Ernst Krenek (Ernst Krenek) |
Ernst Krenek
N'August 23, 2000, obodo egwu na-eme ememe narị afọ nke ọmụmụ nke otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwú mbụ, Ernst Krenek, onye ọrụ ya ka na-enyocha ọrụ ya site n'aka ndị nkatọ na ndị na-ege ntị. Ernst Krenek, onye na-ede egwú Austro-American, bụ onye Austria zuru oke n'agbanyeghị aha nna Slavic. N'afọ 1916, ọ ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ Franz Schreker, onye na-ede egwú nke ọrụ ya nwere oke agụụ mmekọahụ ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ihe ọhụrụ (egwu). N'oge ahụ, Schreker kụziiri ihe mejupụtara na Vienna Academy of Music. Ọrụ mbụ nke Krenek (site na 1916 ruo 1920) na-akọwa ya dị ka onye na-ede egwú na-achọ ụdị nke ya pụrụ iche. Ọ na-etinye uche dị ukwuu na counterpoint.
Na 1920, Schreker ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Academy of Music na Berlin, na-eto eto Krenek gara n'ihu ọmụmụ ya ebe a. Onye na-ede egwú na-eme enyi, gụnyere aha ndị a ma ama dị ka Ferruccio Busoni, Eduard Erdman, Artur Schnabel. Nke a na-eme ka Krenek nwee ike nweta nkwalite ụfọdụ na nke dị adị, ekele Schreker, echiche egwu. Na 1923, Krenek kwụsịrị imekọ ihe ọnụ na Schreker.
A na-akpọ oge Berlin n'oge mbụ nke ọrụ onye na-ede egwú "atonal", e ji ọrụ ndị dị egwu mara ya, gụnyere egwu egwu atọ na-egosipụta (op. 7, 12, 16), yana opera mbụ ya, nke e dere na ụdị nke opera na-atọ ọchị. "Onyinyo Jump" . Emepụtara ọrụ a na 1923 wee jikọta akụkụ nke jazz ọgbara ọhụrụ na egwu atonal. Ikekwe oge a nwere ike ịkpọ ebe mmalite nke ọrụ Krenek.
N'otu 1923, Krenek lụrụ ada Gustav Mahler, Anna. Amụma mmetụta uche ya na-agbasawanye, ma na egwu ọ na-agbaso ụzọ nke echiche efu, enweghị nkwekọrịta, echiche ọhụrụ. Onye na-ede egwú na-enwe mmasị na egwu Bartok na Hindemith, na-emezi usoro nke ya. Egwu nke maestro jupụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na ebumnuche ọgbara ọhụrụ, na nke mbụ, nke a metụtara opera. N'iji ụdị opera na-anwale, Krenek na-emeju ya ihe ndị na-abụghị njirimara nke ụdị oge ochie.
Oge site na 1925 ruo 1927 bụ akara nke Krenek kwagara Kassel wee gaa Weisbaden, ebe ọ mụtara isi ihe gbasara egwu egwu. N'oge na-adịghị anya, onye na-ede egwú zutere Paul Becker, onye nduzi nke rụrụ n'ụlọ ndị opera. Becker gosipụtara mmasị na ọrụ Krenek ma kpalie ya ide opera ọzọ. Nke a bụ otú Orpheus na Eurydice si pụta. Onye edemede nke libretto bụ Oskar Kokoschka, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ede uri bụ onye dere ederede nke ukwuu. Ọrụ ahụ jupụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke adịghị ike, Otú ọ dị, dị ka opera gara aga, a na-eme ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche, n'adịghị ka onye ọ bụla ọzọ si eme ya, jupụtara na nkwupụta na enweghị ndidi nke onye na-ede egwú maka ụdị nkwenye ọ bụla n'aha aha ewu ewu dị ọnụ ala. Ebe a na ike egoism, na a dị ịrịba ama ibé, nakwa dị ka okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndabere. Ihe a niile na-eme ka o kwe omume ikwu okwu banyere Krenek dị ka onye na-egbuke egbuke.
Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Weisbaden, Krenek na-edepụta otu n'ime opera ya kacha pụta ìhè, n'otu oge ahụ na-arụrịta ụka.Johnny na-egwu egwu". Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụ akwụkwọ dere libertto. N'ime mmepụta, Krenek na-eji arụmọrụ teknụzụ kachasị dị egwu (ekwentị na-enweghị eriri na ezigbo locomotive (!)). Isi agwa nke opera bụ onye egwu jazz Negro. The opera e haziri na Leipzig na February 11, 1927 na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-anabata ọha na eze, otu mmeghachi omume na-echere opera na ndị ọzọ opera ụlọ, ebe e mesịrị rụrụ, na nke a bụ ihe karịrị 100 dị iche iche nkebi, gụnyere Maly Opera na Ballet. Ụlọ ihe nkiri na Leningrad (1928, nke S. Samosud dere). Otú ọ dị, ndị nkatọ aghọtaghị opera ahụ n'ezie na ọ bara uru, na-ahụ na ọ bụ nzụlite mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke satirical. Asụgharịla ọrụ ahụ n'asụsụ iri na asatọ. Ọganihu nke opera gbanwere ndụ maestro kpamkpam. Krenek hapụrụ Weisbaden, gbaa Anna Mahler alụkwaghịm ma lụọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Bertha Hermann. Ebe ọ bụ na 18, onye na-ede egwú na-ebi na Vienna, na-eme njem na Europe n'ụzọ dị ka onye na-akwado ọrụ ya. N'ịgbalị ịmeghachi ihe ịga nke ọma nke "Johnny", o dere 1928 ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị satirical operas, na mgbakwunye, nnukwu opera "The Life of Orestes" (3). Ọrụ ndị a niile na-adọrọ mmasị na ịdị mma nke orchestration. N'oge na-adịghị anya okirikiri nke songs pụtara (op. 1930), nke, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ si kwuo, ọ bụghị ihe ọ bụla karịa ihe analogue nke Schubert's "Winterreise".
Na Vienna, Krenek na-eweghachi ụzọ nke ịtụgharị uche n'echiche egwu nke ya.
N'oge ahụ, ikuku nke ndị na-eso Schoenberg chịrị ebe a, ndị kasị mara amara bụ: Berg na Webern, mara maka njikọ ha na Viennese satirist Karl Kraus, onye nwere nnukwu okirikiri nke ndị ama ama.
Mgbe echiche ụfọdụ gasịrị, Krenek kpebiri ịmụ ụkpụrụ nke usoro Schoenberg. E gosipụtara mmeghe ya na ụdị dodecaphone n'ichepụta ọdịiche dị na isiokwu maka orchestra (op. 69), yana usoro egwu a haziri nke ọma, nke kwesịrị ịrịba ama "Durch die Nacht" (op. 67) na okwu nke Kraus. . N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma ya na mpaghara a, Krenek kwenyere na ọrụ ya bụ opera. O kpebiri ime mgbanwe na opera Orestes ma gosi ya ọha na eze. Atụmatụ a mezuru, mana Krenek nwere nkụda mmụọ, ndị na-ege ntị kelere opera nke ukwuu. Krenek gara n'ihu na-amụ nke ọma banyere usoro nhazi ihe, o mechara kọwaa ihe ọ mụtara na ọrụ magburu onwe ya "Uber neue musik" (Vienna, 1937). Na omume, ọ na-eji usoro a na "Egwu Egwu" (opera "Charles V"). Ẹkenam utom emi ke Germany ọtọn̄ọde ke 1930 esịm 1933. Akpan akpan n̄kpọ edi oro Karl Renkl ekenịmde ke 1938 ke Prague. Na egwu egwu egwu a, Krenek na-ejikọta pantomime, ihe nkiri, opera na ncheta nke ya. Libretto nke onye dere ya dere juputara na ịhụ mba n'anya Austrian na nkwenkwe Roman Katọlik. Krenek na-ezo aka na-arụ ọrụ nke mba ahụ n'ọrụ ya, nke ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ nke oge ahụ na-akọwahie. Esemokwu dị na nyocha mere ka onye dere ya hapụ Vienna, na 1937 onye dere ya kwagara United States. N'ịbụ onye biri n'ebe ahụ, Krenek ruo oge ụfọdụ na-etinye aka n'ịde ihe, ide ihe, na nkuzi. Na 1939 Krenek kụziri ihe mejupụtara na Vassar College (New York). Na 1942 ọ hapụrụ ọkwa a wee bụrụ onye isi na ngalaba nke Fine Arts School of Music na Minnesota, mgbe 1947 gasịrị ọ kwagara California. Na Jenụwarị 1945, ọ ghọrọ nwa amaala US.
N'oge ọ nọrọ na United States site na 1938 ruo 1948, onye na-ede egwú dere ọ dịkarịa ala ọrụ 30, gụnyere ụlọ operas, ballet, ọrụ maka ukwe, na symphonies (4 na 5). Ọrụ ndị a dabere na ụdị dodecaphonic siri ike, ebe a na-ama ụma dee ụfọdụ ọrụ n'ejighị usoro dodecaphonic. Malite na 1937, Krenek kọwara echiche nke ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nta.
Kemgbe mmalite nke 50s, operas mbụ nke Krenek enweela nke ọma n'usoro ihe nkiri na Austria na Germany. Nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ oge nke "free atonality" e gosipụtara na mbụ eriri quartet (op. 6), nakwa dị ka na monumental mbụ symphony (op. 7), mgbe njedebe nke ịdị ebube, ikekwe, nwere ike tụlee. Symphonies nke abụọ na nke atọ nke maestro.
Oge nke atọ nke echiche neo-romantic nke onye na-ede egwú bụ opera "The Life of Orestes", e dere ọrụ ahụ na usoro nke ahịrị ụda. "Charles V" - ọrụ mbụ nke Krenek, tụụrụ ime na usoro iri na abụọ nke ụda, ya mere bụ ọrụ nke oge nke anọ. Na 1950, Krenek dechara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e debere nke mbụ ya na Library of Congress (USA). Na 1963, maestro meriri Austrian Grand Prix. Egwu Krenek niile dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-edepụta usoro egwu nke oge ahụ n'usoro oge.
Dmitry Lipuntsov, 2000
