNUMXs bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu nke okwu ahụ bụ an. Italian opera colony, nke D. Barbaia na-edu, impresario nke Milan na Naples (The fashionable German na Austrian opera composers Mayr, Winter, Jirovets, Weigl gụrụ akwụkwọ na Italy ma dee Italian ma ọ bụ Italianized ọrụ.)

Naanị ụlọ akwụkwọ French kacha ọhụrụ (Cherubini, Spontini) so ya mpi. Ma ọ bụrụ na Weber jisiri ike merie ọdịnala nke narị afọ abụọ gara aga, mgbe ahụ, ihe kpatara ya ji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma bụ nnukwu nnwere onwe mba na Germany na mmalite nke narị afọ nke XNUMX, bụ nke nakweere ụdị nile nke ọrụ okike na obodo German. Weber, onye nwere ikike dị obi umeala karịa Mozart na Beethoven, nwere ike mejuputa n'ime ihe nkiri egwu egwu nke Lessing, onye na narị afọ nke XNUMX welitere ọkọlọtọ nke mgba maka nka mba na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.

Onye na-ahụ maka ọha na eze dị iche iche, onye mgbasa ozi na onye na-ekwusa omenala obodo, ọ kọwara ụdị onye na-ese ihe dị elu nke oge ọhụrụ. Weber mepụtara nka nka gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na omenala nka ndị German. Akụkọ mgbe ochie na akụkọ ifo, egwu na egwu egwu, ihe nkiri ọdịnala, akwụkwọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke mba - ebe ahụ ka o depụtara ihe ndị kacha mara amara n'ụdị ya.

operas abụọ pụtara na 1816 - Ondine nke ETA Hoffmann (1776-1822) na Faust nke Spohr (1784-1859) - tụrụ anya n'oge Weber ga-atụgharị na isiokwu akụkọ ifo. Mana ọrụ abụọ a bụ naanị ihe na-egosi ọmụmụ nke ụlọ ihe nkiri mba. Ihe oyiyi uri nke atụmatụ ha anaghị ekwekọ mgbe niile na egwu egwu, bụ nke nọgidere na-abụkarị n'ime oke nke ụzọ ngosipụta nke oge gara aga. Maka Weber, ọdịdị nke onyonyo akụkọ ifo nwere njikọ chiri anya na mweghachi nke usoro okwu egwu nke mba, yana usoro ederede mara mma nke e ji mara ụdị ịhụnanya.

Ma ọbụna maka onye okike nke German folk-national opera, usoro nke ịchọta ihe oyiyi operatic ọhụrụ, na-ejikọta ya na ihe oyiyi nke abụ uri ịhụnanya kachasị ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ, dị ogologo ma sie ike. Naanị atọ n'ime Weber mechara, opera tozuru oke - The Magic Shooter, Euryant na Oberon - mepere ibe ọhụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke opera German.

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Mmeghachi omume n'ihu ọha nke 20s gbochiri mmepe nke ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu German. O mere onwe ya mmetụta na ọrụ Weber n'onwe ya, bụ onye na-emezughị atụmatụ ya - ịmepụta opera ndị mmadụ-dike. Mgbe onye na-ede egwú nwụsịrị, opera mba ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ maliteghachiri n'ọkwa dị elu na ihe nkiri nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na Germany. (Ya mere, n'agbata afọ 1830 na 1849, e debere opera French iri anọ na ise, opera Ịtali iri abụọ na ise, na opera German iri abụọ na atọ na Germany. N'ime operas German, ọ bụ naanị itoolu bụ ndị na-ede egwú nke oge a.)

Naanị otu obere ndị na-ede German nke oge ahụ - Ludwig Spohr, Heinrich Marschner, Albert Lorzing, Otto Nicolai - nwere ike ịsọ mpi na-enweghị atụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ opera French na Ịtali.

Ọhaneze na-aga n'ihu emehieghị banyere mkpa operas German dị n'oge ahụ. N'ebe a na-ebipụta egwu German, a na-anụ olu ugboro ugboro na-akpọ ndị na-ede egwú ka ha mebie nkwụsị nke usoro ihe nkiri na, na-agbaso nzọụkwụ Weber, mepụta nkà operatic nke mba n'ezie.

Mana naanị n'ime afọ 40, n'oge ọgba aghara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ọhụrụ, nka Wagner gara n'ihu wee mepụta ụkpụrụ nka kachasị mkpa, nke mbụ chọtara ma mepụta na operas ịhụnanya nke Weber.

V. Konen

• Ndụ na ọrụ Weber →

Nwa nwoke nke itoolu nke onye uwe ojii na-etinye onwe ya na egwu mgbe nwa nwanne ya Constanza lụrụ Mozart, Weber na-enweta nkuzi egwu mbụ ya site n'aka nwanne ya nwoke bụ Friedrich, wee mụọ na Salzburg na Michael Haydn na Munich na Kalcher na Valesi (mmekọrịta na ịbụ abụ). ). Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, o dere opera mbụ (nke na-abịabeghị anyị). Obere oge ya na nna ya na-arụ ọrụ na lithography egwu na-esote, mgbe ahụ, ọ na-emeziwanye ihe ọmụma ya na Abbot Vogler na Vienna na Darmstadt. Na-esi n'otu ebe gaa n'otu ebe, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye pianist na onye nduzi; na 1817 ọ lụrụ na-agụ egwú Caroline Brand na-ahazi German opera nkiri na Dresden, megidere Italian opera nkiri n'okpuru nduzi nke Morlacchi. N'ịbụ onye ike gwụchara site na nnukwu ọrụ nhazi na ọrịa na-egbu egbu, mgbe ọgwụgwọ oge gasịrị na Marienbad (1824), o mere opera Oberon (1826) na London, bụ nke e ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nabata.

Weber ka bụ nwa nke narị afọ nke XNUMX: afọ iri na isii na-eto eto Beethoven, ọ nwụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ tupu ya, ma ọ dị ka ọ bụ onye na-egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ karịa oge ochie ma ọ bụ otu Schubert ... Weber abụghị naanị onye na-egwu egwu okike, a amamiihe, virtuoso pianist, onye nduzi nke ndị egwu egwu ama ama mana ọ bụkwa nnukwu nhazi. Na nke a ọ dị ka Gluck; naanị na ọ nwere ọrụ siri ike karị, n'ihi na ọ rụrụ ọrụ na gburugburu squalid nke Prague na Dresden na enweghị agwa siri ike ma ọ bụ ebube a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke Gluck…

"N'ihe gbasara opera, ọ bịara bụrụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na Germany - otu n'ime ndị na-ede opera a mụrụ ole na ole. Ekpebiri ọrụ ya n'enweghị ihe isi ike: ugbua site na afọ iri na ise ọ maara ihe ọkwa ahụ chọrọ… Ndụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike, bụrụ ọgaranya na ihe omume nke na ọ dị ogologo karịa ndụ Mozart, n'eziokwu - naanị afọ anọ ”(Einstein).

Mgbe Weber webatara The Free Gunner na 1821, ọ tụrụ anya nke ukwuu ịhụnanya ịhụnanya nke ndị na-ede egwú dị ka Bellini na Donizetti bụ ndị ga-apụta mgbe afọ iri gachara, ma ọ bụ William Tell nke Rossini na 1829. N'ozuzu, afọ 1821 dị ịrịba ama maka ịkwado ịhụnanya ịhụnanya n'egwú. : n'oge a, Beethoven dere Sonata op nke iri atọ na mbụ. 110 maka piano, Schubert webatara egwu "Eze nke ọhịa" wee malite Symphony nke asatọ, "Emechabeghị". Ugbua na overture nke The Free gunner, Weber na-aga n'ihu n'ọdịnihu wee napụta onwe ya pụọ ​​​​na mmetụta nke ihe nkiri nke oge gara aga, Spohr's Faust ma ọ bụ Hoffmann's Ondine, ma ọ bụ opera French nke metụtara ndị a abụọ bu ya ụzọ. Mgbe Weber rutere nso Euryanta, Einstein na-ede, "ọgwụ mgbochi ya kacha nkọ, Spontini, ewepụlarị ya ụzọ; N'otu oge ahụ, Spontini nyere naanị opera seria colossal, nnukwu akụkụ ekele maka igwe mmadụ na esemokwu mmetụta uche. Na Evryanta ọhụrụ, ụda ịhụnanya na-apụta, ma ọ bụrụ na ọha na eze aghọtaghị opera a ozugbo, mgbe ahụ ndị na-ede egwú nke ọgbọ na-esote nwere ekele miri emi.

Ọrụ Weber, bụ onye tọrọ ntọala nke opera mba German (ya na Mozart's The Magic Flute), kpebiri ihe nketa opera ya pụtara okpukpu abụọ, nke Giulio Confalonieri dere banyere ya, sị: "Dị ka ịhụnanya ịhụnanya, Weber hụrụ n'akụkọ ifo na Ndiife omenala isi iyi nke music enweghị ndetu ma dị njikere ụda… Yana ndị a ọcha, ọ chọkwara ka kpamkpam na-egosipụta onwe ya temperament: na-atụghị anya mgbanwe site n'otu ụda na-abụghị, a daring convergence nke ókè, coexisting na onye ọ bụla ọzọ dị ka. na iwu ọhụrụ nke ihunanya Franco-German music, e wetara na njedebe site na-ede egwú, ime mmụọ onye ọnọdụ, n'ihi oriri, bụ mgbe niile ezuo ike na feverish. Nke a duality, nke yiri ka ọ megidere ịdị n'otu stylistic ma n'ezie mebie ya, kpatara ọchịchọ na-egbu mgbu nke ịpụ, site na nhọrọ nke ndụ, site na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ịdị adị: site n'eziokwu - na ya, ikekwe, a na-eche na ime udo naanị na Oberon anwansi, na ọbụna ele mmadụ anya n'ihu na ezughi oke.

G. Marchesi (nke E. Greceanii sụgharịrị)