Ethnography egwu egwu |

Egwu egwu ethnography (site na Greek ethnos - ndị mmadụ na grapo - m na-ede) - sayensị. ịdọ aka ná ntị, dị nsọ ọmụmụ nke folk music. Amara na mba dị iche iche na dị iche iche. oge akụkọ ihe mere eme n'okpuru aha: egwu egwu, egwu. ethnology (na mba German na asụsụ Slav), tụnyere. musicology (n'ọtụtụ mba dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe), ethnomusicology (n'asụsụ Bekee, ugbu a kwa na omenala French), na ethnomusicology (na USSR). Na mbụ, E.m. bụ naanị sayensị na-akọwa, na-edozi kpọmkwem. ihe nke egwu nke omenala onu maka usoro iwu. na nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na sayensị Europe nke mba ọzọ nke narị afọ nke 20, preim. Tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, e kewara ethnography n'ozuzu n'ime ọmụmụ obodo nke ndị ya (German - Volkskunde; French - omenala populaire; Bekee - akụkọ ifo), nke bilitere na ntọhapụ nke ntọhapụ nke mba. mmegharị na Europe na mmalite. narị afọ nke 2; iji tụnyere ọmụmụ nke ọbịa, na-emekarị extra-European, ndị mmadụ (German – Völkerkunde; French – ethnologie; English – social anthropology), nke malitere n’etiti. Narị afọ 19 n'ihe gbasara mgbasawanye colonial nke Europe. steeti-na. E. m. soro nkewa a. Na French na-asụ omenala, em - ethnomusicology. Na Germany, ntụziaka pụtara E.m., na-amụ ihe a na-akpọ. egwu oge ochie, – Frühgeschichte der Musik (V. Viora).

N'oge gara aga, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bourgeois weere ethnomusicology dị ka sayensị naanị banyere mpụga Europe. omenala egwu, enwere ugbua a na-adi n'ebe nghota nke agbụrụ sara mbara banyere ya.

Mn. ndị ọkachamara, na karịa ihe niile na USSR, jiri okwu "E. m.", "Egwu. folkloristics", "ethnomusicology" dị ka ihe nhata, dabere n'eziokwu na E.m., dị ka sayensị ọ bụla, na-enweta decomp. ogbo, ụtọ diff. teknụzụ ma nwee ọdịiche. ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ. Na USSR, okwu a bụ "muz. folkloristics", n'otu oge ahụ, okwu ahụ bụ "ethnomusicology", kpụrụ si okwu "ethnomusicology", ewepụtara na 1950 site J. Kunst (Netherland) na-aghọ ebe nile ekele Amer. omume.

E. m. bụ akụkụ nke egwu egwu izugbe, mana ọ bụ n'otu oge ahụ. jikọtara ya na ethnography izugbe, akụkọ ifo, sociology. Isi okwu nke E.m. bụ omenala. egwu ezinụlọ (na karịa ihe niile, akụkọ ifo). omenala. na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ. Mmepe ọ bụ nke Dec. ọrụ. Ọ dị mkpa na Nar. egwu okike diff. ebo na ndị mmadụ n'ime akụkọ ntolite ha niile, gụnyere oge nke ọgbara ọhụrụ. nhazi ọha mmadụ, nke e ji mara agbụrụ. nkọwapụta. E. m. ọmụmụ Nar. egwu n'otu oge ahụ, nke mbụ, dịka "asụsụ", ya bụ, dịka usoro akọwapụtara. egwu-nkwupụta pụtara, usoro egwu-asụsụ, na nke abụọ - dị ka "okwu", ya bụ, dị ka kpọmkwem. eme omume. Nke a na-akọwa enweghị ike izipu ezi nnyefe nke Nar. egwu na mpempe akwụkwọ naanị.

Mmepụta ndekọ nar. egwu bụ mpaghara kachasị mkpa nke E. m. "Ihe bụ isi na ntụkwasị obi maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Nar. egwu anọgide Nar. egwu e dekọrọ na nso nso a … Ndekọ Nar. Egwu abụghị ọrụ akpaka: ndekọ na-egosipụta n'otu oge ahụ ka onye na-ede na-aghọta usoro nke abụ olu ụtọ, ka o si nyochaa ya ... Theoretical. echiche na nkà enweghị ike igosipụta na ndekọ ahụ" (KV Kvitka). Ndekọ, idozi ihe atụ nke akụkọ ifo na-apụta ch. arr. n'ụdị njem njem. na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti ndị ime obodo na ndị obodo. Egwú, okwu ọnụ, ụda ndekọ na-rụrụ na-esote transcription-notation (decoding), data banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na akụkọ ihe mere eme (na ọha mmadụ, agbụrụ na omenala) nke mmezi ebe ndị a songs, egwú, egwu dị adị na-dekwara. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-atụle ihe ngosi nka, na-ese foto na foto. a na-ejide ngwa na egwu ihe nkiri. Mgbe idozi ememe ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa egwuregwu. A na-akọwa emume kwekọrọ na ndị sonyere ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

Mgbe ịdekọchara, a na-ahazi ihe ahụ n'usoro, nhazi ya na ntinye kaadị na otu ma ọ bụ usoro ọzọ nabatara (site na njem nke onye ọ bụla, site na obodo na mpaghara, ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ndị na-eme egwuregwu, ụdị na atụmatụ, ụdị egwu, ụdị modal na rhythmic, usoro na ọdịdị). nke arụmọrụ). Nsonaazụ nke usoro nhazi ahụ bụ imepụta katalọgụ na-ebu nyocha. ọdịdị na ikwe ka nhazi na kọmputa. Dị ka njikọ n'etiti fixation, systematization na nnyocha nke Nar. egwu bụ egwu-ethnographic. mbipụta - egwu egwu, mpaghara, ụdị ma ọ bụ isiokwu. mkpokọta, monographs nwere asambodo zuru oke, nkọwa, usoro ndeksi gbasaa, ugbu a nwere ndekọ ụda. Ihe ndekọ agbụrụ na-esonyere ya na nkọwa, ndegharị egwu, ihe osise foto na maapụ mpaghara dị iche iche. Egwuregwu egwu na agbụrụ agbụrụ gbasakwara ebe niile. ihe nkiri.

Egwu-ethnographic. ọmụmụ, iche iche na ụdị na ebumnuche, gụnyere pụrụ iche. nyocha egwu (usoro egwu, ụdịdị, uda, ụdị, wdg). Ha na-etinyekwa usoro sayensị metụtara ya. mpaghara (folkloristics, ethnography, aesthetics, sociology, psychology, versification, linguistics, wdg), yana ụzọ nke kpọmkwem sayensị (mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ, acoustics) na nkewa.

E. m. na-amụ isiokwu ya dị ka data edere (nkọwa egwu mbụ, ihe akaebe akwụkwọ akụkọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na nkọwa nke ndị njem, akụkọ ihe mere eme, akụkọ ihe mere eme, wdg), dịka akwụkwọ nkà mmụta ihe ochie siri dị. ihe gwuputara na omenala echekwara. ngwá ọrụ egwu, nleba anya kpọmkwem na njem. ihe ndekọ. Idozi egwu nke ọdịnala ọnụ na ọdịdị ya. gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ch. ihe E. m. Oge a. ihe ndekọ na-eme ka o kwe omume iwughachi ụdị bunks ochie. egwu.

Isi mmalite nke E. m. njikọ na M. Montaigne (narị afọ nke 16), J. G. Mụ na Russo. G. Herder (narị afọ nke 18). ndabere E. m. ka sayensị na-alaghachi na ọrụ F. G. Fetisa et al. (Narị afọ nke 19). Nchịkọta mbụ ebipụtara nke Nar. abụ, dị ka a na-achị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achụghị ya. mgbaru ọsọ. Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta ethnographers, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo chịkọtara ha. Mgbe ahụ na ihe onwunwe Nar. ndị na-ede egwú tụgharịrị gaa n'ichepụta ihe, na-agbalịsi ike ọ bụghị nanị ka ha mara egwu nke obodo ha, wdg. ndị mmadụ, kamakwa ịtụgharị ya na ngwaahịa ha. Ndị na-ede ihe nyere aka. ntinye aka na mmepe nke E. m., ọ bụghị naanị ha na-edozi bunks. egwu, mana nyochakwara ha: B. Bartok, 3. Kodály (Hungary), I. Kron (Finland), J. Tierso (France), D. Hristov (Bulgaria), R. Vaughan Williams (Great Britain). Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara nke narị afọ 19-20. nwere mmasị na akụkọ ọdịnala obodo: M. A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. NA. Tchaikovsky A. TO. Lyadov na ndị ọzọ. (Russia), O. Kolberg (Poland), F. Kuhach (Yugoslavia), S. Sharp (UK), B. Stoin (Bulgaria). Ebe pụrụ iche bụ ọrụ nke L. Cuba (Czech Republic), onye nakọtara egwu. akụkọ ifo pl. otuto ndị mmadụ. Mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke E. m. otú e si akọwakarị nkà mmụta sayensị na oge e mepụtara phonograph (1877). Na 1890 egwu nke Amer. Ndị India, n'ala nke abụọ. N'afọ 1890, e mere ndekọ ụda mbụ na Europe (na Hungary na Russia). N'afọ 1884-85 A. J. Ellis chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ na-eji ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ndị Europe na-amaghị, ma tụọ aro ka ha tụọ oge dị n'agbata nzọụkwụ ha na cents - narị otu narị ọkara nke semitone. E hiwere ebe nchekwa phonogram kacha na Vienna na Berlin. Na ndabere ha, sayensị. ụlọ akwụkwọ E. m. Ebe ọ bụ na 1929 e nwere ụlọ ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie. akụkọ ifo na Bucharest (Archives de la folklore de la Société des Compositeurs roumains), kemgbe 1944 – Intern. Archive et al. egwu dị na Geneva (Archives internationales de musique populaire au Musée d'ethnographie de Geníve; ha abụọ mere site n'ọnụ ụlọ pụtara ìhè. onye na-agụ akụkọ ice K. Brailoyu) na Ngalaba Ethnomusicology na Museum of Art. nka na omenala na Paris (Département d'ethnomusicologie du Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires). Kemgbe 1947, Intern. Council of People Music na UNESCO – International Folk Music Council (IFMC), nke nwere nat. kọmitii na mba dị iche iche nke ụwa, na-ebipụta pụrụ iche. magazin "Journal of the IFMC" na ibipụta akwụkwọ afọ "Yearbook of the IFMC" (site na 1969), na USA - Society of Ethnomusicology, nke na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ. "Ethnomusicology". Na Yugoslavia, e guzobere Union of Folklorists Society (Savez udruzenja folklorista Jugoslavije) na 1954. Ebe nchekwa ọrụ about-va English. Nar Dance na Abụ (Bekee Folk Dance and Song Society, London), Archives of the Museum of Man (Musée de l'Homme, Paris), Archives Nar. pesni Biblioteki kongresa (Archive of Folk song nke Library of Congress, Washington), Omenala Archive. Egwu na Mahadum Indiana (Ebe Egwu Omenala Mahadum Indiana) na Ethnomusicological. Archive na Mahadum California, ebe nchekwa nke ndị ọzọ. ilu. un-tov, Archive nke Intern. in-ta tụnyere. ọmụmụ egwu (Archives of International Institute for comparative music studies and documents, Zap. Berlin), wdg. Na usoro imeziwanye usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ E. m. A na-emeri ethnocentrism na nghazi na ihe ndị dị warara nke agbụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na atụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme ka ukwuu. nnyocha. Methodist. a na-achọ ọchụchọ iji nabata egwu n'ime nka ya siri ike, na-emepe emepe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. kpọmkwem - ezigbo onye na-eme ihe. usoro. Usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ E. m. na-etinye usoro zuru oke na usoro maka egwu. omenala, nke na-enye gị ohere ịmụ Nar. music na ya syncretic na sịntetik. ịdị n'otu na ndị ọzọ. akụrụngwa akụkọ ifo. Oge a E. m. na-ewere akụkọ ifo dị ka nka. ọrụ nkwukọrịta (K. Chistov - USSR; D. Shtokman - GDR; D. Ben-Amos – USA, wdg); A na-etinye nlebara anya nke ukwuu maka ọmụmụ ihe ọ na-eme (ntụgharị. Mr. egwu otu E. Clusen - Germany; t. Mr. ìgwè nta nke Ben-Amos; t. Mr. obere ndị otu Sirovatki - Czechoslovakia). Dị ka T. Todorova (NRB), ya bụ nghazi E. m. na ọmụmụ akụkọ ifo dị ka nka na-eduga n'ichebe E. m.

Na mmepe nke tupu mgbanwe AN Serov, VF Odoevsky, PP Sokalsky, Yu. N. Melgunov, AL Maslov, EE Lineva, SF Lyudkevich, FM Kolessa, Komitas, DI Arakishvili na ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ikwiikwii a ma ama. VM Belyaev, VS Vinogradov, E. Ya. Vitolin, U. Gadzhibekov, EV Gippius, BG Erzakovich, AV Zataevich, na KV Kvitka, XS Kushnarev, LS Mukharinskaya, FA Rubtsov, XT Tampere, VA Uspensky, Ya. nar. omenala egwu .

Na Russia, nchịkọta na ọmụmụ nke Nar. ihe okike egwu gbadoro ụkwụ na Musical and Ethnographic Commission na ethnographic. ngalaba nke Rus. Geographic banyere-va. Mgbe Oct. mgbanwe e kere: ethnographic. ngalaba Steeti. Institute of Music Sciences (1921, Moscow, rụrụ ọrụ ruo 1931), Leningrad. phonogram Archive (1927, kemgbe 1938 - na Institute of Russian Literature nke Academy of Sciences nke USSR), ụlọ ọrụ nke Nar. music na Moscow. Conservatory (1936), ngalaba akụkọ ifo na Institute of Technology, Music and Cinematography (1969, Leningrad), All-Union Commission nke ndị mmadụ. egwu na Kọmitii USSR nke USSR, Commission of musicology and folklore of RSFSR Committee of the USSR, wdg.

Na mmalite. 1920s BV Asafiev, onye ghọtara egwu. intonation dị ka kpọmkwem. nwere. ụzọ nke ezi nkwurịta okwu, kwadoro ọmụmụ nke nar. music art-va dị ka ndụ okike. usoro. Ọ kpọrọ oku ka e mụọ akụkọ ifo “dị ka egwu nke mpaghara ọha mmadụ, na-agbanwe mgbe niile na nhazi ya.” Nke mbụ pụtara. Ọrụ EV Evald (na abụ Belarusian Polesie, 1934, 2nd ed. 1979) bụ mmezu nke E.m. na ntụziaka a. Ikwiikwii. E. m. na-etolite na ndabere nke usoro Marxist-Leninist. Ikwiikwii. music ethnographers enwetawo n'aka. ịga nke ọma n'ịmụ ụdị na nka mpaghara. usoro omenala. na ọgbara ọhụrụ nar. egwu, n'iji data egwu na akụkọ ifo eme ihe dị ka isi iyi maka ịmụ nsogbu nke ethnogenesis.

Mmepe nke oge a E. m. dị ka sayensị na-eduga n'ịmepụta echiche ọhụrụ nke nkà. iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke Nar. music na organic systemic ndị mmadụ. omenala egwu.

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II Zemtsovsky